Water is life and its provision is vital not only for purposes of sustaining life but also for convenience, health, sanitation and economic well being. The United Nations estimates that over one billion people living in developing countries lack access to safe water, with a substantialp roportion of thesel iving in Africa. As a consequenceo f urbanisation and rapid growth of cities, urban water utilities in developing countries face an enormous challenge in meeting the water requirements of urban dwellers. The challenge is even greater when the prevailing poverty, high levels of debt and declining funding (in form of official developmenta ssistance)a re taken into account. In particular, Sub-Saharan Africa is facing low levels of water services and water supply coverage. Under thesec ircumstancesa, key objective for water utilities in Sub-SaharanA frica is to provide services to the growing urban population, including the poor, in a financially sustainable manner. To achieve this objective, utility managers need innovative methods of financing and managing urban water services. A systematic approach consisting of market segmentation, service and price differentiation is proposed as a suitable method of managing urban water services in Sub-Saharan Africa. This approach is the subject under investigation in the research, which is reported in this thesis. Using primarily the case study research methodology but also incorporating surveys, interviews and f6cus group discussions within the case study, research was carried out to investigate the use of a systematic approach consisting of segmentation, service and price differentiation for managing urban water services in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. The detailed field research was carried out in Kenya and South Africa, and two case studies were prepared. Among the key findings was that this approach offers a framework for water utilities to structure their service delivery with appropriate pricing and serve more customers (including people living in informal settlements) at affordable cost, while achieving financial sustainability. The finding leads to the conclusion that segmentation, service and price differentiation is a suitable methodology that utilities can use to improve urban water servicesi n Sub-SaharanA frica.

I en rapport finansierad av Smart Built Environment konstateras att stora möjligheter finns att höja kvaliteten på och sänka kostnader för den slutgiltiga produkten via digitala lösningar i byggbranschen. Ett område där digitaliseringen har stor inverkan är just digitala verktyg på byggarbetsplatsen (Bygg 4.0, u.å.). Digitala verktyg definieras i studien som programvara och applikationer lämpade för byggbranschen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att kartlägga vilka digitala verktyg som används inom Skanskas produktion samt jämföra användandet av digitala verktyg inom verksamhetsgrenarna Hus respektive Väg och anläggning. Studien fokuserar på hur användandet av digitala verktyg främjas genom strategier och målsättningar i Skanskas organisation. Metoden för insamling av material var inledningsvis en litteraturstudie av teori, fortsättningsvis utfördes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning och en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning. Enkätundersökningen fokuserade på användandet av digitala verktyg och intervjuerna på hur Skanskas medarbetare uppfattar att Skanska arbetar med digitaliseringen. Resultatet av studien visar på skillnader i utsträckningen som de digitala verktygen används inom verksamhetsgrenarna. Resultatet av enkätstudien visar att verksamhetsgren Hus använder de digitala verktygen i större utsträckning. Resultatet av intervjustudien visar att orsaken till detta är att verksamhetsgren Hus arbetar proaktivt genom strategier och målsättningar som Basnivå hus, Projekt i världsklass och Smarta projekt. Verksamhetsgren Hus har även digitala ledare ute i projekt som stöds av en digital coach på regionnivå. Verksamhetsgren Väg och anläggning har inte en lika etablerad grund då enbart Projekt i världsklass är utgångspunkten för digitalt arbete. Det finns inte heller några digitala ledare i projekten. Den rollen uppstår organiskt genom engagerade individer med kunskaper i digitala verktyg. Verksamhetsgren Hus har ett mer väletablerat system för arbete med digitala verktyg vilket leder till att verksamhetsgrenens arbete med digitala verktyg har kommit längre än verksamhetsgren Väg och anläggning. / In a report financed by Smart Built Environment it was stated that there are possibilities to improve quality and reduce cost in the finished product through digital solutions in the construction industry. One area where digitization has got a high impact is in the use of digital tools on the construction site (Bygg 4.0, u.å.). Digital tools are defined as software and applications suited for the construction industry. The purpose of this thesis was to map out the digital tools used in Skanska's production and to compare the use of digital tools within the business areas infrastructure and commercial building. The study focuses on how the use of digital tools is encouraged through strategies and objectives in Skanska's organization. The method for collecting material was a literature study of theory, a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. The survey focused on the use of digital tools and the interviews on Skanska's employees perception on Skanska's work with digitization. The results of the study show differences in the extent that the digital tools are used within the business areas. The results of the quantitative study show that the business area commercial building uses the digital tools to a greater extent. The reason for this is that the business area commercial building works proactively through recommendations such as Basnivå Hus, Projekt i världsklass and Smarta projekt. The business area commercial building also has a role called digital leader in every project, who are supported by a digital coach in every region. The business area infrastructure does not have an equally established foundation, since only Projekt i världsklass is the starting point for digital work within the business area. There are also no digital leaders in projects within the business area. This role arises organically through committed individuals with good knowledge of digital tools. The business area commercial building has a well-established system for working with digital tools, which means that the business area has come further than the business area infrastructure.

Diploma thesis discusses the work of management and selection of new colleagues in the real estate market. The objective of diploma thesis is to comprare if management work and selection of new colleagues is corresponding with specializaded literature. The theoretical part deals with basic concepts from the area of management, selection new employees and real estate market. Over the three different studies (questionaries, personal interwiev and work experiens) in the practical part, I made the colletion of date, analysis and evaluation. At the end of the work, I made assessment theoretical and practical part, my self recommendation and conclusions of the diploma thesis. Including diploma thesis is manual for collection of new staff in real estate market.