O objetivo deste estudo é o investigar a presença de diferenças significantes da variável cultural na modalidade do coping religioso em mulheres, acima de 25 (vinte e cinco) anos, residentes na Grande São Paulo, no contexto religioso de igrejas protestantes históricas, 64 de origem cultural chinesa taiwanesa e 52 de origem cultural brasileira. Administrado o Questionário Geral e Escala de Aculturação nas mulheres de origem chinesa taiwanesa, obteve-se como resultado que 32% foram classificadas como \"pouco aculturadas\" e 40% como \"medianamente aculturadas\". As brasileiras responderam o Questionário Geral e ambos os grupos responderam a Escala Coping Religioso Espiritual-Breve (CRE- Breve). Os resultados mostraram uso maior da modalidade de coping Positivos em ambos os grupos, porém com diferença significativamente maiores na amostra de origem brasileira nos seguintes fatores: transformação de si/vida; busca de ajuda espiritual; posição positiva frente a Deus; e busca do outro institucional. Os resultados também apresentaram, diferença estatisticamente significante no Fator Negativo de coping quanto à reavaliação negativa do significado no grupo de mulheres brasileiras. Ao analisar individualmente as questões da Escala CRE- Breve, foram encontradas diferenças significativamente maiores nas mulheres chinesas taiwanesas nas questões: Questionei se Deus realmente se importava; Tentei lidar com a situação do meu jeito; Culpei Deus por ter deixado acontecer; Tentei lidar com meus sentimentos sem pedir ajuda de Deus; e Entreguei a situação para Deus, depois de fazer tudo que podia. As considerações finais levantam as possíveis interpretações das diferenças apresentadas, como demonstração do componente cultural chinês e do componente cultural brasileiro no coping religioso das mulheres participantes da amostra / The objective of this study is to investigate the presence of significant differences in the cultural variable in the ways of religious coping in women over 25 (twenty five) years, residing in Greater São Paulo, in the religious context of Protestant churches, 64 women of Taiwanese Chinese cultural origin and 52 of Brazilians cultural origin. To the women of Taiwanese Chinese origin were administered General Questionnaire and the Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanic (SASH), the obtained result was that 32% were classified as low acculturated\" and 40% as \"moderately acculturated.\" The Brazilian women replied the General Questionnaire and both groups responded to the Spiritual Religious Coping Scale-Brief. The results showed higher use of Positive Factors coping in both groups, but with significantly greater differences in the sample of Brazilian origin in the following factors: transformation of the self/life, seeking spiritual aid; positive position before God, and search of another institutional. Similarly, statistically significant difference was found in the Negative Factor as the negative revaluation of the significance in the group of Brazilian women. When analyzing individually each question of Religious Coping Scale, significantly greater differences were found in Taiwanese Chinese women in the matters: I questioned if God really cared, I tried to handle it my way, I blamed God for letting it happen, I tried to deal with my feelings without asking for help from God, and handed the situation to God, after doing all I could. The final considerations raise the possible interpretations of the differences presented as a demonstration of Chinese cultural component in religious coping of women participants in the sample

Ce travail questionne les contraintes et les déclencheurs des pratiques du cosmétique en Chine et la conception du corps des Chinois. Il s'agit, d'une part, d'analyser diachroniquement les effets de générations influencés par les produits cosmétiques disponibles sur le marché et les normes sociales en vigueur quant aux soins du corps à différentes époques. Il s’agit, d'autre part, de mettre en évidence les effets de cycle de vie et de les considérer comme autant de déclencheurs, de leviers, influant sur la pratique des soins du corps et du maquillage. Enfin, il s'agit, synchroniquement, de suivre l'itinéraire des produits cosmétiques chez les femmes de milieu aisé : depuis la prise d'information avant l'achat, la mobilité, l'acquisition, l'usage et le rangement jusqu'au devenir du produit. Dans un deuxième temps, l'enquête menée auprès de dermatologues exerçant la médecine traditionnelle chinoise et la médecine moderne occidentale a d’abord pour but d’examiner si les dermatologues sont des prescripteurs de produits cosmétiques en Chine, puis d’approfondir l’analyse de la conception du corps et de la maladie chez les médecins exerçant la médecine traditionnelle. Ce travail nous permet de comprendre que les femmes chinoises réinterprètent les produits cosmétiques modernes et occidentaux selon leurs propres conceptions, quotidiennes et chinoises, du corps. / This work questions the constraints and triggers of cosmetic practices in China and Chinese people body conception. It consists in, firstly, studying diachronically the effects of generations that are influenced by cosmetic products on the market and the social norms of body care at different times. Secondly, the effects of life cycle are analyzed as triggers, levers, important to body care and makeup practices. Finally, synchronously, it aims to follow the itinerary of cosmetics in wealthy women families: from the information before the purchase decision, mobility, acquisition, use, storage to the fate of the product. In the next step, the survey with dermatologists of traditional Chinese medicine and modern Western medicine help to check if dermatologists are prescribers of cosmetics in China and dig further analyze the conception of the body and disease among the doctors applying traditional Chinese medicine. This work allows us to understand that Chinese women reinterpret the modern Western cosmetics by their Chinese body conception in everyday life.

Chinese female immigrants were active cultural contributors and participants in nineteenth century America, yet Americans often simplified their roles into crude stereotypes and media symbols. The early western accounts concerning females in China created the fundamental images that were the basis of the later stereotypes of women immigrants. The fact that a majority of the period's Chinese female immigrants became prostitutes fueled anti-Chinese feelings. This thesis investigates the general existence of Chinese prostitutes in nineteenth century America and how they were portrayed in the media. American attitudes toward white women and their images of Chinese women created the stereotype of all Chinese female immigrants as immoral. Thus, they became unconscious pawns of nineteenth century American nativist forces wanting to limit and prevent Chinese immigration based on prejudicial and racist attitudes.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2005.

Ma Shouzhen (1548-1604) was a cultured courtesan who lived in the famous pleasure quarter along the Qinhuai River in Nanjing, the southern capital of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). She was talented in dance and music, painting and poetry, and surprisingly for her time, she was also a playwright. Although she was a celebrity of the prolific Nanjing cultural milieu and there is a good corpus of extant material by and about her, the particular contribution of Ma Shouzhen - her character and her work - have been marginalised, or even neglected, by the previous scholarship. This thesis is a cross-disciplinary study of Ma Shouzhen and is the first in-depth scholarly investigation into the entirety of her activities. It employs material and methods traditionally pertaining to the disciplines of sinology, history, art history, literary and drama studies. The thesis has a dual aim: first, to provide a nuanced understanding of the courtesan, her cultural production and social practice; second, to reclaim the agency and legacy of her character within the cultural milieu of late Ming Nanjing and beyond. These aims will be achieved through two main research objectives: (1) recovering and re-evaluating visual and written sources by and about the courtesan; (2) investigating those sources in order to comprehend her modes of self-representation and strategies of self-fashioning, analysed especially through the lens of gender. The main body of the thesis is composed of an introduction, five core chapters, and an epilogue; the chapters are structured so as to provide as complete a picture of Ma Shouzhen as possible. Chapter Two explores the space of the pleasure quarter, Ma’s biography and its entwinement within the complexities of the historical moment. Chapter Three focuses on her painting, Chapter Four considers her poetry, and Chapter Five explores her theatre practice; Chapter Six extends the investigation to focus on the construction of Ma’s historical character in later decades. In its content and aims, this thesis contributes to women’s and gender history, as well as to studies in visual culture and literature.