This paper deals with the subject of expressions of masculinity in relation to nationalism and citi-zenship, focusing on how these expressions played a role in the shaping of the masculine ideal in the Civil Guard in Vaasa and Västerbotten's Shooting Association during the period of 1918 to 1944. The focus of the study lies on how masculinity, nationalism, and citizenship were connected in the two movements and how they contributed to an idea of an ideal masculinity and a male role as defender and protector of the nation. To accomplish this George L. Mosses’ theory of the evolu-tion of a modern masculine stereotype has been applied, in connection with theoretical concepts of nationalism and citizenship. The material has been subjected to a qualitative analysis with a herme-neutic approach, to be able to interpret and understand it in relation to the above mentioned theoreti-cal concepts. A comparative method has also been applied to the material, to enable placing these two local groups in a larger context by comparing them to one another. This paper argues that these two groups were based on an ideal of the masculine protector and citizen of the nation. A strong sense of duty to the nation followed closely the idea of a male citizen, whose task of maintaining skills of shooting and bodily fitness played a role in creating the ideal man of the nation. The three concepts of masculinity, nationalism, and citizenship played a crucial role in this process and there-fore they were interrelated. This study shows that shooting was viewed as preparation for war in a politically unstable environment during the examined time period. In both movements, the fear of conflict and/or war was present in varying degrees and the general political situation in Europe gave rise to a strong sense of vigilance. Class conflict was present in both countries and affected the two groups as well, though the situation in Finland was more on edge and culminated in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Shooting was a way of creating strong, able, and well-adjusted citizens. It was also important that young boys and men were introduced to shooting in particular and sports in gen-eral. The Swedes and the Finns in their respective groups arranged shooting competitions together and established a close contact with one another in some form of mutual exchange. Efforts were made in shaping the male body both on the inside and outside, especially in the Finnish group where bodily strength and appearance was of great importance.

Title: Jaunty Vaasa-lads and lazy boys – a study of masculinity and patriotism in the Civil Guard in Vaasa in relation to the Finnish Civil War of 1918. This paper deals with the subject of expressions of masculinity in relation to patriotism and nationalism as a part of the mobilisation of the so called white side in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. With regards to how this was expressed in the local Civil Guard in the town of Vaasa. The focus   lies on the construction of an ideal masculinity within this specific Civil Guard as expressed            in the Guards own documents of different varieties, during the events in the spring of 1918 and at the one year anniversary of its outbreak. The study is first and foremost based on Joan W. Scott's theory of gender and it's constitutive and interrelated elements, particularly that of culturally available symbols and subjective identities. It also takes into consideration views on masculinity, nationalism, and patriotism as described by George L. Mosse and others. This paper argues that the whites presented a desirable masculine ideal of the ultimate warrior that resonated in different ways in the examined material. This ideal may have been one way to keep mobilising the white forces against the real but also at times exaggerated threat posed by the red forces. There has also been a discussion in earlier research regarding this mobilisation and whether or not the whites mislead the Ostrobothnian volunteers and soldiers into believing that they were fighting russians instead of their own compatriots. This paper has found some evidence of the exaggerated demonization of the reds, and therefore also some tendensies of presenting them as Russians and Bolsheviks. This study has also shown that to be willing to sacrifice oneself for the nation and stand strong against its enemies, both internal and external, seems to have been what the ideal man was perceived to be by the whites in the examined Civil Guard. As well as it was also how he should act if he had the nations best interest in mind and fought for the continued Finnish independence. Keywords: Finnish Civil War, Civil Guard, Finland, masculinity, patriotism, 20th century, nationalism, gender

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T18:23:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daisycruzgomes.pdf: 1166433 bytes, checksum: 89b4638757ddc375a79eb6fd4c3767c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T11:37:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daisycruzgomes.pdf: 1166433 bytes, checksum: 89b4638757ddc375a79eb6fd4c3767c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T11:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daisycruzgomes.pdf: 1166433 bytes, checksum: 89b4638757ddc375a79eb6fd4c3767c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho, um estudo sobre a formação da agenda, tem como objetivo principal analisar de que forma a demanda por segurança pública se tornou algo relevante e politicamente significativo a ponto da Guarda Municipal passar a integrar a agenda governamental de Juiz de Fora na última gestão do ex-prefeito Carlos Alberto Bejani. Objetiva-se investigar se a inclusão da Guarda Municipal na agenda governamental da cidade tenha sido motivada em decorrência da necessidade de tratamento ou da resolução de um problema social percebido como coletivamente relevante ou, se esta tenha sido motivada por propósitos simbólicos. Ou seja, pretendese discutir se essa demanda política surgiu autonomamente na comunidade ou se o governo municipal criou condições para que tal demanda fosse produzida a fim de dar a impressão que o mesmo estava tomando atitudes. / The main objective of this research work, a study of political agenda setting, is to analyze how public security issues became important and politically significant, making Municipal Civil Guard be part of Juiz de Fora political agenda during Carlos Alberto Bejani’s mandate. This work aims to investigate if the inclusion of Municipal Civil Guard in the city’s political agenda was motivated by the lack of treatment or solution for a social problem recognized as a collectively relevant challenge, or if this action was motivated by symbolic purposes. In other words, it aims to discuss if this political necessity arose freely in the community or if the local government created conditions to produce this necessity in order to show that strategies to solve the problem were being developed.

This essay examines how the local Civil Guard in the town of Vaasa, in the Finnish civil war of 1918, were presented based on the notion of masculinity in texts by Axel Iversén. In this study discourse analysis with a qualitative approach has been applied. The study shows that the role of the Civil Guard in the civil war mainly revolves around the discourse on safeguarding the nation's independence and protecting Finland as a nation. Based on Judith Butler's theory of performativity this study shows how masculinity is created from a repetitive practice based on concepts such as freedom, courage, offensive, equality, youth, organization and efficiency. The study confirms previous research which shows that according to the Civil Guards notion masculine ideals were related to nationalism, patriotism and sacrifice for the nation's independence. Furthermore, the study confirms the importance of the homosocial relations for the construction of masculinity within the Civil Guard. The discourse on offensive action regarding the Civil Guard is prominent, regardless if it is in battle or the organization of the Civil Guard.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2018-02-28T18:20:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabian de Souza Silva.pdf: 1546502 bytes, checksum: 2815770db4b2426fce7bb3d472c86db5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T18:20:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabian de Souza Silva.pdf: 1546502 bytes, checksum: 2815770db4b2426fce7bb3d472c86db5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present research studies the factors that motivate the permanence of citizen security officials in a profession that presents a high risk of death for themselves as well for their family, resulting from excessive violence present throughout the national territory, with a cut for this study the Metropolitan Civil Guard from Sao Paulo. It uses a quantitative approach from the following constructs: Career Success Perception Scale; Organizational Entrenchment Scale; Affective Organizational Engagement Scale; and finally, two variables to evaluate the intention to remain in the organization. With descriptive statistics, categorization and correlations, different characteristics were identified between new and experienced police professionals, as well as relationships between the constructs and the intention to remain in the police career. The conclusion can guide management actions in citizen security, especially regarding the commitment and retention of current and future professionals; understanding of the reasons that lead professionals to remain in high-risk occupations, and contribute with research on retention of professionals. / A presente pesquisa estuda os fatores que motivam a permanência dos servidores da segurança pública numa profissão que apresenta um alto risco de morte para si e sua família, resultante da violência desmedida e presente em todo o território nacional, tendo como recorte para este estudo a Guarda Civil Metropolitana de São Paulo. Utiliza abordagem quantitativa a partir dos seguintes constructos: Escala de Percepção de Sucesso na Carreira, Escala de Entrincheiramento Organizacional, Escala de Comprometimento Organizacional Afetivo e, por fim, duas variáveis para avaliar a Intenção de Permanência na Organização. Com estatísticas descritivas, categorização e correlações, foram identificadas características distintas entre os profissionais novos e os mais experientes na polícia, bem como relações entre os constructos e a intenção de permanecer na carreira policial. A conclusão aponta para o direcionamento de ações de gestão na segurança pública, sobretudo quanto ao comprometimento e à retenção dos atuais e futuros profissionais; à compreensão dos motivos que levam profissionais a se manterem em profissões de alto risco; e à contribuição com pesquisas sobre retenção de profissionais.