The majority of people on Earth now live in cities, and estimates hold that 60 percent of the world’s cities have yet to be built. Now is the time for philosophers to develop a philosophy of the city to address the forthcoming issues that urbanization will bring. In this dissertation, I respond to this need for a philosophy of the city by developing a theory of city identity, developing some of the theory’s normative implications, illustrating the theory with a case study, and outlining the nature and future of philosophy of the city more generally. Indeed, this dissertation is only a part of my larger project of founding and institutionalizing this new field of both academic and socially-engaged philosophical activity. Throughout the history of the discipline, other areas such a personal identity have received numerous considerations, along with the concept of identity as an abstraction. For example, there is a bounty of research addressing problems pertaining to how objects and people retain an identity over time and claims about identity in general. While one could argue that cities are not any different than any other object, such an account fails to consider that a city’s dynamic nature makes it dissimilar to other things. To illustrate this point, I develop a position called dynamic composition as identity theory that provides a framework for understanding the identity of a city, exhibiting that views within analytic metaphysics are too narrow to apply to all cases. After establishing a concept of city identity, I use an applied mereology to develop a model of city identity that shows how the parts of a city fit together to form a complete city. This model introduces the normative dimension of my project by providing a way to identify how incongruence between a city’s parts can cause problems for residents’ wellbeing. To understand the moral dimensions of infrastructure, I argue that moral theory alone is ill prepared to adequately demonstrate its full range of effects. Yet, instead of developing another moral theory, we can supplement existing moral theories with the concepts of sustainability and resilience thinking to account for the elements that traditional moral systems neglect. I support this view with a detailed account of transportation infrastructure. Namely, I show that current frameworks for assessing transportation infrastructure are inadequate, and employ the method of complex moral assessment developed earlier to make such assessments. Lastly, I show how the research in this dissertation counts as intra-disciplinary research, a new kind of method for philosophical research.

Em um cenário atual em que o mundo apresenta ritmos de crescimento populacionais acelerados e consequentes acréscimos de habitantes vivendo em zonas urbanas, deve-se considerar que as cidades apresentam desafios e questões como alto índice de congestionamentos de trânsito, poluição do ar, consumo de recursos naturais, insegurança, etc. Surge-se, neste contexto, o desenvolvimento das chamadas Smart Cities, que são cidades que apresentam iniciativas inteligentes para solucionar ou melhorar a qualidade de vida do cidadão, baseadas em dimensões que envolvem o meio ambiente, governança, economia, mobilidade, pessoas, infraestrutura e tecnologia. A iniciativa escolhida foi a cidade de Amsterdã, mais precisamente a organização ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), que hoje representa, globalmente, um dos principais exemplos de iniciativas de Smart Cities do mundo. O presente estudo busca responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como é estruturada a governança da ASC (Amsterdam Smart City) e como podem ser descritas as experiências vividas em uma smart city? Para responder à questão relacionado à governança, foi utilizado o modelo de redução lógica de governança proposto por Lynn (2000). E como base das unidades de sentido da análise fenomenológica, foi utilizado o Framework Integrativo de Iniciativas de Smart Cities na Amsterdam Smart City proposto por Chourabi et al., (2012). Visando um melhor entendimento buscou-se utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como método o estudo de caso. A coleta de dados obteve-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas para duas pessoas com amplo conhecimento da organização. E, para a análise fenomenológica, uma entrevista semiestruturada teve como base, porém foi utilizada uma narrativa descritiva do próprio autor a partir de suas próprias experiências vividas na cidade. Os resultados demonstrados no presente estudo refletem a importância de um olhar mais abrangente para o desenvolvimento de cidades inteligentes que não só a tecnologia a ser aplicada. Uma governança inteligente é tão importante quanto a tecnologia, pois molda e viabiliza os projetos, cria parcerias essenciais, estrutura e operacionaliza as iniciativas e realiza um papel importante na gestão municipal de mudança de paradigmas e cultura direcionada para a inovação. / In the current scenario, in which the world faces accelerated population growth rates and consequent increases in the number of inhabitants living in urban areas, it must be considered that cities present challenges and issues such as high traffic congestion levels, air pollution, high resource consumption, insecurity, etc. In this context, the development of the so-called Smart Cities, which are cities that present intelligent initiatives to solve or improve citizens\' quality of life, are based on dimensions that involve the environment, governance, economy, mobility, community, infrastructure and technology. The initiative chosen was the city of Amsterdam, more precisely the organization ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), which today represents, globally, one of the main examples of Smart Cities initiatives in the world. The present study aims to answer the following research question: How is the governance of the Amsterdam Smart City structured and how can be described the smart city life experiences? Regarding the governance matter, the logic reduction model of governance proposed by Lynn (2000) was used. And as a basis for the units of meaning of the phenomenological analysis, the Integrative Framework of Smart Cities Initiatives in the Amsterdam Smart City proposed by Chourabi et al. (2012) was taken as ground basis. Targeting a better understanding, a qualitative approach was applied in a case study methodology. The data collection was obtained through semi-structured interviews with two people containing deep knowledge of the organization. And, for the phenomenological analysis, a semi-structured interview was used as basic step, however a descriptive narrative of the author himself was also used based on his own experiences lived in the city. The outcomes shown in the present study reflect the importance of a broader look for the development of smart cities that are not just technology based. Intelligent governance is as important as technology, as it shapes and enables projects, creates essential partnerships, structures and operationalizes initiatives, and plays an important role in municipal management of paradigm shift and innovation-driven culture.

呂振基. / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院歷史學部,1994. / 參考文獻: leaves [141]-155 / Lü Zhenji. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 / Chapter 第二章 --- 築城運動與軍事化 / Chapter 第一節 --- 關於築城運動 / Chapter (一） --- 塢堡與存 / Chapter (二） --- 塢堡與城 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「築城運動」的軍事化傾向 / Chapter (一） --- 遊牧民族與築城 / Chapter (二） --- 城垣攻守戰術的出現 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 / Chapter 第三章 --- 異民族化與城坊制 / Chapter 第一節 --- 異民族化的背景：「胡漢民族線南移」 说 / Chapter 第二節 --- 徙胡與都城異民族化現象 / Chapter (一） --- 人口掠奪與胡人遷徙 / Chapter (二） --- 都城的異民族化 / Chapter (三） --- 州縣地方的異民族化 / Chapter 第三節 --- 城坊制的成立 / Chapter (一） --- 里與坊 / Chapter (二） --- 軍事控制與城坊 / Chapter (三） --- 平城與洛陽的城坊開築 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章 --- 都城的軍事化設計 / Chapter 第一節 --- 曹魏後趙的鄴地與鄴都 / Chapter (一) --- 曹魏後趙時期鄴北城的形制 / Chapter (二） --- 鄴城的戰略地位與軍事佈防 / Chapter 第二節 --- 赫連夏的統萬城 / Chapter (一） --- 统萬城的建置與形制 / Chapter (二） --- 「蜣萬城堅」 / Chapter 第三節 --- 北魏的洛陽城 / Chapter (一） --- 金墉城的形制及作用 / Chapter (二） --- 洛陽城垣與金墉城牆馬面的建 築 / Chapter (三） --- 內外套城的設計 / Chapter (四） --- 關於洛陽小城的問題 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 / Chapter 第五章 --- 兩都制與都城交通網络 / Chapter 第一節 --- 君相分裂與兩都制 / Chapter (一） --- 曹魏的鄴城與洛陽 / Chapter (二） --- 高齊政權兩都的變化 / Chapter (三） --- 關中政權的君相分裂 / Chapter 第二節 --- 軍事化與兩都制 / Chapter (一） --- 後趙與後燕的兩都制 / Chapter (二） --- 北魏鄴城地區的戰略地位 / Chapter (三） --- 霸府的軍事性格 / Chapter 第三節 --- 都城網络的構成 / Chapter (一） --- 鄴城地區 / Chapter (二） --- 關中地區 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小结 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 / 参者書目

Thesis (M.Arch.A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 156-162. / This Thesis involves an analysis and a description of the structure of physical space of the Latin America Colonial Cities. The section of the document known as Leyes de Indias which deals with the urbanistic norms and the prescriptions for the laying out of the colonial cities, and the cities founded within the first three centuries of the colonial period, are the most important elements of this thesis. Several issues are to be discussed throughout the work and the most important ones are: The social and political context underlying the building up of the vast network of new cities in Latin America, The characteristics of that network and the means to control its development. The colonial city as resulting from the application of such means of control, or in other words, of the prescriptions contained in the Laws of Indias. The changes produced by contradictions on what was prescribed by those Laws and identified through a systematic observation of the available sample of cities. The reasons behind those changes. The relevancy of this work in terms of the current trends of development of Venezuelan cities. The process oriented and the product oriented views of this issue. Finally, the material is presented in two major parts containing, the first, an analysis of the context and the objectives from where the Laws of Indias were derived, of the hypothesis concerning the sources from where the Spanish planners drew those urbanistic norms, and, a description of the structure of physical space as prescribed by the Laws of Indias. The second part contains the description of the structure of physical space, and the substantiation of that description, as resulting from the application of the prescriptions and norms contained in the Laws. The substantiation is made through previous studies from Latin American, European and North America authors. The conclusion of this second part and at the same time, of the whole work, is a recompilation of those issues and of various speculations concerning their relation with today's city. / by Jose Guillermo Frontado Saavedra. / M.Arch.A.S.

In less than two decades since the notion of sustainable development has become firmly established in policy and academic domains, the debate within the field of sustainable development has shifted from the issue of definition to one of measurement. From the national to local levels, considerable efforts have been embarked in China to develop appropriate sustainability assessment measures (SAMs). The studies of SAM at the municipal level in China are particularly booming due to the diversity of Chinese cities both in terms of size and function. In spite of the value in generating creative thinking, the overlapping and redundancy in efforts of devising SAMs, partly because of the inapplicability of the devised SAMs, have undermined the usefulness of SAMs to guide policy-making and foster behavioral changes toward sustainable development. Many Chinese academic researchers and professionals have indicated these problems but primarily focused on methodological and technical aspects. This research attempts to address the radical issues embedded in the whole scheme of sustainability assessment with the objective of improving the applicability and effectiveness of SAMs for Chinese cities. Based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative investigations, this research identifies the major problems facing with the development and application of SAM for Chinese cities and the influential factors and proposes an implementation scheme for better appraisal of sustainability of Chinese cities. / The study has revealed a number of key findings. First, the evolvement of the SAMs for Chinese cities, typically characterized by increasing complexity and number of participants, was closely related to the evolvement of people's understanding of, and aspiration for, sustainable development. Second, of the problems identified by the sustainability assessment practitioners, the most crucial ones for SAM development and application respectively, are the unavailability of required data and incomprehensiveness of sustainable development dimensions. Third, the key factors that influence the applicability and effectiveness of SAMs for Chinese cities include difference between SAM developers and users in their understanding of the objectives and criteria of sustainability assessment; the context of the city subject to assessment, the process of decision-making in Chinese municipal governments and various methodological issues, etc. / With the above findings, this research concludes that sustainability assessment is an issue-driven, context-specified and decision-making-tailored task which demands the collaborative efforts of government users, data providers and SAM developers. The implementation scheme of sustainability assessment should preferably go through five phases: preparation for sustainability assessment, establishment of SAM, calculation of SAM results, application of SAM results and lastly the evaluation and improvement of SAM. Of the above, the first, the fourth and the last phases are of particular significances for Chinese cities. The research also highlights issues related to the evaluation of the applicability and effectiveness of SAM through an analysis of the ecological footprint and human development index of five cities in China including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taiyuan and Guilin. The perspectives and insights derived from these case studies have shed some light on the future development and application of similar SAMs for other Chinese cities. / Lu, Jia. / "May 2007." / Adviser: K. C. Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: A, page: 0333. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-229). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Thesis (M.Arch.A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 83-95. / by Fernando J. Lugo. / M.Arch.A.S.

Em um cenário atual em que o mundo apresenta ritmos de crescimento populacionais acelerados e consequentes acréscimos de habitantes vivendo em zonas urbanas, deve-se considerar que as cidades apresentam desafios e questões como alto índice de congestionamentos de trânsito, poluição do ar, consumo de recursos naturais, insegurança, etc. Surge-se, neste contexto, o desenvolvimento das chamadas Smart Cities, que são cidades que apresentam iniciativas inteligentes para solucionar ou melhorar a qualidade de vida do cidadão, baseadas em dimensões que envolvem o meio ambiente, governança, economia, mobilidade, pessoas, infraestrutura e tecnologia. A iniciativa escolhida foi a cidade de Amsterdã, mais precisamente a organização ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), que hoje representa, globalmente, um dos principais exemplos de iniciativas de Smart Cities do mundo. O presente estudo busca responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como é estruturada a governança da ASC (Amsterdam Smart City) e como podem ser descritas as experiências vividas em uma smart city? Para responder à questão relacionado à governança, foi utilizado o modelo de redução lógica de governança proposto por Lynn (2000). E como base das unidades de sentido da análise fenomenológica, foi utilizado o Framework Integrativo de Iniciativas de Smart Cities na Amsterdam Smart City proposto por Chourabi et al., (2012). Visando um melhor entendimento buscou-se utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como método o estudo de caso. A coleta de dados obteve-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas para duas pessoas com amplo conhecimento da organização. E, para a análise fenomenológica, uma entrevista semiestruturada teve como base, porém foi utilizada uma narrativa descritiva do próprio autor a partir de suas próprias experiências vividas na cidade. Os resultados demonstrados no presente estudo refletem a importância de um olhar mais abrangente para o desenvolvimento de cidades inteligentes que não só a tecnologia a ser aplicada. Uma governança inteligente é tão importante quanto a tecnologia, pois molda e viabiliza os projetos, cria parcerias essenciais, estrutura e operacionaliza as iniciativas e realiza um papel importante na gestão municipal de mudança de paradigmas e cultura direcionada para a inovação. / In the current scenario, in which the world faces accelerated population growth rates and consequent increases in the number of inhabitants living in urban areas, it must be considered that cities present challenges and issues such as high traffic congestion levels, air pollution, high resource consumption, insecurity, etc. In this context, the development of the so-called Smart Cities, which are cities that present intelligent initiatives to solve or improve citizens\' quality of life, are based on dimensions that involve the environment, governance, economy, mobility, community, infrastructure and technology. The initiative chosen was the city of Amsterdam, more precisely the organization ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), which today represents, globally, one of the main examples of Smart Cities initiatives in the world. The present study aims to answer the following research question: How is the governance of the Amsterdam Smart City structured and how can be described the smart city life experiences? Regarding the governance matter, the logic reduction model of governance proposed by Lynn (2000) was used. And as a basis for the units of meaning of the phenomenological analysis, the Integrative Framework of Smart Cities Initiatives in the Amsterdam Smart City proposed by Chourabi et al. (2012) was taken as ground basis. Targeting a better understanding, a qualitative approach was applied in a case study methodology. The data collection was obtained through semi-structured interviews with two people containing deep knowledge of the organization. And, for the phenomenological analysis, a semi-structured interview was used as basic step, however a descriptive narrative of the author himself was also used based on his own experiences lived in the city. The outcomes shown in the present study reflect the importance of a broader look for the development of smart cities that are not just technology based. Intelligent governance is as important as technology, as it shapes and enables projects, creates essential partnerships, structures and operationalizes initiatives, and plays an important role in municipal management of paradigm shift and innovation-driven culture.

Nesse estudo foram investigadas relações de iniciativas na área de Cidades Inteligentes baseadas em Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação com as dimensões econômica, social e ambiental do Triple Bottom Line. Os objetivos foram os de verificar maneiras pelas quais as três dimensões do Triple Bottom Line foram consideradas nas iniciativas, de averiguar as relações entre Cidades Inteligentes e Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação e, também, de identificar de que maneira indicadores das três dimensões do Triple Bottom Lineforam afetados por projetos na área de Cidades Inteligentes baseados em Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação. A pesquisa qualitativa se deu por meio de três estudos de caso que analisaram projetos em diferentes estágios da cadeia de transformação e consumo de energia elétrica implantados em regiões urbanas do Estado de São Paulo. Além de informações primárias coletadas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes dos projetos, também foram usados dados secundários obtidos via pesquisas documental e bibliográfica. Os resultados mostraram queo desenvolvimento dos projetos foi motivado por questões de cunho tecnológico, econômico, social e estratégico. Houve benchmark para minimizar riscos, além de partes interessadas internas e externas às organizações terem sido envolvidas durante os ciclos dos projetos. A escolha dos locais de implantação foi feita para permitir o teste de tecnologias e os investimentos permitiram a geração de inovações e de lições aprendidas. Em relação à dimensão econômica do Triple Bottom Line o indicador tratando de vendas, lucros e retorno sobre investimentos foi afetado positivamente pelos projetos, mas o indicador tratando de impostos pagos foi afetado negativamente em um caso. O indicador sobre fluxos monetários foi afetado em dois casos e o indicador sobre postos de trabalho criados foi afetado positivamente em apenas um caso. O indicador sobre outros resultados econômicos apontou resultados positivos via redução do consumo de energia elétrica e de perdas técnicas e operacionais e via melhoria da qualidade de serviços prestados. Sobre os indicadores da dimensão social do Triple Bottom Line, todos os projetos afetaram positivamente os relacionados com saúde e bem-estar e com segurança e mobilidade. O indicador sobre direitos humanos e privacidade não foi afetado em nenhum dos casos e o indicador sobre relações entre empregados foi afetado em dois casos. Em relação ao indicador sobre outros impactos na comunidade, ele foi afetado em apenas um dos projetos porque conscientizou atores externos. E nos indicadores da dimensão ambiental do Triple Bottom Line, o relacionado com a emissão de poluentes e o tratando especificamente da emissão de carbono foram afetados positivamente em todos os casos. O indicador sobre reciclagem também foi afetado positivamente por todos os projetos, enquanto o indicador sobre o reuso de energia não foi afetado por nenhum dosprojetos. No que se refere aos demais impactos ambientais, aspectos ecológicos e urbanísticos foram melhorados e pode haver diminuiçãoda demanda por insumos. E o desenvolvimento dos projetos também evidenciou relações entre dimensões do Triple Bottom Line porque um dos indicadoresda dimensão econômica foi afetado porum da dimensão ambiental e também houve intersecção entre um dos indicadores da dimensão social com um da dimensão econômica. Dados os achados, esse estudo contribui para os campos de estudodas Cidades Inteligentes baseadas em Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e das práticas de Sustentabilidade. / This study investigated the relationships between Smart Cities projects based on Information and Communication Technologies and the economic, social and environmental dimensions of the Triple Bottom Line. The aims were to verify in which ways projects took Triple Bottom Line dimensions into consideration, to ascertain the relations between Smart Cities and Information and Communication Technologies, and to identify how projects affected the indicators of the three dimensions of Triple Bottom Line. This qualitative research was carried out through three case studies that analyzed projects belonging to different stages of the electric energy transformation and consumption chain implanted in urban regions of the State of São Paulo. This study used primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with staff of the projects and secondary data obtained through bibliographic research. The results showed that the development of the projects was motivated by technological, economic, social and strategic issues. There were benchmarks to minimize risks and internal and external stakeholders participated of project development cycles. Tests of technologies were one of the criteria used to choose deployment sites and organizations obtained innovations and lessons learned. Regarding the economic dimension of the Triple Bottom Line, the indicator about sales, profits, and return on investments was positively affected by the projects, but the indicator dealing with taxes was negatively affected in one case. The indicator about monetary flows was affected by two projects and the indicator about job creation was affected positively by only one project. The indicator regarding other economic results showed positive outcomes through reduction of electricity consumption, through technical and operational losses, and through improvement in the quality of services. Regarding the indicators of the social dimension of the Triple Bottom Line, all projects positively affected the indicator related to health and well-being and the indicator related to safety and mobility. The indicator on privacy and human rights was not affected by any project and the indicator about relations between employees was affected by two projects. Regarding the indicator on other community impacts, it was affected by only one of the projects. And regarding the environmental dimension of the Triple Bottom Line, the indicator related to the emission of pollutants and the indicator dealing specifically with carbon emissions were positivelyaffected by all projects. The indicator on recycling was positively affected by all projects, while the indicator about energy recycling was not affected by any of the projects. Regarding others environmental impacts, one project can decrease the demand for inputs and other project improved ecological and urban aspects on deployment site. And the development of the projects also revealed relationships between dimensions of the Triple Bottom Line. One of the indicators from economic dimension was affected by one indicator of the environmental dimension. And there also was an intersection between one indicator of the social dimension with one indicator of the economic dimension. Given the findings, this study contributes to the field of Smart Cities based on Information and Communication Technologies and contributes to the field of Sustainability

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'appropriation et de la mise en oeuvre de la démarche Villes Amies des Aînés (VADA) par des communes françaises. Sur la base de soixante-dix entretiens semi-directifs, d'une analyse secondaire de données et de l'observation active, nous avons étudié comment treize municipalités françaises se sont engagées dans la démarche VADA.Articulé autour des notions de lutte contre l'âgisme, de consultation des habitants et de transversalité, ce travail de recherche tend à analyser la manière dont les communes françaises ont fait évoluer les politiques publiques locales sur la base de la démarche VADA, en cohérence avec les politiques nationales et les préconisations des organisations internationales, dans un contexte démographique inédit. De cette manière, nous avons pu déterminer des critères principaux susceptibles de générer une modification en profondeur despolitiques publiques initiées dans les collectivités territoriales, leur permettant de s'extraire d'une logique exclusivement médico-sociale d'assistance au profit d'une prise en compte et d'une inclusion des personnes âgées en tant qu'habitants et acteurs de la cité.Réalisée dans le cadre d'un contrat CIFRE au sein du Réseau Francophone des Villes Amies des aînés, cette étude a vu le jour afin de répondre à des objectifs pratiques quant à l'adaptation des dispositifs d'accompagnement et de formation des élus et des professionnels pilotes des démarches. / This PhD work aims to analyse the way French cities seize and implement the Agefriendly Cities approach on their territories. Thanks to seventy semi-guided interviews, a second data analysis and active observation, we studied how thirteen French cities decided to implement the Age-friendly Cities approach.This work of research revolves around ideas about how to combat ageism, about the importance of consulting the inhabitants and of using a cross-disciplinary way of work. Like that, it aims to analyse how French cities adapted their local public policies in coherence with the frame given by the Age-friendly Cities approach, the national policies and the recommendations of the international bodies, all that in an unprecedented demographic context. That way, we have been able to determine some main criteria likely to modify, in depth, the public policies initiated by local authorities, enabling them to go out from amedico-social reasoning of assistance and to get closer to a way of work taking into account older people and considering them as inhabitant and stakeholders of the city.Carried out thanks to a CIFRE contract (a French agreement allowing passing a PhD inside a company) within the Francophone Network of Age-friendly Cities, this study was necessary to answer practical objectives related to the adaptation of training offers and support measures for elected representatives and professionals, in charge of the implementation of the Age-friendly Cities approach in the member cities.

Bibliography: leaves 422-466