This Master thesis deals with the phenomenon of political movements and their impact on the rising party systems in the Central and Eastern Europe countries. Movements were found in the context of social and geopolitical changes in this region and they represented the original type of political organization that was different from other political parties of Western type. The first part contains an analysis of the general theory of political parties and movements and their role in the process of democratic consolidation and stabilization of party systems. Part of the first ration that categorizes political movements in the context of theories of party families and the chapter containing the characteristics of political movements and rising party systems of selected countries in the region. In the next section follows a study of selected texts of Czech political scientists concerning issues of political movement called Civic Forum (OF), which is used as a theoretical introduction to the chapter analyzing OF. Similar target implements the part examining the ideological roots of the movement and specific anti-political politics in the Czech political system. The second part describes the effect of Civic Forum in the first two stages of the Czech party system development. In this part there is an...

國家社會主義制度下的蘇聯，政治和經濟集權化，國家對社會進行全面而深入的干預與管控。一直到了蘇聯末期，戈巴契夫推動「重建」與「公開性」等重要的改革政策之後，公民社會才開始萌芽。一九九一年蘇聯正式解體後，共產黨的威權統治被民主制度取代，因此，俄國的公民社會、民主制度和市場經濟的建立，幾乎是同步進行的。由於葉爾欽為了能順利進行改革而不受到社會的牽絆，因而對公民社會刻意疏離。公民社會就在政治混亂與經濟衰退的條件下，自謀生路。 在進入了普丁時代後，為結束俄國轉型過程中的混亂，普丁透過「垂直的總統權力」與「法律獨裁」手段來打造強大的國家。俄羅斯原本的混合政權在普丁「管理式民主」的治理下，以轉型為某種準威權主義政權。 在普丁「管理式民主」框架下的國家與公民社會關係是：國家承認公民社會的存在，並為公民社會提供制度性的法律保障，同時，國家也要對公民社會進行必要的干預和調節，為公民社會確立人人適用的普遍法律規則、對公民社會自身無力解決的矛盾或衝突進行干預協調；然而在這裡，存在一個國家對公民社會干預的界限確定問題。而二ＯＯ一年十一月由克里姆林宮所舉辦的「公民論壇」則是最受爭議也最具有代表性的例子。普丁透過公開的對話正式地承認了公民社會團體在政治和社會上的重要性，但事實上，「公民論壇」只是政府收編俄羅斯支離破碎之公民社會的實質工具。 / Political power and economy were highly centralized under state socialism. Society was intervened thoroughly and overwhelmed by the Soviet state. Civil society was unable to emerge until the final years of the Soviet Union due to Gorbachev’s reform programs of perestroika and glasnost. Since the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, Russia’s civil society, democratic institutions, and market economy have to develop simultaneously. Because of Yeltsin’s alienated attitude toward civil society for the sake of smooth reforms without considering social demands, civil society had to develop on its own under the conditions of political chaos and economic depression. In order to end the transition turmoil left by Yeltsin, Putin has been trying to craft a strong state through the “presidential vertical” and the “dictatorship of law.” Russia’s hybrid regime under Putin has been transformed to a sort of quasi-authoritarianism which is caused by the so called “managed democracy.” The relationship between the state and civil society under the framework of “managed democracy” is the following: State recognizes the existence of civil society and provides legal regulations for the latter’s development. The Civic Forum which was held in November 2001 by the Kremlin authorities represented the most controversial case of state’s role in the development of civil society. Putin officially recognized the importance of civil society through open dialogue, but in fact the Civic Forum was just a tool for the government to co-opt Russia’s fragmented civil society.

This thesis entitled‚ Kopřivnice in the process of political changes in 1989/1990' consists of a description and analysis of events connected to the disintegration of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia and deals with the transition to democracy of the medium-sized North Moravian town, Kopřivnice. My aim is to record not only the course of political changes, but also social and economic development after 17 November 1989. In terms of time, the thesis covers the period from 1986 to the municipal election in November 1990. The first chapter describes the oral history method, its position in the modern science and in the practical part of this thesis. The second chapter deals with the characteristics of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia before 1989 and the pre-existing conditions for the subsequent changes which took place in Czechoslovakia and Czech society. The third chapter analyses the field of the Velvet Revolution in revolution theory terms. It examines, if it is possible to consider the change as a revolution, and it studies the events in November 1989 from the point of view of the theory of transition. The third chapter explains the basic milestones in the history of the town which influenced its development, its population structure and its...

This thesis entitled‚ Kopřivnice in the process of political changes in 1989/1990' consists of a description and analysis of events connected to the disintegration of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia and deals with the transition to democracy of the medium-sized North Moravian town, Kopřivnice. My aim is to record not only the course of political changes, but also social and economic development after 17 November 1989. In terms of time, the thesis covers the period from 1986 to the municipal election in November 1990. The first chapter deals with the characteristics of the post-totalitarian authoritarian regime in Czechoslovakia before 1989 and the pre-existing conditions for the subsequent changes which took place in Czechoslovakia and Czech society. The second chapter explains the basic milestones in the history of the town which influenced its development, its population structure and its importance in the regional framework. The third chapter ‚Reflection of Kopřivnice before 17 November 1989' describes the functioning of the town's municipal commitees and their significance in state administration. The current situation in the town just before 17 November 1989 is analysed from the position of the town leadership carried out by the local municipal commitee. The fourth...

This thesis deals with the problem of the Velvet revolution in a small provincial town called Náchod. My purpose is to describe the political situation before the revolution, during it and after the revolution ended. I used two methods for my research. First of them was regular text analysis of documents in archives and the second source I used was the method of Oral history. Oral history enriches us with knowledge of living witnesses who help us understand reasons, motivations and feelings of people who took part in an important part of our history, which Velvet revolution surely is. To understand them even better I shortly described their life stories and their position during the revolution. I made life story interviews with 4 members of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and with 5 members of the Civic Forum. So we can hear opinions of both considered sides. At the end of the thesis I compared my conclusions with the conclusion doc. PhDr. Lukáš Valeš, Ph.D. made in his dissertation describing Velvet revolution in a small provincial town Klatovy. At the end I came to a conclusion that Velvet revolution changed political status of Czechoslovakia and its economy but the same people remained powerful.

This diploma thesis is attempting to analyze the events of November and December 1989 in Czechoslovakia through the eyes of English-speaking witnesses, both at the time and in retrospect, using English language sources. The goal of the thesis is to distill from the analysis notions of freedom and whether there are perceptions of change since 1989. Included in the definition of "freedom" is the means by which it was achieved.