In an ever-changing environment, it has become difficult for organisation to create and maintain a competitive advantage. Nowhere is it more evident than in the manufacturing industry. For organisations to be successful, it is imperative for them to have a clear and well-defined strategy. This strategy should be viewed as the steering mechanism of the organisation. With the ever-increasing demands of customers, organisations have been forced to be agile in order to adapt to sudden changes. Now more than ever, technology can be used as a powerful tool. For organisations to be profitable and grow, they need to have a management team that is competent to manage the organisation in turbulent times. To ensure a competitive advantage, management must be able to predict the future needs of the organisation. The use of technology forecasting and technology audits can assist management in addressing this process. Most organisations are technology intensive and deliver products or services. The research attempts to determine a strategy for the successful implementation and management of technology in a manufacturing organisation. It also tries to establish the impact of technology auditing on the competitive advantage of the organisation. A comprehensive technological audit questionnaire was used in conducting an audit at Valor Fruit Processors (Pty) Ltd. It must be emphasised that this model is a generic model and should be customised to suit each particular organisation.

A cogeneration system using a noncondensing steam turbine to simultaneously provide electricity and process steam to a citrus plant was modeled in order to assess the source energy savings and the economic implications with the employment of this type system under conditions of time varying plant energy demand. Average monthly energy demand data from on citrus plant was analyzed. It was determined that the important parameter, in addition to a minimum demand level, for assessing economic acceptability is the demand thermal to electric ratio. One set of steam conditions will not necessarily provide the maximum source energy savings and at the same time be the most economically beneficial. The values of the economic criteria will remain relatively constant over a range of rated turbine capacities for each set of steam conditions.

RESUMEN Los cítricos son frutos atractivos buscados por los consumidores en todo el mundo por su elevada calidad organoléptica y por los beneficios que tienen para la salud humana. Después de la cosecha, los frutos cítricos para consumo en fresco deben ser sometidos a diferentes tratamientos postcosecha antes de llegar al consumidor. El proceso de desverdizado con exposición al etileno es un tratamiento postcosecha ampliamente utilizado comercialmente para acelerar el cambio de color externo de los cítricos, dado que en las condiciones climáticas del Mediterráneo, las variedades tempranas alcanzan la madurez interna antes que la plena coloración. Sin embargo la aplicación del etileno exógeno puede inducir alteraciones fisiológicas asociadas a la senescencia de la piel y sobre todo del cáliz (ennegrecimiento y caída). Con la finalidad de minimizar estas alteraciones, uno de los objetivos de la presente Tesis fue la optimización del proceso de desverdización así como la evaluación de tratamientos previos a la aplicación del desverdizado en diferentes variedades de mandarinas y naranjas de interés comercial. La aplicación de tratamientos de desverdizado combinando periodos sin exposición al etileno exógeno con periodos con aplicación de etileno, lo que se ha denominado tratamientos combinados, redujo significativamente estas alteraciones sin afectar al cambio de color externo de los frutos. La aplicación del regulador de crecimiento HF-Calibra¿, previamente al desverdizado con etileno, disminuyó el ennegrecimiento y caída del cáliz en las variedades ensayadas, incrementándose este efecto con la dosis de aplicación. Otro objetivo de la presente Tesis fue estudiar el efecto de la aplicación de etileno exógeno, así como del tiempo de exposición al mismo, durante el proceso de desverdizado sobre los componentes bioactivos en diferentes variedades de clementina. La aplicación de etileno durante los diferentes periodos ensayados no afectó al contenido en ácido ascórbico total (TAA), ácido ascórbico (AA) y ácido dehidroascórbico (DHAA) y tampoco a la capacidad antioxidante. Además se evaluó el efecto del tratamiento de desverdizado en condiciones comerciales seguido de un tratamiento de cuarentena por frío en el contenido de vitamina C, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante, así como en los compuestos volátiles de diferentes variedades de cítricos. El tratamiento de desverdización seguido del almacenamiento en cuarentena por frío no provocó cambios relevantes en la capacidad antioxidante determinada por DPPH y FRAP ni en el contenido del AA, TAA, DHAA, fenoles totales, flavanonas y flavonas de las variedades ensayadas. Además, estas condiciones postcosecha no afectaron los componentes aromáticos-activos. Por otra parte, la introducción de nuevas variedades de cítricos exige el estudio de su calidad fisico-química y nutricional, así como de su comportamiento durante el periodo postcosecha. Esta evaluación ha sido llevada a cabo en la presente Tesis sobre nuevas variedades triploides de mandarina de recolección tardía, obtenidas en el Departamento de Biotecnología y Protección Vegetal del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que las variedades objeto de estudio presentan elevada calidad organoléptica, con altos contenidos en azúcares y ácidos orgánicos, que las hacen altamente atractivas para su consumo en fresco. Además estas variedades muestran alta calidad nutricional, por lo que pueden considerarse como una importante fuente de componentes bioactivos en la dieta humana. La condición de recolección tardía de las nuevas variedades triploides, hace necesario el estudio de su aptitud a la conservación frigorífica. Además de los cambios en la calidad interna que sufren los frutos durante la conservación a baja temperatura hay que tener en cuenta que algunas variedades de cítricos son susceptibles de presentar alteraciones denominadas daño por frío cuando son expuestas a bajas temperaturas. En la presente Tesis, frutos de las nuevas variedades triploides fueron almacenados a 1ºC, 5ºC y 9ºC durante un periodo máximo de 30 días. Todas las variedades ensayadas mantuvieron una elevada calidad interna durante el almacenamiento prolongado, por lo que ésta no resultó un factor limitante. Sin embargo algunas variedades presentaron síntomas externos de daño por frío que limitaron su conservación por lo que las condiciones de temperatura-tiempo de almacenamiento recomendadas serán diferentes en función de la variedad. / Sdiri, S. (2013). Mejora de la Tecnología de desverdización de cítricos y aptitud a la frigoconservación de nuevas variedades. Estudios sobre parámetros de calidad y composición nutricional [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28213

The South African citrus fruit industry faces enormous challenges in the global markets, such as an increasing demand for higher quality citrus fruits, as well as increasing fierce competition from the southern hemisphere citrus producing countries. Its long history of global integration makes it highly sensitive to international developments, as well as domestic ones. The purpose of the study is to investigate the competitiveness of the South African citrus fruit industry relative to its southern hemisphere competitors – namely, Argentina, Australia, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. Both local and international literature on the citrus fruit industries was used as part of the analysis. In addition to this, a variety of methods and techniques were applied. These included the three well-recognised indices which were used to calculate the competitive indices of various citrus fruit product categories – namely, the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA#) index, the Net Export index (NXi) and the Relative Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) index. Time series data on South African and southern hemisphere major producing countries’ citrus fruit imports and exports were used to calculate the competitiveness indices using Excel spreadsheets. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data of expert views from key industry stakeholders. Data collected were analysed using Excel spreadsheets and the Porter methodology. The competitiveness analysis of this study clearly pointed out that the South African citrus fruit industry reveals more competitive advantage in some citrus fruit products than its southern hemisphere counterparts. The results of the RCA#, NXi and RTA indices analyses clearly showed that the domestic industry has a stronger and relatively higher revealed competitive advantage in three citrus fruit product categories – namely, oranges, grapefruit and grapefruit juice than its southern hemisphere competitors. However, its orange competitiveness decreases when moving from primary orange to orange juice. This means that the value-adding opportunities are still lacking in the orange sub-sector. One possible reason for this could be the high rates of return recorded for farm-level applications of technology for most primary orange commodities. This study identified the availability of skilled employees, quality of unskilled labour, cost of doing business in the industry, services from financial institution, electricity supply, land reform and some other government policies, such as trade policy, labour policy, BEE policy iv and tax system as the major factors impeding the competitiveness of the industry. The list also included the current climatic conditions, high incidences of HIV/AIDS and crime, economic instability and the cost of technology and infrastructure in the industry. Despite the challenges mentioned above, quality of skilled labour; general level of development and quality of infrastructure and technology in the industry; quality of soils; the availability of scientific research institutions and the collaboration of the industry with these institutions; availability and quality of local suppliers of primary inputs; and market information flow were found to have a positive influence on the competitiveness of the industry. In order for the industry to enhance its competitiveness, a number of recommendations and strategies are suggested at the end of this study. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

The South African citrus fruit industry faces enormous challenges in the global markets, such as an increasing demand for higher quality citrus fruits, as well as increasing fierce competition from the southern hemisphere citrus producing countries. Its long history of global integration makes it highly sensitive to international developments, as well as domestic ones. The purpose of the study is to investigate the competitiveness of the South African citrus fruit industry relative to its southern hemisphere competitors – namely, Argentina, Australia, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. Both local and international literature on the citrus fruit industries was used as part of the analysis. In addition to this, a variety of methods and techniques were applied. These included the three well-recognised indices which were used to calculate the competitive indices of various citrus fruit product categories – namely, the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA#) index, the Net Export index (NXi) and the Relative Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) index. Time series data on South African and southern hemisphere major producing countries’ citrus fruit imports and exports were used to calculate the competitiveness indices using Excel spreadsheets. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data of expert views from key industry stakeholders. Data collected were analysed using Excel spreadsheets and the Porter methodology. The competitiveness analysis of this study clearly pointed out that the South African citrus fruit industry reveals more competitive advantage in some citrus fruit products than its southern hemisphere counterparts. The results of the RCA#, NXi and RTA indices analyses clearly showed that the domestic industry has a stronger and relatively higher revealed competitive advantage in three citrus fruit product categories – namely, oranges, grapefruit and grapefruit juice than its southern hemisphere competitors. However, its orange competitiveness decreases when moving from primary orange to orange juice. This means that the value-adding opportunities are still lacking in the orange sub-sector. One possible reason for this could be the high rates of return recorded for farm-level applications of technology for most primary orange commodities. This study identified the availability of skilled employees, quality of unskilled labour, cost of doing business in the industry, services from financial institution, electricity supply, land reform and some other government policies, such as trade policy, labour policy, BEE policy iv and tax system as the major factors impeding the competitiveness of the industry. The list also included the current climatic conditions, high incidences of HIV/AIDS and crime, economic instability and the cost of technology and infrastructure in the industry. Despite the challenges mentioned above, quality of skilled labour; general level of development and quality of infrastructure and technology in the industry; quality of soils; the availability of scientific research institutions and the collaboration of the industry with these institutions; availability and quality of local suppliers of primary inputs; and market information flow were found to have a positive influence on the competitiveness of the industry. In order for the industry to enhance its competitiveness, a number of recommendations and strategies are suggested at the end of this study. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

This research assisted the Yuma, Arizona citrus orchard manager in his strategic planning for achieving a low-cost position in a focused segment of the citrus industry. Citrus growers in the Yuma district are faced with major changes in their competitive environment and must adopt new strategic plans in order to continue to compete effectively in what has recently become a global industry. Since the planning horizon for new citrus orchards is in excess of 20 years, a long range planning model was developed to aid in evaluating alternative operating strategies. This research established the interrelatedness of water, nitrogen, and phosphorous relative to the yields of Valenica Oranges, Lisbon Lemons, and Redblush Grapefruit on Rough Lemon, Sour Orange, and Troyer rootstocks. A computer simulation model was used to evaluate optimal operating policies for a variety of resource prices and market conditions. The methodology utilized in development of the simulation model was unique in that it emulates individual tree performance from the time of planting until maturation. Four operating strategies were investigated and the profit maximizing and cost minimizing strategies were found to be significant. Evaluation of market selling prices indicated that the profit maximizing strategy was optimal except at very low market prices where the cost minimization strategy was optimal. Price sensitivity for water and fertilizer resources was investigated. Operating strategies were not affected by water price increases over the foreseeable future, however, price changes in nitrogen and phosphorous were found to affect the optimal operating strategy primarily through the substitution of manure in the system. Existing horticultural practices in the Yuma growing area were confirmed by the research. Additional optimal operating strategies were suggested relative to market prices. The long run policy decision making process for orchard managers was enhanced.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African citrus industry was deregulated in 1997. Before deregulation only Outspan could export citrus from South Africa and no other export company was allowed to do so. The deregulation process was not gradual, but came suddenly and the industry changed from fully regulated to deregulated in a very short time. This sudden deregulation created a lot of uncertainty in the industry. More than one hundred new fruit export companies were established within a year after deregulation. Most of these new entrants had very little experience in exporting citrus. Many of them went bankrupt within a year or two and many citrus producers suffered considerable financial losses as a result. Producers had no experience in exports themselves and many were not qualified to choose reputable export companies to export their fruit. The face of the industry has been changed unrecognisably. In the past there was one big company exporting all the citrus from South Africa. After deregulation a lot of small to medium fruit export companies were established. These companies playa very important role in the industry as it stands today. Deregulation also opened the door for big international fruit marketing and distribution companies to enter the South African fruit business. After some years of chaos and very little reliable information available in the industry in terms of volumes produced and exported, the industry is stabilising. A number of industry bodies like the Citrus Exporters Forum (CEF) and Citrus South Africa (CSA) have been formed to represent the exporters and the producers. These bodies have formed the Joint Marketing Forum (JMF) that meets every month to discuss marketing and industry-related issues jointly. The debate with regards to deregulation rages on. Most industry role players are supportive of less regulation and free market principles. However, deregulation could have been more gradually phased in. This would have given more people, especially producers, the chance to adapt to the new environment. Most role players are of the opinion that the citrus industry is more market driven and more competitive after deregulation than before. Taking a look at the South African citrus industry in the future, there will be increased competition due to increased volume of citrus produced world wide. Producers can therefore no longer produce unwanted varieties or produce in marginal areas where the yields are low. Producers must take their destiny in their own hands and must educate themselves in the export process so that they can make the right decisions about production and exports. As a result of increased competition and lower margins the distribution chain must be as short as possible with as few middle men as possible. As a result of this producer exporters are on the increase. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid Afrikaanse sitrusbedryf is in 1997 gedereguleer. Voor deregulering kon slegs Outspan sitrus uit Suid Afrika uitvoer en geen ander maatskappy is toegelaat om dit te doen nie. Die dereguleringsprosess was nie geleidelik nie, maar die industrie het van ten volle gereguleerd tot gedureguleer verander in 'n baie kort tyd. Die skielike deregulering het gelei tot groot onsekerheid in die industrie. Meer as eenhonderd nuwe vrugte uitvoermaatskappy is binne 'n jaar na deregulering gevorm. Meeste van die nuwe rolspelers het baie min ondervinding in die uitvoer van sitrus gehad. Baie het dan ook bankrot gespeel binne 'n jaar of twee en baie sitrusprodusente het groot finansiële verliese gelei as gevolg daarvan. Meeste produsente het ook geen ondervinding in uitvoere gehad nie 'en was dus nie gekwalifiseerd om betroubare uitvoermaatskappye te kies om hulle sitrus uit te voer nie. Die gesig van die industry is onherkenbaar verander. Tydens regularing was daar slegs een groot maatskappy wat alle sitrus van Suid Afrika af uitgevoer het. Na deregulering is 'n groot aantal klein tot medium vrugte uitvoermaatskappye gevorm. Hierdie maatskappye speel 'n baie belangrike rol in die industrie soos dit tans lyk. Deregulering het ook die deur vir groot internasionale vrugtebemarkings en distribusiemaatskappye oopgemaak om die Suid Afrikaanse industrie te betree. Na 'n aantal jare van chaos en baie min betroubare informasie wat beskikbaar was in terme van volume geproduseer en uitgevoer, is die industrie besig om te stabiliseer. Daar is ook 'n aantal industrieliggame soos die Sitrus Uitvoerders Forum en Sitrus Suid Afrika gevorm om die belange van uitvoerders en produsente te verteenwoordig. Hierdie liggame het die Gesamentlike Bemarkings Forum gevorm wat elke maand vergader om bemarking en ander industrie aangeleenthede gesaamentlik te bespreek. Die debad met betrekking tot deregularing is steeds aan die gang. Meeste industrierolspelers ondersteun minder regulering en vryemark beginsels. Hulle stem egter saam dat die dereguleringsproses meer geleidelik ingefaseer moes word. Dit sou produsente meer tyd gegee het om aan te pas by die nuwe omgewing. Meeste rolspelers is van die opinie dat die sitrusindustrie in Suid Afrika meer markgerig en ook meer kompeterend geword het na deregulering. In die toekoms kan verwag word dat daar meer kompetisie in die sitrusbedryf sal wees as gevolg van 'n toename in sitrusproduksie wêreldwyd in sitrusproduserende lande. Produsente kan dus nie meer ongewenste variëteite produseer of sitrus produseer in marginale areas waar opbrengste laag is nie. Produsente moet hulle toekoms in hulle eie hande neem en moet die uitvoerproses leer ken sodat hulle die regte besluite kan neem oor produksie en uitvoere. As gevolg van toenemende kompetisie en kleiner marges moet die logistiekeketting so kort en koste effektief as moontlik gehou word. As gevolg hiervan is produsente uitvoermaatskappye aan die toeneem.

No description available.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o comportamento fisiológico e bioquímico de plantas de citros (Citrus spp.) submetidas à aplicação do herbicida glyphosate. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito de glyphosate (doses entre 0 e 720 g e.a.ha-1, aplicadas sobre a parte aérea das plantas) nas concentrações foliares de chiquimato, aminoácidos livres totais e fenóis e na fotossíntese de plantas de citros em condições controladas. Foram testadas mudas de limão ‘Cravo’ (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck), com 4 meses de idade, e mudas de ‘Valência’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) sobre ‘Swingle’ (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf), com 24 meses de idade. No segundo estudo avaliou-se, em condições de campo, a toxicidade de glyphosate em plantas submetidas à aplicação atingindo o caule (doses entre 0 e 2160 g e.a.ha-1) ou toda a parte aérea (doses entre 0 e 720 g e.a.ha-1). Os materiais vegetais testados foram plantas de laranja ‘Valência’ sobre ‘Swingle’ e limão ‘Cravo’, com 20 e 27 meses de idade, respectivamente. No terceiro avaliou-se a queda de frutos de laranjeira ‘Pera’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) em função do glyphosate. No último estudo investigou-se a possibilidade de aplicação acidental simulada de glyphosate causar intoxicação e queda de frutos em plantas de laranja ‘Pera’. No primeiro estudo verificou-se efeito de glyphosate somente nas concentrações de chiquimato e aminoácidos livres totais das mudas de limão ‘Cravo’; porém, os efeitos foram transitórios. Não houve efeito nos conteúdos de fenóis e clorofila total e na atividade fotossintética. Não se constatou qualquer efeito nas características bioquímicas e na fotossíntese das mudas de ‘Valência’, indicando significativa tolerância ao herbicida. No estudo a campo, as plantas de citros atingidas pelo glyphosate no caule não sofreram intoxicação. Apenas a aplicação nas doses de 360 e 720 g e.a.ha-1 sobre a parte aérea afetou as plantas. O principal sintoma de intoxicação consistiu na emissão de brotações deformadas, indicando efeito nas regiões meristemáticas. Os efeitos nas folhas pré-formadas foram pequenos ou inexistentes. Todas as plantas atingidas pelo herbicida se recuperaram entre seis e doze meses após a aplicação. Nos estudos para avaliar a queda de frutos observou-se que o glyphosate promove a produção de etileno, causando a queda destes quando estão em fase final de maturação. A queda ocorreu principalmente devido ao contato direto com a pulverização e não devido à translocação do herbicida. No último estudo, constatou-se que a aplicação acidental simulada foi parcialmente interceptada pelo mato, não causando efeito significativo na queda de frutos e no desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas de citros. / The objective of this research was to evaluate physiological and biochemical responses of citrus (Citrus spp.) plants sprayed with the herbicide glyphosate. Four studies were done to attain this objective. By the first one, it were investigated the effects of glyphosate (dosages from 0 to 720 g a.e.ha-1 applied on plants canopies) on the leaf contents of shikimate, total free amino acids and phenolic compounds, and on photosynthesis of citrus plants under controlled conditions. The experiments were conducted using ‘Rangpur Lime’ (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck) rootstock, with 4 months old, and ‘Valencia’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) scion grafted on ‘Swingle’ (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) rootstock, with 24 months old. By the second trial, it was evaluated, under field conditions, the toxicity of glyphosate on citrus plants sprayed directly to the the trunk (dosages from 0 to 2160 g a.e.ha-1) or on the canopy (dosages from 0 to 720 g a.e.ha-1). The plants tested were ‘Valencia’ var. grafted on ‘Swingle’ var. and on ‘Rangpur Lime’ var., with 20 and 27 months old, respectively. By the third trial, it was evaluated the fruit dropping of ‘Pera’ var. (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in relation to glyphosate spray. The last trial was conducted to evaluate if an accidental simulated spray of glyphosate can cause toxicity and fruit dropping in ‘Pera’ citrus var. The results by the first study showed effects of glyphosate only on shikimate and total free amino acids contents of ‘Rangpur Lime’ seedlings. However, these effects were temporaries. No effect was found on phenolic compound contents and on the photosynthetic characteristics evaluated. It was not postrayed any effect on biochemical and photosynthetic characteristics of the ‘Valencia’ plants, indicating significant glyphosate tolerance. By the second study, the citrus plants sprayed with glyphosate on their trunks have not showed intoxication. Only the application of glyphosate at dosages of 360 and 720 g a.i.ha-1 on the canopies affected the plants. The main toxic symptoms consisted of deformation of new flushes, indicating effect on plant meristems. The effects of glyphosate were low or none in the mature leaves. All plants sprayed by glyphosate have been recovered by from six to twelve months after the application. In the study, in order to evaluate the fruit dropping, it was found that the herbicide glyphosate induced ethylene production, causing fruit dropping when they are in final phase of ripening. Fruit dropping occurred mainly due to the direct contact of the spraying instead of the herbicide translocation. By the last study it was found that the accidental simulated spraying is partially intercepted by weeds, do not causing significant effect on fruit dropping and citrus growth.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da umidade em quatro tipos de solos sobre a emergência de adultos e duração da fase pupal das moscas-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) e Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e do bicho-furão dos citros, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927 e na emergência do parasitóide de moscas-das-frutas, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed, 1905), utilizando-se diferentes potenciais mátricos de água no solo e com uma metodologia própria e desenvolvida no presente trabalho. As profundidades de pupação de G. aurantianum e A. fraterculus foram estudadas em tratamento seco e úmido (5%), com a finalidade de se determinar a profundidade adequada para cada espécie utilizada nos experimentos de avaliação da influência da umidade em quatro tipos de solo. G. aurantianum pupou na mesma profundidade em substrato úmido ou seco. A pupação de A. fraterculus é mais superficial em condições secas, com 100% de pupação entre 0 e 1,5 cm. Para C. capitata, a profundidade utilizada no experimento de influência da umidade e do tipo de solo foi a de 3,0 cm. A duração da fase pupal desta espécie foi influenciada diferentemente para machos e fêmeas. Para fêmeas, apenas o tipo de solo influenciou a duração da fase pupal, que foi maior no solo Argiloso. Nos machos, a duração da fase de pupa foi influenciada pela umidade e pelo tipo de solo, isoladamente, ocorrendo redução da fase pupal de machos de C. capitata no solo Muito Argiloso e Argilo arenoso, com maior duração no solo Argiloso. À medida que o potencial mátrico diminuiu, a duração da fase pupal de machos de C. capitata aumentou, independentemente do tipo de solo. A emergência de C. capitata foi influenciada pela umidade, independentemente do tipo de solo, sendo maior em solos mais secos. Para A. fraterculus, a interação da umidade e do tipo do solo influenciou a duração da fase pupal para machos e fêmeas de forma semelhante. As menores durações da fase pupal, para machos e fêmeas de A. fraterculus, foram proporcionadas nos solos com maiores teores de areia (Franco arenoso e Argilo arenoso) e no solo com alto teor de argila (Muito argiloso), neste caso, na maior umidade do solo. Porém, verificou-se, para fêmeas de A. fraterculus, redução da fase pupal à medida que a umidade dos solos Franco arenoso e Argilo arenoso diminuiu; para machos, esta redução foi observada em todas as umidades estudadas nestes solos. A emergência de A. fraterculus foi influenciada pela interação da umidade e do tipo do solo, sendo maior nos solos que apresentaram maior retenção de água nos diferentes potenciais mátricos aplicados aos solos Argilo arenoso e Muito argiloso. A emergência de D. longicaudata foi influenciada pelos fatores tipo de solo e umidade, isoladamente, sendo o número de adultos emergidos de D. longicaudata maior no solo Franco arenoso e menor no Muito argiloso; sempre, o número de adultos emergidos foi maior em altas umidades. A duração da fase de pupa de machos e fêmeas de G. aurantianum foi influenciada pela interação da umidade e do tipo de solo, porém de forma irregular e que não permitiu a construção de um modelo lógico que explique a relação entre maiores ou menores durações com teores de umidade e tipos de solo. A emergência de G. aurantianum foi influenciada pela interação umidade e tipo de solo, sendo maior em solos com maiores teores de areia. O presente trabalho poderá elucidar como alguns fatores do solo afetam o desenvolvimento destas pragas e do inimigo natural, auxiliando na adoção de novas estratégias de manejo, além de fornecer subsídios para a amostragem e para o entendimento da ocorrência destas pragas em ambientes agrícolas. / The goal of this work was to evaluate moisture effect on four soil types in the emergence of adults and duration of the pupal stage of fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and citrus fruit borer, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927, and in the emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed, 1905), using different soil water matric potential and a particular methodology, developed in this work. The pupation depths of G. aurantianum and A. fraterculus were studied through a dry and moist (5%) treatment, in order to determine the adequate depth for each species for further use in the investigation of the influence of moisture on four soil types. G. aurantianum pupated at the same depth either under moist or dry medium. A. fraterculus pupation was more superficial under dry conditions, with 100% pupation between 0 and 1.5 cm. For C. capitata, one used a 3.0 cm depth to verify the influence of moisture and soil type. The pupal stage duration of the species was affected differently for males and females. For females, only the soil type influenced the pupal stage duration, which was higher under Clay soil (42,8% clay). In males, the pupal stage duration was influenced by moisture and soil type separately, and the pupal stage of C. capitata was low in Clay (68% clay) and Sandy Clay soil, with higher duration in Clay soil (42,8% clay). As the matric potential decreased, the duration of the pupal stage of C. capitata males increased, regardless of the soil type. The emergence of C. capitata was influenced by the moisture, regardless of the soil type, and was higher in drier soils. For A. fraterculus, the moisture-soil type interaction influenced the pupal stage duration for both males and females similarly. The lower pupal stage durations for A. fraterculus males and females were provided by higher sand content soils (Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay soils) and in high clay content soil (Clay soil, 68% clay), in the higher soil moisture. For A. fraterculus females, however, the pupal stage decreased as the moisture of Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay soils decreased; for the males, such reduction was observed in all moisture degrees studied on these soils. The emergence of A. fraterculus was influenced by the moisture-soil type interaction, higher in higher water retention soils at different matric potentials applied to Sandy Clay and Clay (68% clay) soils. The emergence of D. longicaudata was influenced by the soil type and moisture factors separately, and the number of adults emerging from D. longicaudata was higher in Sandy Loam and lower in Clay (68% clay) soil; the number of emerged adults was always higher under high moisture. The duration of the pupal stage of G. aurantianum males and females was influenced by the moisturesoil type interaction; however, it was irregular and failed to allow the construction of a logical model to explain the relationship between higher or lower durations with moisture contents and soil types. The emergence of G. aurantianum was influenced by the moisture-soil type interaction, higher at higher sand content soils. This work may clarify how some soil factors affect the development of these pests and relating natural enemies, a path to new management strategies, providing subsidies for the sampling and understanding of the occurrence of these pests in agricultural environments.