Melatonin is an indoleamine hormone with neuromodulatory and neuroprotective properties. It mediates many of its effects by its two G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2. We have shown that valproic acid (VPA) induces melatonin receptor expression in cultured rat C6 glioma cells, and in the rat hippocampus. VPA is known to affect gene expression through several mechanisms, including the modulation of intracellular kinase pathways and/or transcription factors, as well as the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In this study, we show that HDAC inhibitors of distinct chemical classifications, including suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and 4-(dimethylamino)-n-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl] benzamide (M344), parallel the effects of VPA on MT1 induction in vitro. However valpromide, a VPA analogue that lacks the ability to inhibit HDAC activity, does not. The observed increase in MT1 expression by VPA is matched by an increase in global histone H3 acetylation. More importantly, an enrichment of histone H3 acetylation occurs along the rat MT1 promoter following treatment with VPA, indicating that histone acetylation and chromatin remodelling are a primary mechanism underlying this induction. Independent of VPA, the rat MT1 gene may be regulated by a number of intracellular kinase pathways and transcription factors, which are also targeted by VPA. KG501-mediated CREB inhibition did not block MT1 upregulation by VPA. Blockade experiments targeting the PKC, PI3K/AKT, or GSK3β signaling pathways suggest that VPA induces melatonin receptor expression independent of these intracellular signaling cascades as well. The relevance of melatonin receptor upregulation was assessed using in vivo VPA and melatonin combination treatments on neuroprotective gene expression. The results of this study provide evidence that expression of the melatonin receptor is epigenetically induced by VPA by means of promoter histone acetylation. Melatonin receptor upregulation by VPA, or other HDAC inhibitors, may represent a therapeutic strategy for the management of several nervous system disorders. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers have been proposed to act sequentially, and to a certain extent non-redundantly, in the priming stages of the DNA Damage Response pathways by establishing chromatin in lesion sites ready to act as a scaffold for repair factors or to be displaced in order to allow DNA repair. Among remodeling factors proposed to play a role in DNA repair is SMARCAD1, a poorly characterized, non-canonical member of the SWR1-like family of SNF2/SWI2 superfamily of ATPases, which has recently been identified as a potential target for ATM/ATR phosphorylation at canonical and non-canonical sites upon DNA damage. The actual mechanism for SMARCAD1 recruitment and involvement in DNA remodeling is still unknown, and unlike most other chromatin remodelers, SMARCAD1 does not contain DNA- or histone-binding domains frequently accompanying such proteins. Instead, in addition to the core ATPase domain, only two CUE domains (a type of helical ubiquitin-binding domain) have been identified. This thesis presents the findings of an investigation intended to structurally characterize SMARCAD1 by dissecting and identifying its domain architecture, and examining the activity and ligand selectivity of its binding domains in the functional context of DNA damage repair. The solution NMR structure of the CUE1 domain is presented, describing a triple helix bundle consistent with other members of the family. Furthermore, a novel SUMO interacting motif was identified and through a combination of NMR titrations and phospho-proteomics analysis, shown to be constitutively phosphorylated which excludes the possibility of DNA damage dependent ATM targeting as the recruitment mechanism for DNA repair. Additionally, it is demonstrated that both CUE domains are poor binders of mono-ubiquitin, however CUE1 specifically mediates the high affinity binary interaction with the transcriptionally repressive master regulator KAP1. This interaction was shown to be independent of post-translational ubiquitylation but rather sustained through direct interaction with the dimeric RBCC domain of KAP1. Finally, mass spectrometry profiling of domain-dependent interactions (based on differential abundance relative to changes due to chemically induced DNA damage) suggests SMARCAD1 may be involved in p53 transcriptional regulation through interactions maintained with CUE1 prior to DNA damage, whereas the SIM domain selectively targets protein interactions upon DNA damage that simultaneously activate p53 transcriptional control and recruit SMARCAD1 to DNA damage repair pathways.

ATRX is a chromatin remodeling protein associated with X-linked Alpha-Thalassemia Mental Retardation syndrome and cancers that use the Alternative Lengthening of Telomere pathway. In the absence of ATRX there is a DNA damage response associated with telomeres and the expression of certain genes are perturbed. Recent findings (Law et al, 2010 Cell) have shown that ATRX is preferentially enriched at GC-rich tandem repeats in the genome. The mechanism for this localisation is unknown but may be related to the potential for these GC-rich tandem repeats to adopt non-B form DNA structures; ATRX has been shown to bind such structures (G4) in vitro. This study aims to understand the specific factors of the repeats that signal ATRX targeting. To address the research questions, an experimental system was developed, in which known targets, the ψζ VNTR and telomere repeats, were inserted into an inducible ectopic gene in the 293T-Rex cell line by site-directed recombination. ATRX was found to be enriched at the ectopic repeats compared to an endogenous negative control suggesting that it is recruited by the repeats independent of its original context. Furthermore, ATRX enrichment increased upon transcription of the ectopic gene, and this was dependent on the orientation of the repeat with the non-template strand being G-rich. Interestingly, when the repeat was transcribed, the distribution of ATRX across the repeats was asymmetrical with most ATRX binding downstream of the repeat. Moreover, there was a direct correlation between the repeat size and level of ATRX bound: the longer the repeat the higher the increase in ATRX enrichment. To determine the signal for ATRX binding, assays were performed to look for features which reflected the distribution of ATRX including H3K9me3, RNA polII, G4, R loops and DNA supercoiling. R loops look to be a strong candidate for the signaling of ATRX binding.

Le mélanome est un cancer très agressif en raison de sa capacité rapide à former des métastases et de développer une résistance aux traitements existants.
 MITF (Micropthalmia-associated Transcription Factor) est un facteur de transcription clé à toutes les étapes de développement du lignage mélanocytaire et dans la physiopathologie du mélanome. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de l’activité et de la stabilité de MITF, nous avons identifié ses partenaires protéiques parmi lesquels figurent de nombreuses sous-unités des complexes de remodelage de la chromatine ATP-dépendant PBAF et NURF. Ce travail caractérise le rôle et l’étendue de la coopération entre BRG1/PBAF et plusieurs facteurs de transcription clés tels que MITF et SOX10 dans le fonctionnement des cellules de mélanome, qui recrutent activement de BRG1 à la chromatine et contribuent ainsi à la mise en place de la signature épigénétique caractéristique des cellules de mélanome prolifératives. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation de différents modèles murins a permis de révéler in vivo la contribution fonctionnelle distincte mais complémentaire de ces deux complexes de remodelage associé à MITF aux cours de trois stades majeurs du lignage mélanocytaire : le développement embryonnaire des mélanocytes, leur différentiation ainsi que lors de l’initiation et la progression du mélanome. Ce travail contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement biologique des mélanocytes, du mélanome et du remodelage de la chromatine chez les eucaryotes. / Malignant melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer due to its quick metastatic spread and the development of resistance to available treatments.
MITF (Micropthalmia-associated Transcription Factor) is a transcription factor and master regulator of melanocyte lineage development and melanoma physiopathology. In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of MITF activity and stability, we identified its numerous partners by tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry, which include several subunits of the PBAF and NURF ATP-dependant chromatin remodelling complexes. The present work characterizes the role and extent of cooperation between BRG1/PBAF and several key transcription factors including MITF and SOX10 in melanoma cell function, that actively recruit BRG1 to chromatin to establish the epigenetic landscape of proliferative melanoma cells. Furthermore, using different mouse models we revealed the distinct but complementary functional contribution of these two MITF-associated chromatin remodelers in vivo at three majors stages of melanocyte lineage development: embryonic development of melanocytes, their differentiation and during melanomagenesis. Thus, this work contributes to a better understanding of processes regulating the biological function of melanocytes, melanoma and more widely chromatin remodelling events in eukaryotes.

No description available.

Le facteur ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) est impliqué dans plusieurs processus développementaux chez Arabidopsis thaliana, dont le maintien de l'homéostasie des méristèmes aériens et la morphogénèse florale. ULT1 est en particulier essentiel à la restriction du territoire d'expression de WUSCHEL (WUS), acteur central du maintien de l'identité des cellules souches. ULT1 est également déterminant dans l'activation spatio-temporelle d'AGAMOUS (AG), gène clé du développement floral, nécessaire à la croissance déterminée de la fleur. Néanmoins les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le fonctionnement d'ULT1 n'ont pas tous été élucidés, notamment la nature de ses partenaires protéiques lui assurant sa spécificité de liaison à l'ADN. Les objectifs du travail de thèse ont été (i) d'identifier de nouveaux interacteurs d'ULT1 et (ii) de caractériser la fonction moléculaire et développementale de l'un d'entre-eux. Par des approches génétique, moléculaire et biochimique, nous avons identifié le répresseur transcriptionnel ULT1 INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (UIF1) et caractérisé sa fonction dans le contrôle de l'activité du méristème floral chez Arabidopsis thaliana. UIF1 est en particulier capable de lier spécifiquement une séquence promotrice du gène WUS. Par cette étude nous apportons un mécanisme pour la reconnaissance spécifique de ses cibles par ULT1. Par une approche gènes candidats, nous avons identifié de nouveaux interacteurs d'ULT1, pouvant expliquer (i) son effet sur le retrait de marques chromatiniennes maintenant un locus inactif (interaction avec la déméthylase RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6); (ii) sa fonction trithorax activatrice (interaction avec ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX LIKE I); et enfin (III) son rôle dans l'initiation de la transcription de gènes cibles (interaction avec le domaine C-terminal de l'ARN Polymérase II). Ces données positionnent ULT1 à l'interface entre dé-répression chromatinienne et initiation transcriptionnelle. / The ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) factor is involved in several developmental processes during Arabidopsis thaliana life cycle such as the homeostasis maintenance at aerial meristems and floral morphogenesis. In particular, ULT1 is critical to the restriction of the expression territory of WUSCHEL (WUS), a central player in stem cell maintenance. ULT1 is also essential for the spatio-temporal activation of AGAMOUS (AG), a key floral developmental gene necessary to flower determinate growth. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms through which ULT1 functions haven't all been solved yet, including the nature of its protein partners assuring its binding specificity to DNA targets. The objectives of this thesis were (i) to identify new ULT1 interactors and (ii) to characterize the molecular and developmental function of one of them. By genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches, we identified the ULT1 INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (UIF1) transcriptional repressor and characterized its function in the control of floral meristem activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. In particular, UIF1 is able to specifically bind a promoter sequence in the WUS gene. With this study we provide a mechanism for specific recognition of target genes by ULT1. By a candidate gene approach, we identified novel ULT1 partners, which may explain (i) ULT1 effect on removal of chromatin repressive marks that maintain a locus in an inactive state (interaction with the demethylase RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6); (ii) the ULT1 activating trithorax function (interaction with ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX LIKE I); and finally (iii) ULT1 role in the transcriptional initiation of target genes (interaction with the C-terminal domain of RNA Polymerase II). This dataset reveals a function for ULT1 at the interplay between chromatin de-repression and transcriptional initiation.