Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1990.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1955. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-180).

Thesis--University of California, Berkeley. / "UCRL-9012." "Contract no. W-7405-eng-48." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-101).

Diss. med. dent. Zürich. / Literaturverz.

Diss. med. dent. Zürich. / Literaturverz.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Kohl, Paul, Committee Chair ; Bottomley, Lawrence, Committee Member ; Eckert, Charles, Committee Member ; Fuller, Tom, Committee Member ; Teja, Amyn, Committee Member.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Chemnitz.

Orientador: Carmen Sílvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: Ernane Ronie Martins / Banca: Luiz Fernando Rolim de Almeida / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Gisela Ferreira / Resumo: O cálcio é um nutriente essencial às plantas, participando das funções estruturais da parede celular e da membrana, como contra cátion para ânions orgânicos e inorgânicos no vacúolo e desempenha papel essencial como mensageiro intracelular no citosol. A concentração de cálcio no citoplasma das células vegetais aumenta em resposta a várias condições de desenvolvimento e fatores ambientais. Essas alterações na concentração de cálcio no citosol da célula são cruciais para as respostas fisiológicas da planta. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a aplicação de concentrações de cloreto de cálcio afetam as trocas gasosas, atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, perfil químico do óleo essencial extraído das folhas, tamanho, firmeza e aspectos químicos ligados à qualidade dos frutos de Annona × atemoya Mabb. cv. 'Thompson'. O experimento foi conduzido no sítio Paraizinho localizado no munícipio de Pardinho-SP em pomar comercial. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, sendo quatro concentrações de cloreto de cálcio (0%, 0,5%, 1,0% e 1,5% de CaCl2) aplicados via foliar a cada 45 dias e seis blocos, com uma planta por parcela experimental. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: trocas gasosas, enzimas antioxidantes, diâmetro e comprimento dos frutos, firmeza, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez, açúcares, amido, teor de ácido ascórbico,teor de cálcio, perfil químico dos óleos essenciais. As dosagens de CaCl2 aumentaram a assimil... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Calcium is an essential nutrient for plants, participating in the structural functions of the cell wall and membrane, as against cation for organic and inorganic anions in the vacuole and plays an essential role as a messenger in intracellular cytosol. The concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm of plant cells increases in response to several conditions of development and environmental factors. These changes in the concentration of calcium in the cytosol of the cell are crucial to the physiological responses of the plant. The present study aimed to evaluate the implementation of different calcium concentrations in gas exchange, chemical profile of essential oil extracted from the leaves, size, firmness and chemical aspects linked to the quality of the Annona × atemoya Mabb The experiment was conducted at the Paraisinho site located in the municipality of Pardinho-SP in a commercial orchard. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, being 4 concentrations of calcium chloride (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% CaCl2) applied via by foliar every 45 days and six replications of a plant. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by assessing the following: gas exchange, diameter and length of fruits, firmness, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble solids/acidity, sugars, starch, ascorbic acid content and chemical profile of essential oils. The levels of CaCl2 increased CO2 assimilation, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, the firmness and the acidity of the fruit, reducing the levels of Ascorbic acid and modifying the chemical profile of ... / Doutor

Crushed or recycled concrete aggregates (CCA/RCA) is an increasingly popular material as a replacement for natural aggregates in concrete due to industry demands for more recycled, lower carbon and responsibly sourced materials. In the UK, the majority of CCA is utilised in non-structural applications such as: a general fill material, road base/subbase or in low-grade concrete. Recycled aggregate producers however, are seeking new ways to incorporate CCA into higher value applications such as structural concrete to increase profits. Opportunities to incorporate CCA into structural concrete may also arise because of project demands for sustainability or in situations where natural aggregates are in short supply. Limited research has been published regarding the effect of coarse CCA on the durability of structural concrete, particularly in respect to water and chloride ion ingress and possibility of corrosion initiation. The aim of this EngD research programme was to investigate the effect of coarse CCA and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the durability performance of structural concrete, with particular emphasis on the key liquid transport mechanisms within concrete, namely absorption by capillary action, diffusion and migration. This addressed an industry concern regarding the detrimental effect of coarse CCA which has resulted in a limit on replacement levels of coarse natural aggregates in structural concrete, as defined in Eurocodes and local national standards for concrete. In this study, structural concrete was produced with varying levels of coarse CCA replacement (up to 100%), from five different sources and/or structural elements across the UK, with various combinations of SCMs to replace in part the Portland cement. Petrographic analysis was used as an innovative technique to characterise the coarse CCA sources to determine suitability which yielded positive results. The durability performance of the resultant concrete was analysed by exposing the concrete to aggressive chloride environments. The results indicate that the inclusion of coarse CCA, even as low as 20%, had a detrimental effect on the durability performance of structural concrete, in relation to absorption by capillary action, diffusion and migration. This effect however, can be offset through the use of SCMs, which have been shown to outperform control Portland cement concrete with 100% natural aggregates in durability performance tests. The results also suggest that cementitious materials had a greater influence on durability performance than the type and source of coarse aggregates used. It is recommended that the replacement of natural aggregate with coarse CCA be limited to 30% in cases where compliance with the 28 day characteristic strength is of particular importance. If the criterion for compliance at 28 days can be relaxed and the compressive cube strength of concretes with SCMs tested at later ages for conformity (56 or 90 days), then higher quantities of coarse CCA may be incorporated up to 60% to produce a more sustainable structural concrete. It is recommended that Portland cement is partially replaced with 50% ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to produce a CEM III/A concrete. This is a significant step towards the potential wider implementation of coarse CCA in structural concrete, provided a suitable quantity of SCM is adopted along with a reliable and consistent source of coarse CCA.

A racionalização e industrialização da construção promoveram profundas modificações no processo construtivo e nas técnicas gerenciais no Brasil. Muitas empresas construtoras, para garantir competitividade no mercado, buscaram soluções capazes de aumentar a velocidade de suas obras, tais como a redução do período de escoramento. A retirada antecipada do escoramento submete a estrutura a carregamento precoce, podendo desencadear a microfissuração do concreto. Como consequência, as deformações instantâneas e lentas tendem a aumentar e, consequentemente, manifestações patológicas podem ocorrer com maior intensidade. Objetivando simular o dano causado pela retirada antecipada do escoramento em idades iniciais, este trabalho investigou a influência do carregamento precoce por compressão axial na durabilidade de concretos distintos. O programa experimental foi executado em duas etapas. A primeira, investigou a influência da microfissuração causada por carregamento precoce na durabilidade de concretos produzidos com três tipos de cimento (CPV-ARI, CPIV RS e CPII Z) e três relações água/cimento (0,35, 0,50 e 0,70). Os carregamentos dos corpos de prova foram realizados em laboratório nas idades de 1, 3 e 7 dias. Para cada idade de carregamento foram rompidas, até o limite, duas amostras de referência e, a partir do valor médio de ruptura obtido, determinava-se os percentuais de carga (25%, 50% e 75%) que seriam aplicados nos concretos. Após o período de cura de 28 dias, as amostras foram ensaiadas à Penetração de Íons Cloreto e à Absorção Capilar de Água. A segunda etapa do programa experimental investigou a influência do prolongamento da cura na recuperação do dano causado pelo carregamento dos concretos nas primeiras idades. Foram produzidos concretos com dois tipos de cimento (CPV-ARI e CPIV) e uma relação água/cimento (0,50). Parte dos concretos receberam pré-carregamento de 75% da carga de ruptura na idade de 3 dias e parte permaneceu intacta, para servir como referência. Os ensaios mecânicos e de durabilidade (penetração de íons cloreto) foram executados ao longo do tempo (3, 7, 28 e 91 dias). Os resultados da Etapa 1 mostraram que, para todas as misturas investigadas, houve elevação da penetração de cloretos e da absorção de água com o aumento da intensidade do carregamento e da relação água/cimento dos concretos. Também foi observado a existência de um processo de microfissuração causado pela ação dos pré-carregamentos dos concretos com pouca idade. Os melhores desempenhos foram obtidos para as misturas com cimentos pozolânicos e não submetidas ao carregamento. Os resultados observados na Etapa 2 mostraram que o aumento do período de cura dos concretos refletiu positivamente nos resultados dos ensaios mecânicos e de durabilidade. Nessa etapa, também foram realizados ensaios microestruturais complementares que permitiram observar que a continuidade da cura promoveu uma recuperação parcial das microfissuras (self-healing) nos concretos. No entanto, nem todas foram fechadas. Constatou-se que as magnitudes das microfissuras remanescentes eram tal que poderiam se tornar um caminho preferencial para a entrada de íons cloreto nos concretos. Conclui-se que todos os concretos analisados apresentaram a mesma tendência de comportamento, de redução da entrada de íons cloreto com o aumento do período de cura. No entanto, o diferencial dos resultados foi notado na intensidade dos valores observados, significantemente reduzidos para os cimentos pozolânicos. / The rationalization and industrialization of the construction promoted deep changes in the constructive process and on the management techniques in Brazil. Most of the construction companies look for solutions that allow it to increase the speed of the constructions to ensure competitiveness on the market, such as the reduction on the time of structure execution, as well as the period of scores and anticipating the beginning of the masonry building. The early removal of the scores put the structure in an early loading without giving enough time to part of the cement hydration reactions happen, starting the concrete micro cracking process. Consequently, the instantaneous and slow deformations tend to increase and hence, pathologies may occur with greater intensity. This work researches the influence of early loading, by axial compression, in the durability of different types of concrete. The experimental program was implemented in two stages. The first stage investigated the influence of the micro cracking caused by pre loading on the durability of concretes produced with three different types of cement classified based on the Brazilian standards (CPV-ARI, CPIV RS and CPII Z) and three water/cement ratios (0.35, 0.50 and 0.70). The samples loading were realized in laboratory at the ages of 1, 3 and 7 days. Two reference samples were loaded until the limit, for each age of loading, and according to this average value of loading the percentage of loading to be applied on the samples in order to perform the durability tests were calculated (25%, 50% and 75%). The samples were placed in humid chamber for 28 days. After the cure period the samples were tested to Chloride ions penetration and water capillary absorption. The second stage of the experimental program investigated the influence of prolonged healing in the recovery of the damage caused by the concrete loading at early ages (microcracks). Concretes were produced with two types of cement (CPV-ARI and CPIV) and a water/cement ratio of 0,50. Part of the concrete received preload 75% of the tensile strength at age 3 days and some remained intact to serve as reference. The mechanical and durability tests were performed over time (3, 7, 28 and 91 days). The results of the first stage of the experimental program demonstrated that, for all the cements the increasing of the chloride penetration and water absorption is directly related with the increasing of the pre loading applied, to the increasing of the water/cement ratio on the mixture and the reduction of the age of the pre loading.The results obtained in Stage-1 confirmed the existence of a microcracking process caused by the action of the preload concrete at a young age. The best performances were observed for mixtures with pozzolan cement and not subjected to loading. The continued healing promoted a partial recovery of microcracks, verified by scanning electron microscopy images (SEM). However, not all were closed. It was found that the magnitude of the remaining microcracks were such that it could become a preferred path for the entry of chloride ions in concrete. All examined concrete showed the same trend behavior, reduction of the entrance of chloride ions with increasing curing period. However, the spread of results was noticed in the intensity of the observed values, significantly reduced for pozzolanic cements.