Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

One of the great paradoxes of the medieval period is the Albigensian Crusade (1209-1225), in which monks of the Cistercian Order took an active and violent role in campaigning against the heretics of the Languedoc. Why, and how, did this order officially devoted to prayer and contemplation become one of the prime orchestrators of one of medieval Europe’s most gruesome affairs? This thesis seeks to answer that question, not by looking at the crusading Cistercians themselves, but at their predecessor Bernard of Clairvaux, who—I will argue—made the Albigensian Crusade possible by making it permissible for monks to intervene in the world outside the cloister. The logic of this thesis is as follows. Bernard of Clairvaux lived in a world in which monastics had a certain spiritual authority that granted them special privileges over ecclesiastics (Chapter II). The Cistercian Order itself, even before Bernard became their prime mover and shaker, used these privileges to cultivate contacts beyond monastic borders (Chapter IV), and once Bernard became a prominent abbot himself, his desire to do good and criticisms of the outside world (Chapter VI) led him to intervene in various endeavors (Chapter V). These interventions drew backlash from other monastics and ecclesiastics, which then required justification in order to reconcile the vita passiva and Bernard’s active lifestyle (Chapter VII). These justifications, along with Bernard’s justifications of violence (Chapter VIII), came to more broadly characterize the Cistercian Order as a whole (Chapters I, IV), and thus the ideological material to justify monastic holy war was all present in eloquently defended and rapturously accepted form by the time Henry of Clairvaux took a castle during his 1281 preaching mission turned mini-crusade (Chapter IX). With all of this built into the Cistercian DNA, Arnaud Amaury found it very easy to lead a crusade in 1212. Could he have done this without Bernard’s example paving the way and ingraining such lessons in Cistercian thought? It is my contention that he could not have.

À l’origine, l’iconographie chrétienne a été influencée par les textes apocryphes qui décrivaient Joseph sous un jour négatif. Dans les scènes de Nativités, il était le plus souvent relégué au registre inférieur, de petite taille, séparé de l’Enfant par la Vierge et semblait dormir. Parallèlement, le culte marial a occupé très tôt une place considérable dans la foi des fidèles et dans la vie de l’Église. Les hérésies récurrentes, contestant notamment la virginité de Marie, ont encore aggravé cette situation. Toutefois, Bernard de Clairvaux jugea que Dieu ne pouvait avoir choisi pour Elle et l’Enfant à naître un compagnon médiocre. Il en dressa donc un portrait nouveau et enrichi. Puis, le texte des Meditationes Vitae Christi présenta Joseph comme un modèle pour les hommes soucieux de vivre selon les principes du Poverello. Les dessins du manuscrit Lat. 115 de la BnF illustrent cette nouvelle perception du personnage propagée à travers l’Europe dans le sillage des Frères mineurs. Par la suite, le retable d’Hoogstraten –peut-être copie d’une œuvre de Campin- confirme l’intérêt qui lui était désormais accordé et Gerson tenta alors de convaincre l’Église d’honorer Joseph dans la liturgie. / Originally the Christian iconography was largely influenced by apocryphal texts that painted Joseph in a negative light. In the Nativity scenes, he was often relegated to an inferior status, smaller in size, separated form the Infant by the Virgin and seemingly asleep. In parallel, marian worship occupied very rapidly a large part of the belief among the faithful and in the life of the Church. The heresies contesting the virginity of Mary made the situation even worse. Despite this, Bernard de Clairvaux judged that God would no have chosen a mediocre companion for Her and the Baby to be born. He gave him a new and enriched profile. Then, the text of the Meditationes Vitae Christi presented Joseph as a model for men wanting to live by the principles of Poverello. The sketches of the manuscript Lat. 115 of the BnF illustrate perfectly this new perfection of his character that was also spread through Europe in the wake of the Mineur brethren. Thereafter, the altarpiece of Hoogstraten –perhaps copied from a work of Campin- confirms the importance that he was now granted and Gerson tried to convince the Church to establish a festival in his honour in the liturgical calendar.

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Sont d’abord rassemblées des études réalisées dans le cadre du projet BIBLINDEX, index en ligne des citations scripturaires chez les Pères de l’Église. Elles visent à renouveler l’historiographie de la réception des Écritures par l’analyse statistique. Les aspects méthodologiques – repérage, expression, délimitation, caractérisation, interrogation et visualisation – sont discutés, puis la méthode définie est appliquée à plusieurs corpus des premiers siècles : les œuvres d’Irénée, de Jérôme ; le livre de Qohélet lu par les Pères. Le corpus du « dernier » d’entre eux, Bernard de Clairvaux, fait l’objet des deux parties suivantes : archétypique en effet, de par la richesse et la complexité de ses mises en œuvre du matériau biblique, ce corpus se prête particulièrement bien à une application approfondie des méthodes d’investigation développées pour BIBLINDEX, complétées par des approches texto-métriques. Nous commençons par livrer quelques enquêtes théologiques, littéraires et historiques de l’œuvre du cistercien, qui ont accompagné l’édition de ses œuvres complètes dans la collection Sources Chrétiennes et illustrent plusieurs types d’usages bibliques, comme la constitution d’un arsenal polémique dans les conflits épistolaires ; la structuration d’une argumentation logique, à la fois philosophique et théologique ; la construction d’une géographie spirituelle avec les interprétations de noms hébreux. Puis nous donnons l’esquisse d’une étude synthétique de la Bible de Bernard, qui reposerait sur les méthodes précédemment définies pour améliorer notre connaissance des relations du saint à la tradition et du rôle de l’assimilation scripturaire dans ses stratégies d’écriture. / First of all, studies carried out within the framework of the BIBLINDEX project, an online index of scriptural quotations in the Early Christian Literature, are gathered. They aim at renewing the historiography on the reception of the Scriptures by statistical analysis. The methodological aspects – identification, expression, delimitation, characterization, queries and visualization – are discussed, then the defined method is applied to several corpora of the first centuries: the works of Irenaeus, Jerome; the book of Qohelet as read by the Fathers. The corpus written by the "last" of them, Bernard of Clairvaux, is the subject of the two following parts: archetypal indeed, due to the richness and the complexity of its implementations of the biblical material, this corpus lends itself particularly well an in-depth application of the investigation methods developed for BIBLINDEX, supplemented by textometric approaches. Some theological, literary and historical inquiries of the Cistercian’s work are first presented, which come along with the publication of his complete works in the collection Sources Chrétiennes and illustrate several types of biblical practices, such as constituting a controversial arsenal in epistolary conflicts; structuring a logical, both philosophical and theological, argumentation; establishing a spiritual geography using interpretations of Hebrew names. Finally, the sketch of a synthetic study of Bernard’s Bible is given, which would be based on the methods previously defined to improve our knowledge of the saint’s relationship to tradition and the role of scriptural assimilation in his writing strategies.

Treatise De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam III. is not in general public awareness of the power known. Nevertheless, his message on the theme of the papacy and practical guides to the character of the Pope is still valid. This thesis aims to familiarize with the life of the author of the letter, and Bernard of Clairvaux to outline the time and circumstances of the letter, as well as with the personality of Pope Eugene III. to whom the letter is addressed. Treatise is divided into five books, this work deals mainly with the fourth book. In the fourth book we find a few key topics. Relates to the personality of the Pope, what would be its features and how it should behave. It is a theme of "two swords" on which Bernard shows secular and ecclesiastical power. There is here the topic of the internal layout of the Church. Keywords Bernard of Clairvaux, Eugenius III., Letter to De Consideratione, allegory "two swords", religious and secular power

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The topic of the diploma thesis is the activity of the Cistercian monastic order in the area of Tuscany. During the main wave of founding the Cistercian monasteries in Italy, the area of Tuscany, whose medieval boundaries roughly correspond to its current ones, was under major political influence of Florence, Siena, Pisa and Lucca. Most monasteries in the region were founded in the vicinity of these cities. This work aims to contribute to the discoveries about the influence of these cities and their elites on the establishing of foundation of the white monks in Tuscany. The goal of this work is an analysis of circumstances and causes of the arrival of the Cistercians in the Tuscany region, where they arrived relatively late, compared to other Italian regions. The work focuses on the specificities of the Cistercian movement of the foundation of monasteries. The fist Cistercian foundation in Tuscany was the monastery San Galgano. Most of the Cistercian abbeys in the region predominantly from the 13th century was affiliated with San Galgano. The diploma thesis aims to describe the development of the Cistercian order and its monasteries in the area by exploring specific Cistercian foundations in Tuscany. Possibly the most important monastery in the region was San Galgano, which served as the maternal monastery...