As a pre-requisite for the Roman law to come into existence, a community of people had first to emerge; a community identifying itself vis-à-vis its surroundings. Legal norms that came into being in such community, rather simple legal norms at the time of their hypothetical origin, were gradually developed in line with the development of such community throughout the times. The outcome is an elaborated system of Roman law that communicates with us even today. The presented paper endeavours to shed some light at some profound aspects of the formation of the Roman nation on its road to the definition of the Roman citizenship. In the case of the Romans we cannot use simple definition features, such as the language (as the Latin language was shared by other peoples of the ancient Italy) or the religion (as the ancient polytheism intertwined various cultures of the given times) or a territory. The paper offers views into the combinations of the Roman culture with those other ancient cultures that shared numerous aspects with it and that had a formatting effect on it. It also addresses the role of the religion in the formatting process of the original Roman society. The result is an attempt for a definition of the Roman nation, i.e. the personal area serving the creation and development of the Roman law...

O marketing social tem vindo a assumir cada vez mais um papel importante para a imagem das empresas ou instituições públicas ou privadas. A aposta neste conceito tem sido evidenciada através de diversas campanhas com as quais nos defrontamos diariamente (Zenone, 2006: 68). Embora “não sendo totalmente clara a atuação do marketing social, é importante compreender a evolução dos conceitos, buscando uma purificação destes, elucidando as confusões, banalizações e até deturpações na atualidade” (Araújo, 2005: 5). A revisão da literatura efetuada revelou a existência de um grande número de conceitos associados ao marketing social e às variáveis da marca em estudo, nomeadamente aos fatores de perceção: notoriedade, qualidade percebida, imagem de marca e ao fator comportamental: mudança de comportamento, sendo este último fundamental no contexto de marketing social (Kotler e Roberto, 1992: 25). Nesta vertente, a Câmara Municipal do Porto lidera um consórcio local no âmbito da mobilidade sustentável, o Projeto Europeu Civitas Elan (PECE), o qual visa, essencialmente, a implementação de medidas inovadoras na área dos transportes que têm como principal objetivo a mudança de hábitos e comportamentos dos indivíduos, nomeadamente a redução do uso do veículo particular em detrimento de outros modos de transporte mais ecológicos. Parte da comunidade científica considera a presença dos intangíveis, nomeadamente a marca, como um dos principais meios ao alcance das instituições para a obtenção de uma diferenciação do produto e como um fator de inibição face à concorrência (Kerin e Sethuraman, 1998: 260; Perez, 2004: 31; Keller et. al, 2002: 120; Côrte-Real, 2010). A sociedade é composta por clientes cada vez mais exigentes, com preferências e gostos em constante transformação, muitas vezes pouco previsíveis, constituindo um desafio adicional para as empresas na conquista do seu espaço.[...]

The purpose of this study was the development of an architectural methodology capable of re-establishing polycentric civitas in the City of Los Angeles. To establish a new civic design framework for the city of Los Angeles, research and analysis was conducted in many fields using several different methods. A review of literature pertaining to the historic establishment of civitas serves an analysis of the different forms of public space in Western civilization. An analysis of urbanism in Los Angeles was conducted using existing literature related to the topic, while an analysis of the neighborhood chosen as the site for the “execution” of the methodology was performed through first-hand research and field study. This information was then synthesized, producing a building program customized to the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. The final stage of the study was the design of this new civic core. In the context of the Miracle Mile—defined by the presence of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art—the proposed civic core took the form of an artist commune. The study concludes that the re-establishment of polycentrism in Los Angeles, as a means for (re)discovering civitas, requires the development of several new alternative civic cores, dispersed throughout the urban fabric of the Los Angeles Basin. In order to effectively operate as sites of critical civic engagement, however, each core must be developed independently of the other, responding to specific micro-cultures. This study advocates choosing sites based on the presence of existing civic potentials. In this way, the alienating effects of tabula rasa city planning are avoided. The architectural project presented at the end of this study, should therefore be understood, not as an architectural prototype to be universally replicated across the city, but as a prototype for an architectural research method. In order to (re)discover civitas in Los Angeles, architects and urban planners must recognize the limitations of universal models and accept that the architectural spaces that define the civic realm must reflect the needs of the specific societies who will ultimately activate them.

Il presente lavoro, dal titolo Hispania Tarraconensis tributim discripta, si prefigge l'intento, sulla scorta del lavoro di W. Kubitschek, Imperium Romanum tributim discriptum, Praga 1888, e di R. Wiegels, Die Tribusinschriften des römischen Hispanien. Ein Katalog, Berlin 1985, aggiornando quest'ultimo in base alla ricca documentazione emersa fino ad oggi dall'epoca della sua pubblicazione, di analizzare l'ascrizione tribale nella provincia Tarraconensis, da Augusto, autore della sistemazione delle province Iberiche, fino alla fine del II secolo. L'esame della ascrizione tribale ha consentito uno studio della distribuzione delle popolazioni nelle tribù territoriali dopo l'acquisizione della civitas, rilevando i criteri sottesi dal processo di progressiva razionalizzazione dell'amministrazione provinciale. L'analisi è stata condotta principalmente attraverso le fonti epigrafiche che, data la loro natura forniscono informazioni storiche puntuali, riguardanti un preciso e definito momento storico, e le recentissime e altrettanto importanti acquisizioni. Questa metodologia è stata integrata dall'apporto delle altre fonti disponibili: letterarie, archeologiche e numismatiche. / The present work, entitled Hispania Tarraconensis tributim discripta, following W. Kubitschek's Imperium Romanum tributim discriptum, Prague 1888, and R. Wiegels' Die Tribusinschriften des römischen Hispanien. Ein Katalog, Berlin 1985, and updating the latter according to the ample documentation emerged so far since the days of its publication, intends to analyse the tribal ascription in the province Tarraconensis, from August, who organised the Iberian province, until the end of the II century. The test of the tribal ascription has permitted a study of the populations distribution in the territorial tribe after the acquisition of the civitas, so detecting the criteria implied in the process of progressive rationalization of the provincial administration. The analysis has been conducted mainly with the epigraphic sources which, given their nature, supply with accurate historical information regarding a certain and defined historical era, and the more recent and equally important acquisitions. This methodology has been integrated with the contribution of the other available sources: literary, archaeological and numismatic.

The purpose of this study was the development of an architectural methodology capable of re-establishing polycentric civitas in the City of Los Angeles. To establish a new civic design framework for the city of Los Angeles, research and analysis was conducted in many fields using several different methods. A review of literature pertaining to the historic establishment of civitas serves an analysis of the different forms of public space in Western civilization. An analysis of urbanism in Los Angeles was conducted using existing literature related to the topic, while an analysis of the neighborhood chosen as the site for the “execution” of the methodology was performed through first-hand research and field study. This information was then synthesized, producing a building program customized to the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. The final stage of the study was the design of this new civic core. In the context of the Miracle Mile—defined by the presence of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art—the proposed civic core took the form of an artist commune. The study concludes that the re-establishment of polycentrism in Los Angeles, as a means for (re)discovering civitas, requires the development of several new alternative civic cores, dispersed throughout the urban fabric of the Los Angeles Basin. In order to effectively operate as sites of critical civic engagement, however, each core must be developed independently of the other, responding to specific micro-cultures. This study advocates choosing sites based on the presence of existing civic potentials. In this way, the alienating effects of tabula rasa city planning are avoided. The architectural project presented at the end of this study, should therefore be understood, not as an architectural prototype to be universally replicated across the city, but as a prototype for an architectural research method. In order to (re)discover civitas in Los Angeles, architects and urban planners must recognize the limitations of universal models and accept that the architectural spaces that define the civic realm must reflect the needs of the specific societies who will ultimately activate them.

Le territoire du peuple des Turons correspond approximativement à l'actuel département d'Indre-et-Loire. Il est structuré par le fleuve Loire, au bord duquel sont situé la plupart des oppida de cette cité,dont celui d'Amboise. Les caractéristiques singulières de cet oppidum, fouillé régulièrement depuis 50 ans, constituent des motifs d'interrogations sur le rôle qu'il a pu tenir au sein de cette cité. La mise en œuvre des données disponible pour la période comprise entre le Ile s. av. n.è., où des changement sociaux-économiques peuvent être perçus dans la société celtique, et le Ile s. de n.è., où l'Empire romain connaît une forme d'apogée, nous permettent d'appréhender les mutations de ce peuple, et le développement progressif de son emprise sur le sol. L'analyse et la hiérarchisation des formes de l'habitat sont les pivots de cette recherche, qui tend à démontrer l'ancienneté et la pérennité de la structuration de cet espace / The territory of the Turons population corresponds roughly to the present department of Indre-et-Loire.It is set up along the Loire river, on the banks of which are located most oppida of this city,including that of Amboise. The unique characteristics of this oppidum, repeatedly studied for the last50 years, constitute grounds for questioning the role it could have had in this city.The implementation of data available for the period between the second century BC, where social andeconomic change can he seen in Celtic society, and the second century AC, where the Roman Empireknows a peak, enables us to understand the changes in this nation and the progressive development ofits settling in the land. The analysis and the study of the hierarchy through the different forms ofhousing are the cornerstones of this research, which shows the length and durability of the structure ofthis space.

Reconstruction and completion of the community center in Ždár nad Sázavou. The aim of the project is to create a multifunctional community center with operational and administrative facilities. On the basis of a specific intention of the contracting authority, the following building program for individual community center operations was set up.

To increase student engagement as well as cover the content of Ancient Rome, the author developed a game named Civitas for an AP Art History course. The question driving this research project was, "Will incorporating a game into this Ancient Rome unit increase engagement without sacrificing the academic integrity of the class?" Research about engagement as well as others' success incorporating games into the classroom was examined to determine the benefits and difficulties. Much of the work for this unit came before any teaching occurred: designing all aspects of the game as well as carefully determining how it would contribute to measurable learning objectives. The researcher video recorded three AP History courses, with a total of 8 students, over a period of one week. Data collection measures used to determine engagement included a video-recording of the class, keeping a log of engaged behaviors, personal observations, and student free-response questions. Data collection measures to determine evidence of learning content about Ancient Rome included analysis of students' homework, discussions in the class, a multiple-choice test, and an essay test. Upon analysis, it was concluded that playing Civitas greatly increased engagement as well as contributed to the academic integrity of the unit. However, it also took twice as long to engage with the same subject matter, was expensive to produce, and many hours of preparation, which limits the ability to share this learning strategy with others.

No livro XIX dA cidade de Deus, Agostinho refuta as definições ciceronianas de res publica e populus, fundamentadas na justiça, e reformula-as segundo uma concepção de amor. Tal empreendimento revela não somente as concepções distintas de justiça dos dois autores. Com efeito, ao ter de recusar as definições segundo o direito, Agostinho a um só tempo as compreende a partir de conceitos seus, tais como natureza, pecado, graça, virtude, tempo e eternidade, presença e transcendência, que se articulam e se constituem ao longo dA cidade de Deus juntamente com o conceito de amor. Nesse sentido, um conjunto de pressupostos subjaz à rejeição agostiniana das definições ciceronianas. Trata-se, aqui, de examinar o plano geral das obras Da república, de Cícero, e A cidade de Deus, de Agostinho, para compreender a irredutibilidade de suas filosofias entre si e por que Agostinho precisou redefinir aqueles termos políticos. / In The city of God, book XIX, Augustine refutes the ciceronian definitions of res publica and populus, founded on justice, and redefines both terms according to a conception of love. Such an enterprise reveals not only the authors distinct conceptions of justice. As a matter of fact, in having to critique the definitions according to the law, Augustine simultaneously understands them through concepts of his own, such as nature, sin, grace, virtue, time and eternity, transcendence and presence, which articulate and constitute themselves throughout The city of God along with the concept of love. Thus, a set of presuppositions underlies the authors rejection of the ciceronian definitions. This study aims, therefore, at examining the general plan of both authors works Ciceros On the Republic; Augustines The city of God in order to understand the irreducibility of their philosophies and why Augustine needed to redefine those political terms.

A querela entre o papa e o imperador ao longo dos séculos XIII e XIV propiciou o surgimento de inúmeras teorias a respeito do poder em defesa de uma ou outra instituição. Marsílio de Pádua (1280-1343) foi um dos mais importantes pensadores a apresentar argumentos para essas discussões no século XIV. Ao denunciar os desmandos do papa e do seu Colégio de Cardeais viu-se obrigado a refugiar-se na corte do imperador Luís IV. A principal obra do paduano foi o Defensor da Paz (1324) na qual expôs elementos fundamentais para o debate em questão. Esta tese teve como objetivo discutir a doutrina política desenvolvida por Marsílio de Pádua a partir do seu próprio contexto. Para isso, foi necessário compreender seus conflitos e influências a fim de analisar os conceitos políticos apresentados em sua obra maior. Apoiado em Aristóteles, escreveu um plano prático para a intervenção política do imperador no Regnum Italicum. Marsílio adquiriu importância fundamental por sua formulação da noção de poder restrita à esfera temporal, delineando uma primeira ideia de autonomia do poder civil, dotado de atribuições específicas e independentes da esfera eclesiástica. / The quarell between the pope and the emperor during the XIII and XIV centuries has given rise to numerous theories about the power in defense of one or another institution. Marsilius of Padua (1280 1343) was one of the most important thinkers to present arguments for these discussions in the XIV century. Informing against the excesses of the pope and his Cardinal´s College, he was forced to take refuge at the court of emperor Ludwig IV. The main paduans work was the Defensor Pacis (1324) in which he exposed fundamental elements to the debate in question. This thesis aimed to discuss the political doctrine developed by Marsilius of Padua from his own context. For this, it was necessary understand their conflicts and influences in order to analyze the political concepts presented in his major work. Supported by Aristotle, he wrote a practical plan for policy intervention of the emperor at Regnum Italicum. Marsilius got fundamental importance by his formulation of the notion of power restricted to the temporal sphere, outlining a first idea of autonomy of civil power, endowed with independent and specific assignments of the ecclesiastical sphere.