Habilitationsschrift--Freiburg im Breisgau, 1968. / Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-18).

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Au cours de l’entre-deux-guerres, certains textes pontificaux, tels Maximum Illud (1919) de Benoît XV et Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) de Pie XI, ont marqué un tournant très important dans la réflexion missiologique, donnant non seulement une nouvelle impulsion aux missions elles-mêmes mais encore suscitant une nouvelle pratique de l’art chrétien dans les pays de mission. Après avoir été foncièrement européocentrique, la politique iconographique des missionnaires s’efforça désormais d’aboutir à la création d’un art sacré mieux adapté à l’imaginaire, aux langages d’images et aux sensibilités diverses des pays de mission. Forts de ces orientations et surtout encouragés par la prédisposition de l’art local à offrir à la pensée chrétienne de nobles formes d’expression, les missionnaires de la Société des Missions Africaines œuvrèrent activement pour l’émergence de l’art chrétien au Bénin. Les caractéristiques particulières que présente, dans ce pays, l’émergence de l’art chrétien et la richesse des collections d’objets de facture chrétienne par rapport à celles des autres pays d’Afrique méritaient qu’on leur consacre une recherche approfondie. Outre la constitution d’un corpus iconographique, la thèse propose la contextualisation des œuvres, l’examen de leurs diverses fonctions et l’analyse des paradigmes successifs répondant à la nouvelle perspective missiologique : l’inculturation. / Papal texts such as Maximum Illud (1919) by Benedict XV or Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) by Pius XI show that the interwar period represented a watershed in missiological thought which gave a new impetus to missions. Hence a new strategy concerning Christian art in “mission countries” was adopted. Because it had beforehand been centred on Europe, the missionaries’ iconographical policy then consisted in creating a form of sacred art which fitted the various cultural characteristics of “mission countries” better. Armed with these tendencies and above all encouraged by the fact that local art could give noble expressions to Christian thought, the missionaries of “La Société des Missions Africaines” worked for the emergence of Christian art in Benin. Christian art in Benin is highly distinctive and the collections of this country boast a significant number of objects of Christian craftsmanship which deserve a thorough research work. Thus, as well as putting an iconographical corpus together, this thesis will describe the background of the works, examine their various functions, and analyse their successive paradigms which correspond to the new missiological perspective: inculturation.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as representações artísticas das imagens de Maria Bueno (1854-1893), especificamente na pintura “Retrato de Santa Maria Bueno”, de Raul Cruz. Com este objetivo, analisam-se as particularidades e o contexto de produção desta pintura, dentro do universo do artista. As imagens de Maria Bueno são sacralizadas por parte da população da capital paranaense e, sendo assim, estuda-se neste trabalho o seu processo de sacralização. A partir de seu assassinato em 29 de janeiro de 1893, começam a lhe ser atribuídos milagres. Uma vez que não existe nenhum registro fotográfico da aparência de Maria Bueno, pensa-se também sobre a construção do branqueamento de seu tom de pele na sua representação em imagens. No caso de Maria Bueno, existem duas versões sobre sua real aparência, uma delas descrita como branca e a outra como negra, pois se tem que foi filha de pai branco e mãe negra. No entanto, desde as suas primeiras representações imagéticas, ela foi evidenciada com a pele branca. Exemplos desta representação branqueada são imagens feitas pelo pintor norueguês Alfredo Andersen (1860-1935) e também a pintura do artista plástico paranaense Raul Cruz (1957-19). Para se atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, discorreu-se sobre a imagem como construção do indivíduo, passando pela construção da imagem do branco e do negro e a representação do corpo branco nas imagens sacralizadas da igreja. O exercício de análise dessas imagens nesta dissertação trouxe um foco diferenciado à produção artística da imagem de Maria Bueno, uma vez que evidencia o viés da construção ideológica dessa imagem no sentido da sua sacralização e branqueamento de seu tom de pele. / The present work aims at studying Maria Bueno (1854-1893) image artistic representation, specifically focusing the painting “Saint Maria Bueno Portrait” by Raul Cruz through analyzing the particularities and context of the picture production taking into consideration the artist universe. Part of the Paraná capital (Curitiba) population considers Maria Bueno pictures sacred, thus our work studies such sacredness process. From January 29, 1893, the day she was murdered, people started to impute miracles to Maria Bueno. Since there are no photographic records of Maria Bueno appearance, so we also analyze the skin whitening process in her portraits. There are two versions of Maria Bueno appearance; one describes her as a white person and the other as a black one for it is believed that her father was white and her mother was black. Nevertheless, painters have showed her as a white woman since the first time she was painted. Good examples of whitened representations of Maria Bueno are the portraits painted by Norwegian Alfredo Andersen (1860-1935) and Paraná citizen Raul Cruz (1957-1993). To meet the present work objective we discussed image as a process to build a person, including white and black, as well as the representation of white bodies in the Church sacred imagery. The image analyses process carried out in the present dissertation made us see the artistic production of Maria Bueno image in a different light, since it highlights the ideological building of images towards sacredness and skin whitening.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as representações artísticas das imagens de Maria Bueno (1854-1893), especificamente na pintura “Retrato de Santa Maria Bueno”, de Raul Cruz. Com este objetivo, analisam-se as particularidades e o contexto de produção desta pintura, dentro do universo do artista. As imagens de Maria Bueno são sacralizadas por parte da população da capital paranaense e, sendo assim, estuda-se neste trabalho o seu processo de sacralização. A partir de seu assassinato em 29 de janeiro de 1893, começam a lhe ser atribuídos milagres. Uma vez que não existe nenhum registro fotográfico da aparência de Maria Bueno, pensa-se também sobre a construção do branqueamento de seu tom de pele na sua representação em imagens. No caso de Maria Bueno, existem duas versões sobre sua real aparência, uma delas descrita como branca e a outra como negra, pois se tem que foi filha de pai branco e mãe negra. No entanto, desde as suas primeiras representações imagéticas, ela foi evidenciada com a pele branca. Exemplos desta representação branqueada são imagens feitas pelo pintor norueguês Alfredo Andersen (1860-1935) e também a pintura do artista plástico paranaense Raul Cruz (1957-19). Para se atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, discorreu-se sobre a imagem como construção do indivíduo, passando pela construção da imagem do branco e do negro e a representação do corpo branco nas imagens sacralizadas da igreja. O exercício de análise dessas imagens nesta dissertação trouxe um foco diferenciado à produção artística da imagem de Maria Bueno, uma vez que evidencia o viés da construção ideológica dessa imagem no sentido da sua sacralização e branqueamento de seu tom de pele. / The present work aims at studying Maria Bueno (1854-1893) image artistic representation, specifically focusing the painting “Saint Maria Bueno Portrait” by Raul Cruz through analyzing the particularities and context of the picture production taking into consideration the artist universe. Part of the Paraná capital (Curitiba) population considers Maria Bueno pictures sacred, thus our work studies such sacredness process. From January 29, 1893, the day she was murdered, people started to impute miracles to Maria Bueno. Since there are no photographic records of Maria Bueno appearance, so we also analyze the skin whitening process in her portraits. There are two versions of Maria Bueno appearance; one describes her as a white person and the other as a black one for it is believed that her father was white and her mother was black. Nevertheless, painters have showed her as a white woman since the first time she was painted. Good examples of whitened representations of Maria Bueno are the portraits painted by Norwegian Alfredo Andersen (1860-1935) and Paraná citizen Raul Cruz (1957-1993). To meet the present work objective we discussed image as a process to build a person, including white and black, as well as the representation of white bodies in the Church sacred imagery. The image analyses process carried out in the present dissertation made us see the artistic production of Maria Bueno image in a different light, since it highlights the ideological building of images towards sacredness and skin whitening.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis investigates how the visual arts philosophy promulgated in the 1960s by the Second Vatican Council of Roman Catholic Churches is manifested by commissioned artists for a particular parish. The primary data were the new sanctuary and the artworks, which include stained glass by Lyle Novinski, a carved-glass Marian Shrine by Claire Wing, bronze Stations of the Cross by Heri Bartscht, and wooden medallions depicting two saints carved by Don Schol. This paper reviews pertinent ecclesiastical doctrines along with interpretational publications, physically and iconographically describes the sanctuary and artwork, and considers aspects of the relationship between patron churches and the artists they commission.

Art is the outward, visual manifestation of the undying soul of a people. The genius displayed in the day to day articles produced in traditional tribal society is equally present in the art produced by the Contemporary African Artist. The Contemporary African Artist finds himself in an interesting position, in that he is, at one time, a part of two different worlds, two different cultures, has taken place, the and his art provides evidence of the acculturation that coming together of indigenous, traditional African culture and 'European' or 'Western' culture. It follows that the contemporary African artist's work would display characteristics and elements derived from both of these worlds, since art is not created in a vacuum, but is, invariably, the outward, visible expression and symbol of an artist's environment, culture, emotional and intellectual responses and his beliefs. The study of Contemporary African Art reveals that despite the many divergences from the traditional or classic forms, a great many traditional influences and characteristics still persist in the same. An analysis of Contemporary African Art will also show that a significant body of works bear a marked influence of Christian teachings and biblical themes, as well as the influence of exposure to various forms of Swedish Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque and Carolingian art.

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