No description available.

No description available.

The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of approximately sixty medical treatises that were written by the Hippocratics during the Classical period of Greece. The Hippocratics were a group of practicing physicians and are today considered as one of the first Greek scientists. The treatises in the Corpus are unique and show us what the Hippocratics believed about the human body and how it functioned. This essay aims to investigate the Hippocratics’ knowledge of the female physiology, their reproductive organs and if there is a connection between the Hippocratics’ knowledge and the society’s view and attitude towards women during the Classical period. To do so I have chosen to mainly use ancient sources as my main material, which consist of selected parts of the Hippocratic Corpus as well as works from Hesiod, Xenophon and Plutarch. Since all the ancient texts are written by men we only get their male perspective and therefore I will be using a feministic perspective in order to weigh against the male-bias in their writings. In order to see if the Hippocratics were influenced by society’s attitude towards women, I need to try to understand the mindset of men during that time and look into how women’s lives were like (those that were born as free citizens) during the Classical period. By looking at the Hippocratics’ knowledge of the female body in parallel to the information about women’s lives during Classical Greece, there is a clear connection between the two. They are complementary and seem to have been used to continue to normalize and at the same time perpetuate the idea that women were second class citizens and were inherently weaker than men. It seems like the Hippocratics’ knowledge of the female body was used as an encouragement to women to pursue their destined roles; to get married as soon as possible and produce children. Also, in the Hippocratic Corpus, women and their bodies are depicted in a misogynistic way where the Hippocratics are, without a doubt, influenced by the society’s attitude towards women in their writings.

nÃo hà / O historiador grego TucÃdides escreveu a Guerra do Peloponeso porque percebeu que esta guerra seria grande, a maior guerra jà acontecida. A obra marca uma transiÃÃo de tÃcnica narrativa: se, em HerÃdoto, o pai da HistÃria, segundo o orador latino CÃcero, persiste a fÃbula, em TucÃdides hà o rompimento com o mythos, ou seja, a narrativa se constrÃi em termos concretos, pesquisados e analisados previamente (logos). Esse afastamento, contudo, à aparente. De fato, o historiador faz uso da razÃo ao compor sua narrativa, assim como utiliza uma linguagem por vezes âsecaâ e âÃsperaâ e afirma manter-se fiel apenas aos fatos. Como relacionÃ-lo, entÃo, com o mundo da literatura? Devemos analisar a figura do historiador a partir de outro viÃs. Segundo afirma White (1994), o viÃs do modo como uma situaÃÃo histÃrica depende da sutileza e da harmonia entre a estrutura do enredo e o conjunto dos acontecimentos, formando, por meio desse processo, uma operaÃÃo literÃria, criadora de ficÃÃo. O autor pesquisa, compila, analisa, interpreta e, por fim, recria os acontecimentos, reorganiza-os e reconfigura-os, com o intuito de produzir algo concreto, imparcial. A narrativa histÃrica, no entanto, està longe de ser tÃo simplÃria: hà muitas interpretaÃÃes possÃveis, hà muitas intersecÃÃes com outros gÃneros (tais como o Ãpico, o trÃgico e o cÃmico), e com outras Ãreas do conhecimento (a filosofia, a polÃtica, a economia). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho à justamente apontar tais caracterÃsticas no texto, evidenciando o labor artÃstico, o trabalho com a lÃngua grega e a imaginaÃÃo construtiva do historiador grego ao escrever sua obra. / The Greek historian Thucydides wrote his History of the Peloponnesian War because he realized that war would be big, the biggest one ever happened. His work marks a transition of narrative technique: if in Herodotus, the father of History, according to the Latin orator Cicero, the fable persists, in Thucydides there is a break with the mythos, that is, the narrative is constructed by concrete, researched and previously analyzed terms (logos). This removal is, however, seeming. In fact, the historian makes use of reason to make his narrative, as well as he sometimes uses a language âdryâ and âroughâ and he asserts to keep himself stick only to facts. Then how can we relate him to a literary world? We should analyze the picture of the historian from another perspective. Like asserts White (1994), the perspective of how an historical situation depends on the subtlety harmony between the structure of the plot and the group of actions that build, by way of this process, a literary operation, which creates the fiction. The author researches, gathers, analyzes, interprets and, finally, recreates the facts, rearranges and reconfigures them, in order to produce something concrete, impartial. However, the historical is not that simple: there are many possible interpretations, and there are many intersections with other genres (like epic, tragedy and comedy), and with other areas of knowledge (philosophy, politics, economy). Thus, the aim of this work is precisely to point out these characteristic of the text, proving the artistic value, the work with the Greek language and the constructive imagination of the Greek historian when he writes his work.

The subject of this study is the rural settlements in Classical Greece. There is no doubt that there were various factors determined the ancient settlement patterns in Greek countryside. Geographical conditions, socio-economic and political structures can be regarded as major significant factors behind the settlement practices of ancient societies. In this study the relationships between agricultural system and rural settlements of Classical Greece will be examined.

Plato's dialogues are set in fifth century Athens but they are performed for a fourth century audience. The context of his dialogues, then is wider perhaps than other philosophers and because of the difference in periods, it is clear that it is necessary for an audience member to possess knowledge of the events of the previous generation, viz., the fifth century BCE. When its cultural context is taken into account, the Theaetetus can not be read as an attempt by Plato to establish an epistemology in the modern sense of the term. While the characters of the dialogue are searching for the 'essence' of knowledge, Plato is teaching the audience of the dialogue to consider the knowledge that different practices of paideia produce and to evaluate that knowledge in light of its implications on the individual and the polis. The answer that emerges is that philosophy is the paideia that will produce the best individual and the best polis, because it is only the practice of philosophy that teaches intellectual virtue. The Theaetetus is an account of the practice of philosophy and the practitioner of philosophy.

MONTEIRO, Rafael Ferreira. A narrativa histórica de Tucídides e a Guerra do Peloponeso: verdade e ficção. 2014. 87f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-09-22T16:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rfmonteiro.pdf: 528534 bytes, checksum: 3d8f897d3c2ab0870d566ac3becbef3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-09-22T17:09:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rfmonteiro.pdf: 528534 bytes, checksum: 3d8f897d3c2ab0870d566ac3becbef3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-22T17:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rfmonteiro.pdf: 528534 bytes, checksum: 3d8f897d3c2ab0870d566ac3becbef3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The Greek historian Thucydides wrote his History of the Peloponnesian War because he realized that war would be big, the biggest one ever happened. His work marks a transition of narrative technique: if in Herodotus, the father of History, according to the Latin orator Cicero, the fable persists, in Thucydides there is a break with the mythos, that is, the narrative is constructed by concrete, researched and previously analyzed terms (logos). This removal is, however, seeming. In fact, the historian makes use of reason to make his narrative, as well as he sometimes uses a language “dry” and “rough” and he asserts to keep himself stick only to facts. Then how can we relate him to a literary world? We should analyze the picture of the historian from another perspective. Like asserts White (1994), the perspective of how an historical situation depends on the subtlety harmony between the structure of the plot and the group of actions that build, by way of this process, a literary operation, which creates the fiction. The author researches, gathers, analyzes, interprets and, finally, recreates the facts, rearranges and reconfigures them, in order to produce something concrete, impartial. However, the historical is not that simple: there are many possible interpretations, and there are many intersections with other genres (like epic, tragedy and comedy), and with other areas of knowledge (philosophy, politics, economy). Thus, the aim of this work is precisely to point out these characteristic of the text, proving the artistic value, the work with the Greek language and the constructive imagination of the Greek historian when he writes his work. / O historiador grego Tucídides escreveu a Guerra do Peloponeso porque percebeu que esta guerra seria grande, a maior guerra já acontecida. A obra marca uma transição de técnica narrativa: se, em Heródoto, o pai da História, segundo o orador latino Cícero, persiste a fábula, em Tucídides há o rompimento com o mythos, ou seja, a narrativa se constrói em termos concretos, pesquisados e analisados previamente (logos). Esse afastamento, contudo, é aparente. De fato, o historiador faz uso da razão ao compor sua narrativa, assim como utiliza uma linguagem por vezes “seca” e “áspera” e afirma manter-se fiel apenas aos fatos. Como relacioná-lo, então, com o mundo da literatura? Devemos analisar a figura do historiador a partir de outro viés. Segundo afirma White (1994), o viés do modo como uma situação histórica depende da sutileza e da harmonia entre a estrutura do enredo e o conjunto dos acontecimentos, formando, por meio desse processo, uma operação literária, criadora de ficção. O autor pesquisa, compila, analisa, interpreta e, por fim, recria os acontecimentos, reorganiza-os e reconfigura-os, com o intuito de produzir algo concreto, imparcial. A narrativa histórica, no entanto, está longe de ser tão simplória: há muitas interpretações possíveis, há muitas intersecções com outros gêneros (tais como o épico, o trágico e o cômico), e com outras áreas do conhecimento (a filosofia, a política, a economia). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é justamente apontar tais características no texto, evidenciando o labor artístico, o trabalho com a língua grega e a imaginação construtiva do historiador grego ao escrever sua obra.

Les œuvres d'Ion de Chios, un auteur polygraphe du Vème siècle avant notre ère, présentent d'une part la particularité d'appartenir à des genres littéraires différents et d'autre part celle d'être parvenues jusqu'à nous sous forme fragmentaire. Il s'agit uniquement de citations chez des auteurs contemporains ou postérieurs. Étudier ses fragments nécessite tout d'abord de présenter le contexte historique dans lequel ces œuvres furent produites, notamment en interrogeant la pluralité des liens (politique, militaire, économique, commercial, juridique, ou encore cultuel et culturel) tissés par l'île de Chios avec les différentes cités grecques, à commencer par Athènes. Partant, il devient possible de retracer la vie de l'auteur dans le monde grec du Vème siècle, ses voyages et ses rencontres, et surtout de mettre en avant le rôle qu'il joua dans la mise en place de l'impérialisme athénien. Il convient ensuite d'établir la traduction et l'analyse des différents fragments : drames, élégies et poèmes lyriques, traités philosophiques, récit de fondation et récit de voyages. En étudiant ainsi les différents genres pratiqués par Ion, nous montrons non seulement les apports et les écarts d'Ion à la tradition littéraire dans laquelle il s'inscrit, mais nous révélons aussi la cohérence de l'ensemble de son œuvre. Les analyses stylistiques et littéraires rencontrent alors des enjeux sociaux et politiques. Ces fragments appartenant exclusivement à la tradition indirecte des textes, les intentions des citateurs doivent aussi être prises en compte. Cela nous amène à proposer, pour finir, un aperçu de la réception d'Ion de Chios dans l'Antiquité, de la période classique à la renaissance byzantine. Force est de constater le rôle de modèle qu'Ion de Chios joua, non seulement pour les auteurs hellénistiques - Callimaque en témoigne -, mais aussi ceux de la Seconde Sophistique, Athénée ou Plutarque. / The works of Ion of Chios, a polymath writer of the fifth century B.C., have two particularities : firstly, they belong to different literary genres, secondly, they are uniquely fragmentary works, quotations quoted either by contemporary authors or by authors who lived after him. To study this fragments, we first need to present the historical context in which this works were written, in particular by showing the different kinds of links (political, military, economic, commercial, juridical or even cultic and cultural) between Chios island and the other Greek poleis and, first of all, between Chios and Athens. Thanks to this first analysis, it becomes possible to recount the life of Ion of Chios, his trips and his encounters, and, most of all, to reveal the major role he played (with his family) in the rising Athenian empire. Then, we have to establish the translation and the commentary of the different fragments : tragedies, elegies and lyrical pieces, philosophical treatise, philosophical logos, story of foundation, journeys. By considering the different literary genres that Ion wrote, we not only show the tribute and the contribution of Ion to literary tradition, but also the consistency of most of his works. Here, poetic and stylistic analysis meet historical and political issues. These fragments belonging exclusively to the "indirect tradition" of the text, we have to examine the intentions of the authors who quoted Ion of Chios. This search leads us to finally give an insight of the reception of Ion of Chios in Antiquity, from the classical period to the Byzantine Renaissance. It is here necessary to acknowledge the major role of Ion in literary history : he was not only a a leading figure and a role model for Hellenistic poets (Callimachus is the best example), but also a paradigm for the writers of the Second Sophistic, like Athenaeus or Plutarchus.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse en archéologie grecque, j’ai entrepris de travailler sur l’organisation du commerce maritime grec en Méditerranée orientale et en mer Noire aux Vème et IVème s. av. J.-C., et principalement sur la nature et l'intensité des échanges qui s'opéraient dans cette partie de la Méditerranée à l'époque. Pour mener à bien mon travail, j'ai constitué un nouveau catalogue des épaves grecques que j'ai ensuite confronté aux sources textuelles, épigraphiques, et archéologiques existantes. L'étude attentive des cargaisons des bateaux à laquelle je me livre participe à une meilleure compréhension des acteurs commerciaux de l'époque, des réseaux d'échanges et surtout du véritable rôle joué par Athènes. / In this present thesis concerning Greek Archaeology, I undertook to work on the organization of Greek maritime commerce in Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea during the 5th and 4th century BC. I worked mostly on the trade's nature and intensity occurring in this part of the Mediteranean in this time. In order to carry out my work properly, I established a new catalog of greek shipwrecks, that I then confront with textual, epigraphic and archaeological sources. The careful study of the ship's cargo takes part in a better understanding of the commercial actors, trading network and above all of the importance of Athens at this time.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to investigate and analyze the tyranny of the Deinomenids (491 – 466 BC), a family who controlled several Greek colonies located on the island of Sicily. Modern classical scholarship has often ignored the history and contributions this family has made to the Greek world or has taken a limited view of the family.</p> <p>I intend to present a comprehensive account of the Deinomenids and to demonstrate how this family, which has received little attention, played a major role in the Greek world. I will look into several aspects regarding their tyranny that have often been overlooked, including the ways in which they invented claims about themselves and manipulated their identities in order to elevate their status as rulers in Sicily. In addition to this, I will use the Deinomenids as a case study to illustrate the tension felt between the mainland and the Greek colonies in Sicily, as well as demonstrating how the West influenced and informed many of the advancements seen on the mainland in later generations.</p> <p>The first section of this thesis will investigate Greek tyranny and Greek colonization in the West. This will provide the backdrop of my study of the Deinomenids. The next section will present a catalogue of the historical, literary, and archaeological evidence that survives regarding the family. The third section will focus on the various methods that the family used to secure their powerbase in Sicily. This included using poetry, coinage, buildings, and religious cults. The last section will look at the aftermath of the Deinomenid tyranny and the long-lasting impact their rule had on Sicily and the mainland of Greece.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)