Thesis (Ph. D., Electrical Engineering)--University of Idaho, July 2006. / Major professor: Richard B. Wells. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-69). Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

Millimetre-wave nonreciprocal devices are vital elements in many modern radar and communication systems. Gyromagnetic behaviour in magnetised ferrite materials has been utilised for decades in the design of nonreciprocal devices. However, the effects of ferrite's limited saturation magnetisation and high loss as the frequency of operation exceeds 40 GHz render such devices inadequate for millimetre-wave applications. On the other hand, solid plasma (such as semiconductors) are known to exhibit gyrotropic behaviour when they are biased with a steady magnetic field. This behaviour (which is referred to as gyroelectric) can extend up to the THz frequency ranges. Hence, magnetised semiconductors can be regarded as suitable candidates for realising millimetre-wave, sub-millimetre-wave and even THz nonreciprocal devices. This thesis focuses on analysing different structures containing gyroelectric materials, and proposing millimetre-wave nonreciprocal devices based on the theoretical findings. Measurements and full wave electromagnetic simulation are used to validate and optimise the proposed designs where possible. Before starting the electromagnetic analysis, the physical properties of a semiconductor plasma are studied, then a permittivity tensor is introduced to include the microscopic features of the magnetised semiconductors into a macroscopic model. Different semiconductor candidates for gyroelectric designs are also discussed and analysed. Firstly, Semiconductor Junction Circulators (SJC's) are analysed using a Green's function approach. The same approach is then used to proposed new designs for broadband millimetre-wave SJC's that require low magnetic bias using Indium Antimonide (InSb) cooled down to 77 K. The possibility of realising planar nonreciprocal devices using a Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) grown Two Dimensional Electron Gas (2-DEG) is also studied. Theoretical and simulation results prove the possibility of using this material to realise millimetre-wave resonators and circulators. Then a novel type of circulator is realised by placing an InSb disk at 77 K in the middle of a three port waveguide junction. The structure is analysed by treating the junction as a resonator with a suspended axially magnetised gyroelectric rod placed in the middle. Electromagnetic analysis, simulations and measurements reveal the existence of counter rotating modes that degenerate or split at certain frequencies under specific magnetic bias conditions. Measuring this circulator reveals an isolation of 18 dB at 38.5 GHz when the InSb disk is biased with a D.C. magnetic flux of 0.55 T. This is the first time such a circulator has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. In addition to the three port circulator, a model is developed for a rectangular waveguide loaded with layered dielectric and gyroelectric media. Mathematical analysis reveals the dispersion relations and field distributions for such a structure. High nonreciprocity in both phase and attenuation constants is observed from analysing a rectangular waveguide loaded with a transversely biased InSb slab at 77 K. The expected nonreciprocity is then verified, for the first time, by simulation and measurement of similar structures under the same conditions. More than 35 dB of isolation at f=35.6 GHz was obtained when loading a WR-28 rectangular waveguide with an InSb slab at 77 K, transversely biased with a magnetic flux of 0.8 T. Different effects on the isolation behaviour are also discussed theoretically and experimentally, including the effects of the slab's thickness and length, the magnetic bias and the existence of a dielectric layer above the gyroelectric slab. Theoretical and experimental outcomes of this thesis prove the possibility of using gyroelectric materials to develop a new class of component that meets the demands for millimetre-wave nonreciprocal devices. This will provide a significant improvement to the modern high frequency millimetre-wave systems.

Orientador: Hugo Enrique Hernández Figueroa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArrietaConcha_JoseLuis_M.pdf: 2860251 bytes, checksum: a9513ec6b0227b83e8ccdb097adfef27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Redes de comunicação ópticas são parte da sociedade de informação de hoje, em que as fibras ópticas têm um papel muito importante, uma vez que são amplamente utilizados em redes de comunicação e outros sistemas de comunicação atuais. No entanto, o uso de dispositivos eletrônicos em várias redes eletro-ópticas representam um grande engarrafamento para a utilização ideal da grande largura de banda e as taxas de dados de alta velocidade permitida por fibras ópticas. A fim de evitar tal congestionamento de tráfego da rede, dispositivos baseados em tecnologias fotônicas são uma das soluções propostas, porque eles fornecem a capacidade de manter altas velocidades de transmissão com taxas elevadas de dados e baixas perdas. Por isso, tais dispositivos fotônicos são continuamente pesquisados, a fim de melhorar a sua eficácia, a obtenção do maior confinamento e encaminhamento do sinal óptico, e melhorar a perda de inserção quando ele é integrado com outros dispositivos. Para alcançar uma maior compreensão dos dispositivos fotônicos, o trabalho apresentado aqui permite uma compreensão pedagógica e ainda completa de cristais fotônicos e efeitos magnéticos. Esta abordagem pedagógica permite uma experiência em mãos para os estudantes e pesquisadores sobre um tema complexo, um tipo de implementação experimental que normalmente exige sofisticados recursos de fabricação fotônicos. A abordagem em micro-ondas permite construir protótipos conceitualmente equivalentes e manipuláveis. Aqui, apresentamos um estudo teórico, análise numérica, modelagem de computador e simulações eletromagnéticas para um circulador de ferrita de 3 portas em uma estrutura de grade fotônico construído para a faixa de micro-ondas de 2,3GHz - 2,9GHz / Abstract: Optical communication networks are part of today¿s information based society, in which optical fibers play a very important role, since they are widely used in such communication networks and other state of the art communication systems. However, the use of electronic devices in various electronic-optical networks represent a major bottleneck for the optimal utilization of the large bandwidth and high speed data rates allowed by optical fibers. In order to avoid such congestion of network traffic, devices based on photonic technologies are one of the proposed solutions, because they provide the capability to maintain transmission speeds with both high data rates and low losses. That is why such photonic devices are continuously being researched in order to improve their effectiveness, obtain greater confinement and guiding of the optical signal, as well as to reduce the insertion loss when it is integrated with other devices. To achieve a greater understanding of photonic devices, the work presented in this paper allow for a pedagogical and yet thorough understanding of photonic crystals and magnetic effects. This pedagogical approach permits a hands-on experience for students and researchers on a complex subject, a kind of experimental implementation that usually demands sophisticated photonic fabrication resources. The microwave approach allows one to construct conceptually equivalent but hand-manipulable prototypes. Here, we present the theoretical study, numerical analysis, computer modeling and electromagnetic simulations for a 3-port ferrite circulator in a photonic grid structure built for the 2.3 GHz to 2.9 GHz microwave range. For a photonic device operating in the optical communication range, we may expect a qualitative analogous behavior / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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Les circulateurs à ferrite sont des dispositifs essentiels et indispensables dans les chaînes de communication radiofréquences. Ils assurent l’aiguillage des signaux selon leur provenance, en favorisant la propagation de l’onde EM dans une direction plutôt que dans une autre. De ce fait, ils permettent de dissocier les signaux d’émission et de réception. Ils utilisent les propriétés d’anisotropie et de non-réciprocité des matériaux ferrites lorsque ces derniers sont aimantés par un champ magnétique statique. Leur mise au point s’avère assez délicate. D’un point de vue industriel, pour répondre à un cahier des charges, sont souvent obligés aujourd’hui de partir de designs existants qu’ils font évoluer « au coup par coup » grâce au savoir-faire de quelques spécialistes. Des réglages longs, fastidieux, et coûteux sont donc nécessaires et ils ne garantissent pas toujours une solution optimum. Il est en outre souvent difficile d’imaginer de nouveaux designs. Le principal but de ces travaux de thèse est de mettre au point une méthode de conception fiable permettant de prendre en compte les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu (perméabilité tensorielle, effets magnétostatiques, modélisation numérique robuste) afin d’obtenir des dispositifs opérationnels, sans réglage et aux performances optimisées. / Biased ferrite circulators have known a great technological progress, searching for fulfill the exponential growth of many new applications. Their operation is directly linked to the anisotropic characteristic of ferrite material to create non-reciprocity phenomenon. Their design remains quite complicated in view of several limitations of their high-frequency modelization. The main goal of this thesis is to establish a complete methodology which aims to take into account all the physical features related to such a device, to offer a reliable results with optimized performances and to minimize the post-tuning step which remains problematic for the industry of circulators.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer de nouvelles technologies permettant de faciliter l’intégration des isolateurs dans les chaînes radiofréquences de satellites. Ces composants sont utilisés pour contrôler l’adaptation des amplificateurs dans les sections d’entrée et de sortie des équipements RF bas niveaux. Nous proposons deux voies de réalisation de ces isolateurs. Une première voie basée sur l’utilisation de matériaux ferricomposites est étudiée pour concevoir des composants en bande Ku. Une deuxième voie, basée sur l’utilisation d’hexaferrites de strontium et de baryum préorientés, a été étudiée pour concevoir des composants auto-polarisés (sans aimants) en bandes Q et Ka. / The goal of this PhD thesis is to explore new technologies that make possible to improve the integration of isolators in radiofrequency chain of satellites. These components are especially used to control matching of amplifiers.We propose two ways of producing these isolators. At first, ferricomposite materials are studied to design low-cost isolators at Kuband.Then, we studied pre-oriented strontium or barium hexaferrites to design self-biased components (without magnets) for Q and Ka band frequencies.

Les circulateurs et les isolateurs à ferrite sont couramment utilisés dans l’électronique hyperfréquence en raison de leur forte résistivité électrique et de leur aimantation spontanée élevée. La conception et l’optimisation des dispositifs micro-ondes à ferrites nécessitent d’une part la connaissance de leurs propriétés dynamiques, permittivité complexe et tenseur de perméabilité, et d’autre part le contrôle de la propagation de l’onde électromagnétique (EM) qui conditionne leurs performances. Les logiciels commerciaux de simulation utilisent différents modèles théoriques pour décrire le tenseur de perméabilité en fonction de l’état d’aimantation. Cependant la plupart de ces simulateurs EM restent limités à des états particuliers d’aimantation en raison des hypothèses simplificatrices des modèles de perméabilité utilisés. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous présentons un outil prédictif pour l’étude des propriétés EM des ferrites quel que soit leur état d’aimantation et qui tient compte de l’inhomogénéité des champs internes de polarisation. Cette modélisation combine des techniques expérimentales de détermination des paramètres physiques des ferrites et un modèle théorique qui utilise ces paramètres pour décrire le comportement dynamique des ferrites quel que soit l’état d’aimantation. Dans la première partie de la thèse nous présentons une méthode large bande en ligne coaxiale pour la mesure du coefficient d’amortissement. Les paramètres S théoriques sont calculés à partir d’une analyse EM (problème direct) de la cellule de mesure. Pour le problème inverse, une optimisation numérique a été développée pour calculer le coefficient d’amortissement (α) par comparaison des paramètres S calculés avec ceux mesurés. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous présentons un outil théorique de modélisation EM qui combine une analyse magnétostatique, un modèle du tenseur de perméabilité généralisé (GPT) et le simulateur Ansys HFSSTM. La majorité des paramètres d’entrée comme l’aimantation à saturation ou le champ d’anisotropie peuvent être mesurés à l’aide de techniques standards de caractérisation statique. Seul le paramètre dynamique, le coefficient d’amortissement, est déterminé à l’aide de la technique en ligne coaxiale proposée dans la première partie de la thèse. L’outil théorique développé est ensuite validé par la modélisation et la réalisation d’un circulateur micro-ruban à jonction Y. Grâce à la prise en compte de l’inhomogénéité des champs internes de polarisation, l’outil théorique proposé permet de mieux prédire le comportement dynamique des dispositifs à ferrites et cela pour tout état d’aimantation. / Ferrites are widely used in microwave electronics, particularly for circulators and insulators, because of their high electrical resistivity and high spontaneous magnetization. Design and optimization of microwave devices using ferrites requires realistic knowledge of its dynamic response, namely complex permittivity and permeability tensor and, on the other hand, control of wave propagation that condition their performance. Commercial simulation software use different theoretical models to describe the permeability tensor according to the state of magnetization. However, most of the electromagnetic (EM) simulators remain limited to certain states of magnetization, due to the simplified assumptions on which their permeability models are based upon.In this thesis work, we presented a predictive electromagnetic tool to study the EM properties of ferrites, whatever their magnetization state is, and takes into account the inhomogeneity of the internal polarization fields. This theoretical modeling approach combines experimental techniques to find the physical parameters of the ferrites, and a theoretical model which will use these parameters to describe the dynamic behavior of ferrites at any magnetization state.In the first part of the thesis, we presented a broadband coaxial line method for damping factor measurement. Theoretical S parameters are calculated using the EM analysis (direct problem) of the measurement cell. In the inverse problem, a numerical optimization procedure is developed to compute the damping factor (α) by matching theoretical S parameters with measured S parameters.During the second part of the thesis, we developed a theoretical EM modeling tool which combines a magneto-static solver, generalized permeability tensor model and commercial simulation software Ansys HFSSTM. Most of the input parameters like saturation magnetization, anisotropy field, etc. can be measured using standard characterization methods, except the damping factor used to represent the dynamic losses. Static input parameters of this theoretical tool are determined using standard material characterization methods.Dynamic input parameter, damping factor is calculated using the coaxial line technique proposed in the first part of this thesis. Theoretical EM tool is validated by modeling, and realizing a microstrip Y-junction circulator. By taking into account the inhomogeneity of the internal polarizing fields, proposed theoretical tool can predict the dynamic behavior of ferrite devices more accurately, at all magnetization states.