The Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase is widely used in liquid and supercritical chromatography for the separation of enantiomers. The enantioselective mechanism of the Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase is the main focus of this thesis. Semi-flexible models are developed based on ab initio calculations for the Whelk-O1 selector and a series of chiral analytes. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are then applied to study the solvation, selectivity and in silico optimization of the chiral stationary phase. The solvation of the Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase has been explored in a normal phase n-hexane/2-propanol solvent, a reversed phase water/methanol solvent, and a supercritical CO2/methanol solvent. We found that, in all three solvents, the Whelk-O1 selectors are open to the bulk, indicating readiness for docking of analyte. Significant solvent partitioning at the interfaces was noticed, which generates a polarity gradient between the stationary phase and the bulk, and may encourage a high analyte concentration at the interface. Hydrogen bonding activities on the amide hydrogen, amide oxygen, and nitro oxygen of the Whelk selector have also been analyzed. The selectivity of the Whelk selector was studied by molecular dynamics simulations of analyte docking on the chiral stationary phase. The elution orders and the separation factors for a series of analytes were predicted successfully. We found that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions are essential for the enantioselectivity as they are strong and specific, and they hold analytes to the cleft region of the Whelk selector. Other interactions, both stabilizing interactions such as the CH-π interaction and the edge-to-face π-π interaction, and destabilizing interactions such as steric hindrance and unfavorable conformational changes also contribute to the enantioselectivity. We identified a dominant docking arrangement for the most retained enantiomers. Other docking arrangements were found to be more frequent for the least retained enantiomers and these involve interactions with alternative selector sites. Based on the identified enantioselective mechanism obtained from the study, an optimization of the Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase was undertaken and in silico evaluation of the modified chiral stationary phases was carried out. It was demonstrated that restriction of the alternative docking arrangements for the least retained enantiomers could possibly improve the enantioselectivity of the chiral stationary phase. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2008-10-08 11:54:20.249

The aim of this diploma thesis was to prepare two new chiral stationary phases by dynamic coating of sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) with varying degrees of substitution onto strong anion-exchange stationary phases. The enantioselective potential and stability of the newly prepared chiral stationary phases were tested using a set of chiral analytes. The set contained structurally diverse analytes, i.e. benzodiazepines (oxazepam, lorazepam), phenothiazines (thioridazine, promethazine), β-blockers (labetalol, pindolol, propranolol, alprenolol), profens (carprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, indoprofen), flavanones (6-hydroxyflavanone, 7-hydroxyflavanone), DL-tryptophan and its derivatives (5-OH-DL-tryptophan, 5-F-DL-tryptophan, DL-tryptophan butylester and blocked aminoacid (t-Boc-DL-tryptophan)), dipeptides (glycyl-DL-phenylalanine, glycyl-DL-tryptophan) and Troger's base. Measurements were carried out in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Mobile phases consisted of methanol/formic acid (pH 2.10) and methanol/10mmol l-1 ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.00) in various volume ratios. The chiral stationary phase containing hexasubstituted SBE-β-CD was suitable for enantioseparation of eleven analytes. Four of them were baseline enantioresolved and seven partially. The chiral...

- 4 - Abstract in English This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation and comparison of the enantioselective potential of two columns CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA and CDShell-RSP using a set of 29 chiral drugs in high performance liquid chromatography. The separations of enantiomers were performed in three modes: reversed-phase, normal-phase, and polar- organic mode. The CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA column was tested in normal-phase mode, the CDShell-RSP column in reversed-phase and polar-organic modes. The CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA column contains amylose tris(3,5- dimethylphenylcarbamate) immobilized on 3 µm porous silica gel particles. The CDShell-RSP column contains a chiral selector hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, which is covalently bonded on 2.7 µm superficially porous particles. In the normal-phase mode, mobile phases composed of hexane and propane-2-ol were used. Furthermore, the effect of various additives (triethylamine, diethylamine, trifluoroacetic acid, and the mixture of diethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid) in the mobile phase on the enantioseparation of chiral drugs was tested. The most universal additive was a mixture of diethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid. A total of 22 chiral drugs were enantioseparated on the CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA column, 10 of them were baseline separated. Mobile phases for...

The work in this thesis has demonstrated the chiral recognition through the adaptation of chromatographically derived chiral recognition systems by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Mass-labeled, pseudoenantiomeric chiral selectors (where each pseudoenantiomer had the opposite stereochemistry, but was slightly different in mass due to labeling of one enantiomer) were prepared as soluble analogues of Pirkle type chiral stationary phases. When mixed with a chiral analyte, solutions containing these pseudoenantiomeric selectors afforded selector-analyte complexes in the ESI-MS, and the relative peak intensities of the complexes could be related back to the enantiomeric composition of the analyte. In each case of this study, the complex intensity fraction for either of the selector-analyte complexes in the ESI-MS varies linearly with the enantiomeric composition of the analyte. This linear relationship provides a measure of the extent of enantioselectivity and allows quantitative analysis of the enantiomeric composition of analyte.

The research presented in this dissertation involves the development of chiral and achiral analysis using capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and CEC coupled to mass spectrometry (CEC-MS). Chapter 1 briefly reviews CEC fundamentals and latest development on chiral CEC and CEC-MS. The CEC-UV enantioseparations for several acidic compounds are described in Chapter 2. The optimum resolutions for these acidic enantiomers are achieved in ion-suppression mode, i.e. with an acidic mobile phase. One of major drawback in coupling CEC with MS is the bubble formation at the column outlet end, resulting in irreproducible retention time and erratic baseline, or even current breakdown. By introducing internal tapered columns, the aforementioned limitations of CEC-MS are successfully overcome in Chapter 3. The CEC-MS enantioseparation of warfarin and coumachlor is carefully investigated and applied to quantify R- and S-warfarin in human plasma. For individual enantiomers, a concentration of 25 ng/mL is detectable. To further improve the robustness of CEC-MS column, a new procedure of fabricating internal tapered columns is reported in Chapter 4. These internal tapered columns demonstrate excellent ruggedness, low background noise, and good compatibility in reversed-phase and polar organic modes of CEC-MS. In chapter 5, the feasibility of using internal tapered columns packed with vancomycin chiral stationary phase (CSP) is explored for simultaneous enantioseparation of eight â-blockers using CEC-MS. After a careful optimization of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid and spray chamber parameter, 15 out of 16 enantiomers could be simultaneously resolved with excellent efficiency and detection sensitivity. The synthesis and characterization of sulfated and sulfonated cellulose phenylcarbamate CSPs is described in Chapter 6. The use of these CSPs, especially the sulfonated one, significantly enhances the EOF profile and sample throughput but maintain high enantiomeric resolving power under various modes of CEC and CEC-MS. By combining CEC and atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI) MS, Chapter 7 demonstrates the separation and detection of mono-methylated benzo[a]pyrene (MBAP) isomers with ~100 times enhancement on detection sensitivity than CEC-UV. In Appedix 2, monolithic columns are synthesized through photopolymerized sol-gel approach and utilized for CEC and CEC-APPI-MS of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and alkyl phenyl ketones.

A maioria dos agentes terapêuticos, freqüentemente prescritos, são formulados e comercializados sob a forma racêmica, embora para alguns deles, já tenha sido demonstrado que os efeitos farmacológicos e/ou tóxicos estejam relacionados apenas a um dos enantiômeros. Além disso, é conhecido o fato de que os enantiômeros podem apresentar perfis farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos diferentes. Neste trabalho foram selecionados fármacos que fazem parte de dois grupos importantes no uso clínico. São fármacos freqüentemente prescritos, como os β-bloqueadores (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, betaxolol e nadolol) e os antiinflamatórios não-esteróides (ibuprofeno e flurbiprofeno ). Existem na literatura científica várias citações que descrevem o uso da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com fases estacionárias quirais (CLAE-FEQ) em estudos farmacológicos, mas não na análise quantitativa dos enantiômeros em preparações farmacêuticas. É conhecido o fato de que o método CLAE-FEQs oferece vantagens sobre as técnicas clássicas de separação e análise de estereoisômeros, especialmente para os enantiômeros. As separações enantioméricas diretas do atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol e betaxolol foram obtidas utilizando-se FEQ Chiralcel OD®. Os enantiômeros do pindolol foram separados com FEQ α-Burke 2® e os do ibuprofeno e do flurbiprofeno com FEQ do tipo WheIk-O 1®. Neste trabalho são apresentados métodos rápidos e sensíveis para determinação estereoespecífica do atenolol (AT), do metoprolol (MT) e do flurbiprofeno (FLU) em formulações farmacêuticas. A determinação quantitativa dos enantiômeros do atenolol e do metoprolol nos comprimidos foi realizada através de método cromatográfico validado. As condições analíticas foram padronizadas através do sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, usando coluna do tipo carbamato de celulose tris-3,5-dimetilfenil, Chiralcel OD®, (250x4.6 mm, 10µm) como FEQ. As amostras foram cromatografadas à temperatura ambiente, com um volume de injeção de 20µ L. A detecção foi efetuada em 276 nm. Para o atenolol a fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:dietilamina:ácido acético (60:40:0,2:0,2 v/v/v/v), com vazão de 1,0 rnL/min. As curvas padrões do R-AT e do S-AT apresentaram boa linearidade entre 50,0-130,0µg/rnL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9991 e 0,9980 respectivamente. As amostras comerciais A, B, C e D referentes a R-AT analisadas, apresentaram coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 1,15% e 101,06%; 0,74% e 99,25%; 1,05% e 102,57%; 0,84% e 101,57% respectivamente, já o coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação do S- AT nas amostras A, B, C e D foram 1,33% e 98,87%; 0,99% e 100,76%; 1,17% e 101,69%; 1,26% e 100,39%, respectivamente. Para o metoprolol a fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:dietilamina:ácido acético (40:60:0,2:0,2 v/v/v/v), com vazão de 0,8 rnL/min. As curvas padrões do R-MT e do S-MT apresentaram boa linearidade entre 30,0-110,0µg/rnL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9988 e 0,9990 respectivamente. A amostra comercial analisada, apresentou coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 0,86% e 98,62% para R-MT e de 1,40% e 99,39% para S-MT. Um método cromatográfico foi desenvolvido e validado para separação e quantificação enantiomérica do FLU na forma farmacêutica. As condições analíticas foram padronizadas através do sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, usando coluna do tipo Whelk-O 1® (250x4,6 mm, 5,0 µm) como FEQ. As amostras foram cromatografadas à temperatura ambiente, com um volume de injeção de 20µ L. A detecção foi efetuada em 246 nm. A fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:ácido acético (95:05:0,2 v/v/v), com vazão de 0,9 rnL/min. A curva padrão do S-FLU apresentou boa linearidade entre 2,0-18,0 µg/mL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9993. A amostra comercial analisada apresentou coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 0,16% e 100,1% para R_FLU e 0,14% e 100,4% para S-FLU, respectivamente. Os métodos propostos permitam a separação quantitativa dos enantiômeros de AT, MT e FLU contidos nas formas farmacêuticas analisadas, com precisão e exatidão e que podem ser aplicados no controle de qualidade enantiomérico destes fármacos. / The majority of the therapeutic agents, frequently prescribed, are formulated and commercialized as racemic mixture, even so for some of them, it has been demonstrated that the pharmacological and/or toxic effect are confined only to one of the enantiomer. Besides, it is well known that the enantiomers can present different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. In the present work we selected drugs belonging to two classes of clínical importance. These pharmaceuticals are widely prescribed in clinical practice such as, the beta-blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, pindoloI, betaxolol and nadolol) and the non-steroid anti-inflammatorydrugs (ibuprofen and flurbiprofen). Several references could be found in scientific literature that describes the use of high performance liquid chromatography with chiral stationary phase (HPLC-CSP) in pharmacological studies, seldom in the quantitative determination of enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations. It is well known that the HPLC-CSP methods offer distinct advantages over classical techniques of isomeric separation and analysis, especially for the enantiomeric separation. The direct enantiomeric separation of atenolol metoprolol nadolol and betaxolol were obtained using CSP Chiralcel OD®.The enantiomers of pindolol were separate utilizing CSP α-Burke 2® and those of ibuprofen and the flurbiprofen with CSP Whelk-O 1®. In this work are presented efficient and sensitive methods for stereospecific determination of atenolol (AT), metoprolol (MT) and flurbiprofen (FLU) in pharmaceutical formulations. The stereoselective determination of atenolol and metoprolol in pharmaceuticals was performed through validated chromatographic method. The validation of liquid chromatographic methods was done utilizing a cellulose tris- 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate, Chiralcel OD®, (250x4.6 mm, 10µm)as CSP. The samples were analyzed at room temperature with injection volume of 20µL and UV detection was made at 276nm. In case of atenolol, the mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:diethylamine:acetic acid (60:40:0.2:0.2 v/v), with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Separate standard curve for R-AT and S-AT showed good linearity over a concentration range from 50-130 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of 0.9991 and 0.998, respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for R-AT in the samples A, B, C, and D were 1.15% and 101.06%; 0.74% and 99.25%; 1.05% and 102.57%; 0.84% and 101.57% respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for S-AT in samples A, B, C and D were 1.33% and 98.87%; 0.99% and 100.76%; 1.17% and 101.69%; 1.26% and 100.39%, respectively. In case of metoprolol, the mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:diethylamine:acetic acid (40:60:0.2:0.2 v/v), with a flow rate of 0.8 m L/min. Separate standard curve for R-MT and S-MT showed good linearity over a concentration range fIom 30-110 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of 0.9988 and 0.9990, respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for R-MT in sample analyzed was 0.86% and 98.62% and for S-MT was 1.40% and 99.39%, respectively. A high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed and validated for enantiomeric separation and quantitative determination of FLU in pharmaceutical preparation. A WheIk-O 1® column (250x4.6 mm, 5µm)was used as chiral stationary phase (CSP). The mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:acetic acid (95:05:0.2 v/v/v), at a flow rate of 0.9 rnL/min and UV detection at 246nm. All experiments were done at ambient temperature. The S-FLU standard curve showed linearity over a concentration range from 2-18µg/mL, (R2 = 0.9993). The coefficient of variation and average recovery of R-FLU were 0.16% and 100.13% and for S-FLU were 0.14% and 100.4%; respectively. The proposed methods permits quantitative separation of AT, MT and FLU enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations studied with precision and accuracy. The proposed validated methods can be used in the enantiomeric quality controI of referred pharmaceutical drugs.

A maioria dos agentes terapêuticos, freqüentemente prescritos, são formulados e comercializados sob a forma racêmica, embora para alguns deles, já tenha sido demonstrado que os efeitos farmacológicos e/ou tóxicos estejam relacionados apenas a um dos enantiômeros. Além disso, é conhecido o fato de que os enantiômeros podem apresentar perfis farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos diferentes. Neste trabalho foram selecionados fármacos que fazem parte de dois grupos importantes no uso clínico. São fármacos freqüentemente prescritos, como os β-bloqueadores (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, betaxolol e nadolol) e os antiinflamatórios não-esteróides (ibuprofeno e flurbiprofeno ). Existem na literatura científica várias citações que descrevem o uso da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com fases estacionárias quirais (CLAE-FEQ) em estudos farmacológicos, mas não na análise quantitativa dos enantiômeros em preparações farmacêuticas. É conhecido o fato de que o método CLAE-FEQs oferece vantagens sobre as técnicas clássicas de separação e análise de estereoisômeros, especialmente para os enantiômeros. As separações enantioméricas diretas do atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol e betaxolol foram obtidas utilizando-se FEQ Chiralcel OD®. Os enantiômeros do pindolol foram separados com FEQ α-Burke 2® e os do ibuprofeno e do flurbiprofeno com FEQ do tipo WheIk-O 1®. Neste trabalho são apresentados métodos rápidos e sensíveis para determinação estereoespecífica do atenolol (AT), do metoprolol (MT) e do flurbiprofeno (FLU) em formulações farmacêuticas. A determinação quantitativa dos enantiômeros do atenolol e do metoprolol nos comprimidos foi realizada através de método cromatográfico validado. As condições analíticas foram padronizadas através do sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, usando coluna do tipo carbamato de celulose tris-3,5-dimetilfenil, Chiralcel OD®, (250x4.6 mm, 10µm) como FEQ. As amostras foram cromatografadas à temperatura ambiente, com um volume de injeção de 20µ L. A detecção foi efetuada em 276 nm. Para o atenolol a fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:dietilamina:ácido acético (60:40:0,2:0,2 v/v/v/v), com vazão de 1,0 rnL/min. As curvas padrões do R-AT e do S-AT apresentaram boa linearidade entre 50,0-130,0µg/rnL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9991 e 0,9980 respectivamente. As amostras comerciais A, B, C e D referentes a R-AT analisadas, apresentaram coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 1,15% e 101,06%; 0,74% e 99,25%; 1,05% e 102,57%; 0,84% e 101,57% respectivamente, já o coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação do S- AT nas amostras A, B, C e D foram 1,33% e 98,87%; 0,99% e 100,76%; 1,17% e 101,69%; 1,26% e 100,39%, respectivamente. Para o metoprolol a fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:dietilamina:ácido acético (40:60:0,2:0,2 v/v/v/v), com vazão de 0,8 rnL/min. As curvas padrões do R-MT e do S-MT apresentaram boa linearidade entre 30,0-110,0µg/rnL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9988 e 0,9990 respectivamente. A amostra comercial analisada, apresentou coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 0,86% e 98,62% para R-MT e de 1,40% e 99,39% para S-MT. Um método cromatográfico foi desenvolvido e validado para separação e quantificação enantiomérica do FLU na forma farmacêutica. As condições analíticas foram padronizadas através do sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, usando coluna do tipo Whelk-O 1® (250x4,6 mm, 5,0 µm) como FEQ. As amostras foram cromatografadas à temperatura ambiente, com um volume de injeção de 20µ L. A detecção foi efetuada em 246 nm. A fase móvel foi constituída de hexano:etanol:ácido acético (95:05:0,2 v/v/v), com vazão de 0,9 rnL/min. A curva padrão do S-FLU apresentou boa linearidade entre 2,0-18,0 µg/mL, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9993. A amostra comercial analisada apresentou coeficiente de variação e percentual de recuperação de 0,16% e 100,1% para R_FLU e 0,14% e 100,4% para S-FLU, respectivamente. Os métodos propostos permitam a separação quantitativa dos enantiômeros de AT, MT e FLU contidos nas formas farmacêuticas analisadas, com precisão e exatidão e que podem ser aplicados no controle de qualidade enantiomérico destes fármacos. / The majority of the therapeutic agents, frequently prescribed, are formulated and commercialized as racemic mixture, even so for some of them, it has been demonstrated that the pharmacological and/or toxic effect are confined only to one of the enantiomer. Besides, it is well known that the enantiomers can present different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. In the present work we selected drugs belonging to two classes of clínical importance. These pharmaceuticals are widely prescribed in clinical practice such as, the beta-blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, pindoloI, betaxolol and nadolol) and the non-steroid anti-inflammatorydrugs (ibuprofen and flurbiprofen). Several references could be found in scientific literature that describes the use of high performance liquid chromatography with chiral stationary phase (HPLC-CSP) in pharmacological studies, seldom in the quantitative determination of enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations. It is well known that the HPLC-CSP methods offer distinct advantages over classical techniques of isomeric separation and analysis, especially for the enantiomeric separation. The direct enantiomeric separation of atenolol metoprolol nadolol and betaxolol were obtained using CSP Chiralcel OD®.The enantiomers of pindolol were separate utilizing CSP α-Burke 2® and those of ibuprofen and the flurbiprofen with CSP Whelk-O 1®. In this work are presented efficient and sensitive methods for stereospecific determination of atenolol (AT), metoprolol (MT) and flurbiprofen (FLU) in pharmaceutical formulations. The stereoselective determination of atenolol and metoprolol in pharmaceuticals was performed through validated chromatographic method. The validation of liquid chromatographic methods was done utilizing a cellulose tris- 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate, Chiralcel OD®, (250x4.6 mm, 10µm)as CSP. The samples were analyzed at room temperature with injection volume of 20µL and UV detection was made at 276nm. In case of atenolol, the mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:diethylamine:acetic acid (60:40:0.2:0.2 v/v), with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Separate standard curve for R-AT and S-AT showed good linearity over a concentration range from 50-130 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of 0.9991 and 0.998, respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for R-AT in the samples A, B, C, and D were 1.15% and 101.06%; 0.74% and 99.25%; 1.05% and 102.57%; 0.84% and 101.57% respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for S-AT in samples A, B, C and D were 1.33% and 98.87%; 0.99% and 100.76%; 1.17% and 101.69%; 1.26% and 100.39%, respectively. In case of metoprolol, the mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:diethylamine:acetic acid (40:60:0.2:0.2 v/v), with a flow rate of 0.8 m L/min. Separate standard curve for R-MT and S-MT showed good linearity over a concentration range fIom 30-110 µg/mL, with coefficient of correlation of 0.9988 and 0.9990, respectively. The coefficient of variation and average recovery for R-MT in sample analyzed was 0.86% and 98.62% and for S-MT was 1.40% and 99.39%, respectively. A high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed and validated for enantiomeric separation and quantitative determination of FLU in pharmaceutical preparation. A WheIk-O 1® column (250x4.6 mm, 5µm)was used as chiral stationary phase (CSP). The mobile phase was constituted of hexane:ethanol:acetic acid (95:05:0.2 v/v/v), at a flow rate of 0.9 rnL/min and UV detection at 246nm. All experiments were done at ambient temperature. The S-FLU standard curve showed linearity over a concentration range from 2-18µg/mL, (R2 = 0.9993). The coefficient of variation and average recovery of R-FLU were 0.16% and 100.13% and for S-FLU were 0.14% and 100.4%; respectively. The proposed methods permits quantitative separation of AT, MT and FLU enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations studied with precision and accuracy. The proposed validated methods can be used in the enantiomeric quality controI of referred pharmaceutical drugs.

(EN) Cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase was used for separation of selected 24 analytes. Enantioseparations were realized using two systems, high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. Effect of mobile phase composition was studied. Five different aditives (isopropylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trifluoroacetic acid, isopropylamine combined with trifluoroacetic acid) and their influence on enantioseparation were tested. Influence of two different modifiers (methanol, propan-2-ol) combined with all aditives was also tested in supercritical fluid chromatography system. The aim of this work was to find optimized composition of mobile phase which was suitable for separation of the analytes studied and to compare separation potential among all mobile phases and also between used separations systems. The supercritical fluid chromatography was shown to yield better results, i.e. better resolution in shorter analysis time. However examples of analytes better resolved under optimized conditions in high performance liquid chromatography system have also been found. Keywords (EN) Chirality, enantiomers, enantioselective separation, chiral stationary phase, high performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography.

O cloridrato de tramadol, analgésico sintético de ação central, possui dois centros quirais: o isômero cis é ativo e o isômero trans é uma impureza de processo. Ambos os enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol contribuem para o efeito analgésico, mas através de mecanismos diferentes, complementares e interativos farmacologicamente. Os dois isômeros do cis-tramadol apresentam efeitos terapêuticos, e a presença de impurezas, incluindo os isômeros trans - decorrentes do processo de síntese ou devido à decomposição - podem comprometer a qualidade do produto comercializado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar metodologia estereosseletiva para análise do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das possíveis impurezas quirais ou não na matéria-prima e formulações farmacêuticas. Para a separação e quantificação dos enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das impurezas trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefina e 1,6-olefina, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralcel® OD-H, fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% e 100% de n-hexano, 1:1, v/v):isopropanol:dietilamina:ácido trifluoracético (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v), na vazão de 0,7 mL min-1 e detecção em 274 nm. A coluna Chiralpak® AD fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% de n-hexano):etanol absoluto:dietilamina (95:5:0,1, v/v/v), na vazão de 1,0 mL min-1 e o comprimento de onda para detecção dos compostos foi de 228 nm foi utilizada para a separação e quantificação das impurezas O-desmetiltramadol, N-desmetiltramadol e tramadol N-óxido. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram devidamente validados através dos parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, intervalo, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Os resultados obtidos na validação mostraram que os métodos são adequados para a determinação do cis-tramadol e de suas impurezas na matéria prima e na formulação farmacêutica. / Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic with two chiral centers; the cis isomer is the active drug and the trans isomer is a process impurity. Both enantiomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride contribute to the analgesic effect through different, but complementary and interactive pharmacological mechanisms. Although both isomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride show therapeutic effects, the presence of impurities, originated from the synthesis process or due to degradation, can compromise the quality of the marketed product. The aim of this present work was the development and validation of a stereosselective methodology for the analysis of the drug cis-tramadol hydrochloride and the possible chiral or non-chiral impurities in raw materials and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation and quantitation of cis-tramadol enantiomers and the impurities trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefin and 1,6-olefin were carried out using a Chiralcel® OD-H column, mobile phase of hexane (60% and 100% of n-hexane, 1:1, v/v):2-propanol:diethylamine:trifluoroacetic acid (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0,7 mL min-1 and detection at 274 nm. For the separation and quantitation of the impurities O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol and tramadol N-oxide, a Chiralpak® AD column was used with a mobile phase of hexane (60% of n-hexane):ethanol absolute: diethylamine (95:5:0,1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1,0 mL min-1 and detection at 228 nm. The methods were validated using the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, detection limit and quantitation limit. The results obtained show that the methods are suitable for the analysis of cis-tramadol and its impurities in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation.

O cloridrato de tramadol, analgésico sintético de ação central, possui dois centros quirais: o isômero cis é ativo e o isômero trans é uma impureza de processo. Ambos os enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol contribuem para o efeito analgésico, mas através de mecanismos diferentes, complementares e interativos farmacologicamente. Os dois isômeros do cis-tramadol apresentam efeitos terapêuticos, e a presença de impurezas, incluindo os isômeros trans - decorrentes do processo de síntese ou devido à decomposição - podem comprometer a qualidade do produto comercializado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar metodologia estereosseletiva para análise do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das possíveis impurezas quirais ou não na matéria-prima e formulações farmacêuticas. Para a separação e quantificação dos enantiômeros do cloridrato de cis-tramadol e das impurezas trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefina e 1,6-olefina, foi utilizada a coluna Chiralcel® OD-H, fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% e 100% de n-hexano, 1:1, v/v):isopropanol:dietilamina:ácido trifluoracético (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v), na vazão de 0,7 mL min-1 e detecção em 274 nm. A coluna Chiralpak® AD fase móvel constituída por hexano (60% de n-hexano):etanol absoluto:dietilamina (95:5:0,1, v/v/v), na vazão de 1,0 mL min-1 e o comprimento de onda para detecção dos compostos foi de 228 nm foi utilizada para a separação e quantificação das impurezas O-desmetiltramadol, N-desmetiltramadol e tramadol N-óxido. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram devidamente validados através dos parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, intervalo, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Os resultados obtidos na validação mostraram que os métodos são adequados para a determinação do cis-tramadol e de suas impurezas na matéria prima e na formulação farmacêutica. / Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic with two chiral centers; the cis isomer is the active drug and the trans isomer is a process impurity. Both enantiomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride contribute to the analgesic effect through different, but complementary and interactive pharmacological mechanisms. Although both isomers of cis-tramadol hydrochloride show therapeutic effects, the presence of impurities, originated from the synthesis process or due to degradation, can compromise the quality of the marketed product. The aim of this present work was the development and validation of a stereosselective methodology for the analysis of the drug cis-tramadol hydrochloride and the possible chiral or non-chiral impurities in raw materials and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation and quantitation of cis-tramadol enantiomers and the impurities trans-tramadol, 1,2-olefin and 1,6-olefin were carried out using a Chiralcel® OD-H column, mobile phase of hexane (60% and 100% of n-hexane, 1:1, v/v):2-propanol:diethylamine:trifluoroacetic acid (99,5:0,5:0,3:0,1, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0,7 mL min-1 and detection at 274 nm. For the separation and quantitation of the impurities O-desmethyltramadol, N-desmethyltramadol and tramadol N-oxide, a Chiralpak® AD column was used with a mobile phase of hexane (60% of n-hexane):ethanol absolute: diethylamine (95:5:0,1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1,0 mL min-1 and detection at 228 nm. The methods were validated using the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, range, detection limit and quantitation limit. The results obtained show that the methods are suitable for the analysis of cis-tramadol and its impurities in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation.