Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-176).

Thesis (M.S.) in Chemical Engineering--University of Maine, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-170).

Thesis (M.S.) in Food Science and Human Nutrition--University of Maine, 2003. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-129 ).

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: Polymer Enhanced Diafiltration, Biosorption, Chitosan. Includes bibliographical references (p.73-78).

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 20, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Orientador: Paulo Sergio Tonello / Resumo: Devido a intensificação dos processos industriais, agrícolas e de urbanização, uma grande quantidade de metais antropogênicos tem sido lançados em diversos compartimentos ambientais. O grande desafio das novas tecnologias tem sido o desenvolvimento de materiais e técnicas que sejam baratas, acessíveis, atóxicas e que permitam quantificar ou remover com eficiência os metais potencialmente tóxicos que se encontram dispersos nos recursos hídricos. No presente trabalho, membranas de quitosana (CS) reticuladas com epicloridrina (CS − ECH) e com glutaraldeído (CS − GLA) foram confeccionadas e caracterizadas com F-TIR e MEV-EDS. Soluções multi-elementar com íons metálicos de diferentes concentrações iniciais foram preparadas para determinação do tempo de equilíbrio, da cinética de adsorção e da isoterma. A isoterma de Freundlich e o modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem apresentaram o melhor ajuste. As taxas de adsorção por tempo de contato revelaram a ocorrência da interferência no tempo de equilíbrio ao aumentar a concentração da solução inicial. A membrana CS - ECH apresentou capacidade de sorção para íons Cu(II), Pb(II), AL(III), Zn(II) e Cd(II), respectivamente, de 53, 87 mg g-1; 13,66 mg g-1; 4,41 mg g-1; 2,31 mg g-1 e 1,66 mg g-1. Os valores obtidos por CS - GLA para a mesma sequência de íons foram de 20,25 mg g-1, 3,42 mg g-1, 2,54 mg g-1, 9,23 mg g-1 e 8,77 mg g-1. / Due to the intensification of industrial, agricultural and urbanization processes a large amount of anthropogenic metals have been released in many environmental compartments. The great challenge of new technologies has been the development of materials and techniques that are inexpensive, accessible, non-toxic and that allow to quantify or to remove efficiently the potentially toxic metals that are dispersed in the water resources. In this work, epichlorohydrin (CS - ECH) and glutaraldehyde (CS - GLA) cross - linked chitosan (CS) membranes were prepared and characterized with F - TIR and MEV - EDS. Multi-element solutions with metal ions of different initial concentrations were prepared for the determination of equilibrium time, adsorption kinetics and isotherm. The Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo second order kinetic model presented the best fit. The adsorption rates by contact time revealed the occurrence of interference at equilibrium time as due to the increase of initial solution concentrations. The CS - ECH membrane presented sorption capacity for Cu (II), Pb (II), AL (III), Zn (II) and Cd (II), respectively, 53, 87 mg g - 1; 13.66 mg g-1; 4.41 mg g-1; 2.31 mg g-1 and 1.66 mg g-1. The values obtained by CS - GLA for the same ion sequence were 20.25 mg g -1, 3.42 mg g -1, 2.54 mg g -1, 9.23 mg g -1 and 8, 77 mg g-1 / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-29Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000798754_20150801.pdf: 553105 bytes, checksum: f61814ad1f3351a1d4d9be5af78ec6d6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-03T12:20:59Z: 000798754_20150801.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-03T12:22:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000798754.pdf: 2181841 bytes, checksum: 5c526707554e228029a8aa892066662f (MD5) / Derivados da quitosana (Mw 80-120) foram preparados pela introdução de polietilenoglicol monometil éter (mPEG, Mw 5000 Da) em quitosana previamente cationizada com o objetivo de melhorar a solubilidade e a densidade de cargas da quitosana em meio aquoso, de pH neutro e alcalino, nos quais a quitosana é insolúvel e seus grupos amina encontram-se desprotonados. A quitosana cationizada foi preparada pela reação da quitosana com o cloreto de glicidil trimetilamônio (CGTMA) em meio aquoso, em uma taxa molar de CGTMA para unidades D-glicosamina de 2;1. N-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina (TEMPO). Com o objetivo de conjugar o à via ligação amida, os grupos hidroxila terminais do comercial foram oxidados utilizando N-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina (TEMPO) na presença de NaBr e NaClO. Copolímeros de enxerto de mPEG-COOH e QC, mPEG-g-QC, foram preparados através da formação de ligações amidas na presença de 1-etil-3-(3-dimetilaminopropil)-carbodiimida (EDC) e N-hidroxisuccinimida (NHS), em diferentes taxas de massa de para (0,85:1, 1,65:1 e 2,5:1). A estrutura da quitosana, mPEG, QC e copolímeros mPEG-g-QC, assim como as modificações químicas realizadas na molécula de quitosana e QC de foram confirmadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e de ressonância magnética nuclear (1H RMN). A partir dos espectros de 1H RMN também foi possível determinar o grau de desacetilação da quitosana (GD=87%), o grau de cationização da QC (GC=37%) e o grau de substituição (GS) de mPEG-COOH nos copolímeros mPEG-g-QC 0,85:1 (GS=2,8%), mPEG-g-QC 1,65:1 (GS=5,6%) e mPEG-g-QC (2,8%), 2,5:1 (GS=8,3%). O potencial zeta da QC e dos copolímeros mPEG-g-QC mantiveram-se altos e positivos, com valores entre +30 e +65 mV, em todo o intervalo de pH estudado (2,5-10), enquanto a quitosana apresentou um potencial zeta alto e positivo (+40 a +50 mV) até pH 6, a partir do qual teve uma acentuada queda alcançando 0 mV em pH 10... / Derivatives of chitosan (Mw 80-120) were prepared by grafting polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (mPEG, MW 5000 Da) in previously cationized chitosan to improve the solubility and charge density of chitosan in aqueous solution of neutral and alkaline pH, in which chitosan is insoluble and their amino groups are deprotonated. The cationized chitosan (CC) was prepared by reaction of chitosan with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) in aqueous medium using a molar ratio of GTMAC and D-glucosamine units of 1:2. To react mPEG with QC via amide bond, the hydroxyl groups of the commercial mPEG were oxidized using N-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO), NaBr and NaClO. The graft copolymers of mPEG-COOH and CC (mPEG-g-CC) were prepared by forming amide bonds using of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), in different rates of mass of QC to mPEG (0,85: 1, 1,65: 1 and 2,5: 1). The structure of chitosan, mPEG-COOH, CC and copolymers mPEG-g-QC, as well as theirs chemical modifications were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). From the 1H NMR spectra was also determined the degree of deacetylation of chitosan (DD= 87%), the degree of cationization of CC (DC= 37%) and the degree of substitution (DS) of mPEG-COOH on copolymers mPEG-g-CC 0,85:1 (DS= 2,8%), mPEG-g-CC 1,65:1 (DS= 5,6%), and mPEG-g-CC 2,5:1 (DS= 8,3%). The zeta potential of CC and copolymers mPEG-g-CC remained high and positive with value between +30 and +65 mV, through the pH range studied (2,5-10), while chitosan showed a high and positive zeta potential (+40 to +50 mV) until pH 6, from which decreased sharply and reached 0 mV at pH 10...

The material characteristics play a role in the suitability of chitosan for biomedical applications. This is not surprising since the degree of deacetylation of chitosan influences antimicrobial activity, degradation rate, immune reaction and mechanical properties such as strength and elongation. This study examines chitosans of variable material characteristics for wound and bone healing applications. Chitosan films of 76, 78, 80, 87, 91, 92, and 95% degree of deacetylation were tested in vitro for cellular responses by fibroblast and bone cell lines. The in vitro responses were compared to the material characteristics of molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, swelling index, and ash content.