Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-25T13:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RITA DE CÁSSIA ALVES LEAL CRUZ - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 2600019 bytes, checksum: a52abcbae6381fc8af3c8e40fc455f27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T13:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RITA DE CÁSSIA ALVES LEAL CRUZ - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 2600019 bytes, checksum: a52abcbae6381fc8af3c8e40fc455f27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-13 / Capes / Ao longo das últimas décadas a quitosana tem sido intensamente investigada e utilizada como biomaterial. Um conjunto de propriedades, tais como biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade, bioatividade, ausência de toxicidade, propriedades de absorção, capacidade de formar membranas, filmes, fibras, hidrogéis, bioadesividade, atividade contra fungos, bactérias e vírus e poder hemostático muito tem contribuído para esse fato. Neste trabalho utilizou-se a técnica de fiação úmida para obter fibras de quitosana, relacionando os seguintes parâmetros: concentração de polímero, banhos de coagulação, lavagem e secagem, como também avaliar o efeito do poli(oxido de etileno) nas propriedades mecânicas das fibras. Nesse sentido, foram obtidas fibras de quitosana com 4% de quitosana e 0,4% de PEO, utilizando um caudal de 45ml/h e banho de coagulação em temperatura ambiente. Os resultados revelaram que as fibras apresentaram propriedades mecânicas próximas dos valores requeridos pela Norma ABNT NBR 13904, atingindo cerca de 80%. A avaliação da quantidade de PEO na fibra e do efeito da velocidade de extrusão revelou que, quanto maior a concentração de PEO e, quanto menor a velocidade de extrusão, maior será a carga máxima suportada pelas fibras. As fibras apresentaram toxicas, com uma viabilidade celular de 64%. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que as fibras apresentam características promissoras, porém necessitam de melhorias no processamento, além da realização de novos estudos acerca de métodos que confiram uma maior resistência ao mesmo e aumentem a viabilidade celular das fibras. / Over the past decades, chitosan has been extensively investigated and used as a biomaterial. A set of properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, absence of toxicity, absorption properties, ability to form membranes, bioadhesivity, activity against fungi, bacteria and viruses and hemostatic has greatly contributed to this end. In the present study we used the technique of wet spinning to obtain chitosan fibers, by relating the following parameters: concentration of polymer coagulation bath, washing and drying, as well as assess the effect of poly (ethylene oxide) in the mechanical properties of the fibers. In this sense, chitosan fibers were obtained with 4% chitosan and 0.4% PEO, using a flow rate of 45ml/hr and coagulation bath at room temperature. The results showed that the fibers showed mechanical properties close to the values required by the standard NBR 13904, reaching about 80%. The evaluation of the amount of PEO in fiber and extrusion speed of effect revealed that the higher the concentration of PEO and the lower the extrusion speed, the greater the maximum load supported by the fiber. The fibers exhibited toxic, with a cell viability of 64%. Thus, it can be concluded fibers have promising features, but need improvements in processing, as well as new studies on methods which give the same a greater resistance and increase cellular viability of the fibers.

The aim of this project was to address the food waste problem, particularly bread waste, to some extent by producing monofilaments obtained from wet spinning of fungal hydrogel through the cultivation of Rhizopus delemar on bread waste. The project had two phases. Firstly, the possibility of production of chitosan fiber with wet spinning (using different acids) was evaluated, the process was optimized, and then applied to the production of fungal fiber. Regarding first stage of the project, adipic acid, a non-toxic solvent with two carboxyl groups, was used as acting physical crosslinker between the chitosan chains, resulting in improving properties of the monofilaments. Adipic acid performance was compared with conventional solvents, such as citric, lactic, and acetic acids. By injecting chitosan solutions into a coagulation bath (EtOH or NaOH 1M or EtOH-NaOH or H2SO4-EtOH), monofilaments were formed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that uniform chitosan monofilaments with smooth surface were formed using adipic and lactic acids. In general, fibers obtained from adipic acid displayed higher mechanical strength (Young’s modulus of 4.45 GPa and tensile strength of 147.9 MPa) than that of monofilaments produced using conventional solvents. Fiber dewatering with EtOH before drying led to greater fiber diameter and lower mechanical strength. As the second stage of this study, Rhizopus delemar was cultivated on bread waste in shake flasks and 1.3 M3 bioreactor. While different combinations of ground bread and K2HPO4 was used as the substrate for shake flask cultivations, white bread waste without K2HPO4 was utilized for scaling up the process, mostly due to the Glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) content in the fungal cell wall. GlcN and GlcNA content obtained from ground bread was remarkably higher than that of obtained from combinations of ground bread and K2HPO4 as the substrate. Cultivation in 1.3 M3 bioreactor resulted in about 36 kg wet biomass with a mean of 14.88% dry weight, indicating 5.95 g biomass/L. The biomass yield of 0.15 g dry biomass/g dry bread was achieved. Alkali insoluble material (AIM) was obtained by alkali treatment of biomass. Fungal hydrogel was prepared by adding adipic and lactic acid to AIM, followed by grinding treatment. While hydrogels treated with lactic acid showed better spinnability and gelling ability, the one from adipic acid was not uniform to be wet spun. Considering hydrogels treated with lactic acid, the optimum grinding cycle for more spinnable hydrogel was 6 negative cycles, contributing to the fibers with the tensile strength of around 82 MPa. Such fibers showed antibacterial property against Escherichia coli, making them as a good option for suture applications. However, further in vitro and in vivo trials are essential to test the fungal fiber for such applications.

Die enormen Fortschritte und Erkenntnisse der Medizin und der damit einhergehenden gestiegenen mittleren globalen Lebenserwartung von indes knapp 75 Jahren fußen auch auf den medizinischen Entwicklungen des 20. Jahrhunderts, da durch diese z. B. infektiöse und onkologische Erkrankungen, Diabetes, Bluthochdruck, Herzinsuffizienz, Magengeschwüre, Depressionen, Hämophilie und andere Krankheiten erfolgreich therapiert werden können. Die entwickelten Therapiemethoden beruhten im Wesentlichen auf chirurgischen und intensivmedizinischen Neuerungen, chemischen Wirkstoffen, belastungsfähigen Implantaten und extrakorporalen Systemen. Im 21. Jahrhundert hingegen sind medizinische Neuerungen im molekularbiologischen Bereich zu erwarten, wie beispielsweise in der Zellbiologie, DNA-Analyse und -Transfer oder in der regenerativen Medizin. In Letzterer werden autologe regenerative Mechanismen als therapeutisches Prinzip genutzt, um funktionsgestörte Zellen, Gewebe und Organe entweder durch den biologischen Ersatz oder durch die Anregung körpereigener Regenerations- und Reparaturprozesse zu erhalten bzw. wiederherzustellen.

The field of articular cartilage tissue engineering has developed rapidly, and chitosan has become a promising material for scaffold fabrication. For this paper, wet-spun biocompatible chitosan filament yarns were converted into short flock fibers and subsequently electrostatically flocked onto a chitosan substrate, resulting in a pure, highly open, porous, and biodegradable chitosan scaffold. Analyzing the wet-spinning of chitosan revealed its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the fabrication of the fiber-based chitosan scaffolds. The scaffolds were prepared using varying processing parameters and were analyzed in regards to their geometrical and mechanical properties. It was found that the pore sizes were adjustable between 65 and 310 µm, and the compressive strength was in the range 13–57 kPa.