The high speed supernatant of mouse liver is active in the C-20 ketone reduction of a number of various steroids (l). The 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase responsible for the C-20 ketone reduction of corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone could be purified by calcium phosphate gel and ammonium sulphate fractionation. The activity was absorbed on the gel between the ratios 2:1 and 6:1 (gel/enzyme preparation - w/w) and eluted with .05 M phosphate buffer resulting in a recovery of 49.6% of the original activity. This preparation was then further purified with ammonium sulphate, the enzyme activity being recovered in the 48 -70% fraction. The overall recovery of corticosterone 20α-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase was 34.1% with a 5. fold purification. Acetone or acid fractionation and Sephadex G-75 filtration did not lead to further purification. The activity could also be recovered from the crude preparation by fractionation on a Sephadex G-100 column. 87% of the original activity was recovered in one pooled fraction giving a purification of 3.3 fold. The 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reducing 11β-hydroxy-progesterone could be separated from the corticosterone 20α-hydroxy-steroid by calcium phosphate gel fractionation. The former activity was not eluted by 0.05 M phosphate buffer but came off in phosphate buffers of higher ionic strength. No definite conclusions as to separation on Sephadex G-100 columns were obtained due to the in-activation of the 11β-hydroxyprogesterone 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which could be partly reduced by the presence of NADPH₂. This enzyme was somewhat unstable, being inactivated by 3 day dialysis against running tap water and filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column while the corticosterone 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydro genase was little affected by these procedures. The multiple nature of the 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was also shown by a comparison of the ratio of products from various enzyme fractions. The ratio of 20α-dihydro-11-dehydro corticosterone to 20α-dihydrocorticosterone after incubations with 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone respectively remained constant indicating one enzyme. However, the ratio of 20α-dihydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone to 20α-dihydro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone after incubations with 11-dehydrocorticosterone and 11β-hydroxy-progesterone respectively varied greatly indicating that these two substrates were reduced by different 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. / Medicine, Faculty of / Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of / Graduate

Urban growth management is a topic of relatively new but increasing interest. Throughout North America, numerous communities are attempting to modify or manage their growth patterns. This thesis has attempted to draw together the reasons for this new concern for growth management, the techniques used to accomplish it and the considerations inherent in the actual development of a management program. In order that a real world perspective be achieved, the Edmonton area of Alberta was considered. Through data obtained from the Edmonton Regional Planning Commission as well as from a number of other governmental agencies and through the author's employment with the Planning Commission, an insight into the current growth patterns and problems of the area was attained. Following the introduction, a discussion of the new concern for growth management is presented in Chapter II. Three general areas of concern are described: social, environmental and economic. Chapter III enumerates and briefly reviews various growth management techniques as they are applied in North America. As the legality of any management technique is crucial to its success, Chapter IV discusses the legal basis for the various growth management techniques in the Alberta setting. A detailed explanation of the use of the Subdivision and Transfer Regulations of Alberta is used to exemplify the legal adequacy of some growth management techniques. With this background data, the development of a growth management program for the Edmonton area was initiated. Chapter V summarizes the current population and economic growth of the area as well as the views of the three levels of government and those of the general populace concerning growth. Finally, Chapter VI brings together the work from the preceeding chapters to develop a growth management program for the decentralization and reallocation of the population and economic growth of the area. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The economic variable that is of interest to most people is income and its purchasing power. Very little attention has been paid in Canada to the relationship between income and city size, while a considerable amount of research has been conducted in this area in the U.S. and other countries. The major objective of this research was, therefore, to examine the relationship between economic well-being, measured by real income, of the individual and urban size in the Province of British Columbia. This was done in order to determine whether British Columbia in light of and in spite of its particular economic base--a resource exploitation economy-—follows the general case elsewhere in the world, which indicates that incomes are positively associated with city size. The research results are presented in four main chapters. The author in Chapter II reviews the literature that deals with the question of city size. This review includes the evolving concepts of city size and a review of the recent and innovative approaches to this question. In Chapter III the author investigates the relationship between the various income categories and the urban communities in the Province of British Columbia. In order to carry out this investigation the urban communities were grouped into eight city size classes in a population size sequence where Greater Vancouver represents city size class eight. The analysis revealed that: 1. Mean per capita income is generally positively correlated with city size class. 2. Male average personal income displayed a U-shaped correlation with city size class. However, the highest average incomes were still obtained in the larger city size classes: seven and eight; female average personal income showed a positive correlation with city size class. 3. Family and non-family persons incomes, even though they showed an irregular relation to city size class, tend generally to increase with city size class. The author in Chapter IV investigates whether higher average incomes obtained in the larger city size classes are being negated by higher costs of living. He also investigates whether these higher incomes are obtained at the cost of a more inequitable distribution of income. An investigation into cost of living revealed a slightly negative correlation with city size class; this broadens the gap in terms of real income in favour of the larger city size classes. As for income distribution, the results indicated generally a relatively similar income distribution in each city size class, therefore higher average incomes are not being achieved at the expense of equity. The author in Chapter V, attempts to explain the higher average incomes obtained in the larger city size classes. Explanations included: 1. The labour force to total population ratios were higher in those classes and so was female participation in the labour force. 2. The age, educational and occupational compositions of the labour force in these city size classes contributed to their higher average incomes. The research concluded that economically the inhabitants of the larger urban communities in British Columbia are, on the average, better off than the inhabitants of smaller urban communities. However, the author does not propose that all urban communities in British Columbia should be planned to contain the same population size as that of the larger ones. Rather, the author attempted first to outline the empirical evidence as regards the relationship between income and city size classes in the Province; and secondly, to provide an analytical basis for policy makers to attempt to upgrade the inhabitants, and especially the females, of the small and medium urban communities through educational and occupational training programmes; and to encourage more female participation in the labour force in order to improve the economic well-being of the inhabitants of these urban communities. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Schools are seen as an access of future opportunity for children. Consequently, school quality is often identified as a significant influence on housing choice and thereby monetary housing value. This cross-sectional study employs multivariate regression analysis to assess the relationship between school attributes on single-family housing values in the Orlando, Florida metropolitan area. The model includes facility age as a measure of perceived school quality, along with a series of control variables, to assess the relationship between public school facility age and the corresponding housing values within the associated school attendance zone. The key findings demonstrate that there is a relationship between school attributes, including age, on single-family housing values in the sample. It was found that facility age correlated with housing sale price, with both newer and historic school facilities being positively associated with monetary housing value. These findings are intended to aid community development and urban revitalization policy discourse. The implication is that if communities invest in new schools, or renovate schools in older communities, then this could aid in community development initiatives and urban revitalization efforts in those neighborhoods. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester, 2009. / July 14, 2009. / Smart Growth, Public Resources, Housing, Educational Facilities, Community Development / Includes bibliographical references. / Timothy S. Chapin, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Charles E. Connerly, Professor Co-Directing Dissertation; Keith R. Ihlanfeldt, Outside Committee Member.

Urban informality is a large part of employment and housing provision in many developing world cities and helps define daily living for many. It is established that productivity of informal firms is limited, particularly in Africa, because informal production is typically small scale, underfinanced, under-skilled, and without adequate infrastructure. This research acknowledges these typical reasons for informality's limited productivity, but further tests the hypothesis that productivity of informal firms is limited because of reduced ability to generate agglomeration scale economies. The study evaluates the experience of an informal industry with intermediate input effects, labor pooling, urbanization economies, innovation, production specialization, and joint action. The handicraft industry in Nairobi, Kenya is examined because it is an example of an export oriented light manufacturing industry dominated by informality. The study uses mixed methods including a semi structured interview with 102 firms and obtrusive observation of important contexts. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2012. / May 30, 2012. / Africa, Agglomeration Economies, Economic Development, Nairobi, Urban Informality / Includes bibliographical references. / Petra Doan, Professor Directing Dissertation; James Cobbe, University Representative; Timothy Chapin, Committee Member.

Female Genital Cutting (FGC) is practiced all over the world and impacts millions of women and girls every year. The negative health and social consequences of FGC have been well documented and many interventions to end the practice have been attempted. Policy makers and development planners continue the struggle yet still the practice remains. More recently, those who are involved in FGC eradication attempts have called for a better understanding of behavior change models and for interventions that are based in theory. This dissertation utilizes several analytic techniques including bivariate correlation and logistic regression to analyze data from the Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey of 2003 to assess the validity of one such theory of behavior change, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), to determine if it is an appropriate theory in the particular behavioral domain of FGC. The TRA suggests that attitudes and subjective norms predict intention and that intention in turn predicts behavior. This dissertation tests the first portion of this theory to determine if attitude and subjective norm do indeed predict intention in women in Burkina Faso. The results suggest that the TRA is indeed a valid theory for predicting women's intention to circumcise their daughters in Burkina Faso as both attitude and subjective norm are robust predictors of intention. Furthermore it was found that research based solely on identifying demographic variables should be discontinued as demographic variables for the most part did not predict intention. The one exception was religion with Muslim women being much more likely to circumcise than women who were not Muslim. The recommendations call for an expansion of the Demographic and Health Surveys to collect more information related to FGC, additional research on FGC utilizing the TRA, the discontinuance of FGC research based solely on demographic variables, and changes to current interventions so that both attitude and subjective norm are addressed and so that Muslim populations are specifically targeted. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2008. / June 4, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. / Petra Doan, Professor Directing Dissertation; Charles Connerly, Committee Member; Christopher Coutts, Committee Member; Doug Schrock, Outside Committee Member.

This paper applies six theoretical models of metropolitan decision-making to analyze the history of rapid transit planning in Charlotte, North Carolina. The political models employed include: the elitist model, the pluralist model, the class-dialectical model, the growth machine model, regime theory, and consensus building. The hypothesis under consideration is that none of these models fully explains Charlotte's decision to build rapid transit, but each one provides unique insights that, when combined, provide a rich understanding of the region's transportation and planning politics. To begin, I develop a set of expectations for how each model would explain Charlotte's decision-making. Next, utilizing information from technical documents, newspaper articles, and interviews with planners in the region, I describe the history of transportation and land use planning in Charlotte from the early 1980's to the late 1990's. Then I compare the historical events observed with the expectations outlined for each model to evaluate the power of the respective models to explain Charlotte's decision-making process. The comparison of observed events to theoretical expectations reveals that each of the models presents unique insights into the region's political process, but none adequately tells the full story, which unfolds over the course of nearly 20 years. Throughout the course of that history, different modes of decision-making seem to come and go, demonstrating the dynamism of metropolitan politics. However, there appear to be relatively consistent parallel streams of political momentum: one which seeks to corral elite interests in support of rapid transit, and a second that focuses on public involvement and neighborhood interests. The successful marriage of these streams by planners in Charlotte was a significant factor in the region's decision to build rapid transit. Finally, Charlotte's history demonstrates that transit planning does not need to operate in direct opposition to highway interests, and the coordination of transportation and land use planning can be achieved without significant state intervention. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Planning. / Fall Semester, 2008. / October 27, 2008. / Metropolitan Planning, Rapid Transit / Includes bibliographical references. / Gregory L. Thompson, Professor Directing Thesis; Jeffrey Brown, Committee Member; Richard Feiock, Committee Member.

The Western Australian Planning Commission, Planning Policy 3.2: "Planning for Aboriginal Communities" provides a framework for the planning of large permanent Aboriginal communities through Community Layout Plans. The policy also provides a basis for negotiation between Aboriginal communities and local government about planning control and fosters the development of cooperative strategies, which aim to minimize the need to use strict regulatory powers. This author proposes that the CLP process is one that should be considered for emulation among historically oppressed communities here in the United States. CLPs are successful due to the fact that they provide direct representation for residents, a formalized system of plan preparation, and are official in nature due to their state authorization. Of specific intrigue is the facilitation of citizen participation that is embedded in the process, and the affect it has on the community and finished product. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Planning. / Spring Semester, 2009. / April 7, 2009. / Planning, Aboriginal, Australia, Western Australia Planning Commission, Communities / Includes bibliographical references. / Jeffrey Lowe, Professor Directing Thesis; Daniel Tope, Committee Member; Rebecca Miles, Committee Member.

This thesis was prompted by three major concerns. Firstly there is need for a structure of centres providing a wider range of facilities closer to home. Secondly, the Wynberg centre is slowly changing to become almost exclusively a shopping centre, and thirdly, the quality of the environment of the centre is also declining. The first aspect of the analysis was the establishment of what those qualities are that make a centre. Having examined the existing Wynberg centre structure and operation;and · the plans, mainly road schemes, presently proposed by the local authority it became apparent that with these influences the centre of Wynberg would definitely not develop into the centre which was needed. A further six alternatives were prepared to determine the possible future for Wynberg. In the first four alternatives, the involvement presently practiced by the local authority was considered to be a fix and the alternatives were mainly achieved by keeping or omitting one or both of the two road schemes to be built through Wynberg viz. the Wynberg ByPass and the Widening of the Main Road. The second set of alternatives was based on the premise that the Local Authority would become actively involved in the development of the centre, able to use economic and legal techniques to induce development in the direction of the goals. An economic and analysis was undertaken to give quantitive values to the alternatives.

Many western nations have developed two complementary defence techniques based upon, firstly, civilian participation for local defence and, secondly, professional forces for external defence. it is postulated that the former is yet another function of urban society and should, in the same way as other urban functions, be catered for in locations of special appositeness to the urban fabric. external defence, however, required more remote access.