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Autenticitet och äkthet är ord som används i vardagliga sammanhang, inte bara som konservatorer, utan av alla. Vad menar vi när vi beskriver något som autentiskt eller äkta? Sättet vi använder orden på för att beskriva möbler lämnar mycket till en subjektiv tolkning baserad på vad personen som använder orden har valt att de ska betyda. Att hitta gemensamma betydelser för orden måste prioriteras eftersom det spelar en så central roll inom både handel och undersökning av möbler. En filosofisk paradox blir startskottet till en bättre förståelse för termerna. Resultaten av denna teoretiska analys används sedan som grund i en undersökning av den store möbeldesignern och arkitekten Pierre Jeanneret. Jag anser att det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan de två orden som är viktig att belysa för hur vi för samtal inom konserveringsyrket.

This thesis primarily investigates the graves and grave goods in the Greek northern Black Seacolonies in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. The study aims to understand whether a hybridisation occurred between Greeks and local cultures in the northern Black Sea during the mentioned centuries. In contrast to the archaeological material, this study also investigates the aspects of ancient sources and religious rituals to broaden the understanding of hybridisation. This study presents the material and discusses it through the lens of the socio-political events in the northern Black Sea to present the differences of the cultural and material differences between the northern Black Sea and Greece. The case of hybridisation can be argued to have occurred through this presentation, but the study’s limited scope can not present absolute proof of hybridisation occurring. / Denna studie presenterar främst gravar och grav fynd i det grekiska norra Svarta havet under500 och 400-talen f.Kr. Studiens mål är att försöka att förstå huruvida en hybridisering skedde mellan Grekerna och de lokala kulturerna i norra Svarta havet under de nämnda århundrandena. Utöver de arkeologiska källorna i form av gravar, så presenterar denna studie även andra aspekter av den antika världen. Antika texter och religiösa riter undersöks i studien för att vidga förståelsen kring förståelsen kring hybridisering i norra Svarta havet. Det presenterade materialet i denna studie analyseras och undersöks i förhållande med de då rådande socio-politiska händelserna som rörde norra Svarta havet. Genom undersökning av studiens material till de politiska händelserna, så kan en förståelse skapas kring norra Svarta havet, där den materiella kulturen och religion i området särskilde sig från Greklands Grekernas materiella kultur och religiösa riter. Hybridisering kan hävdas att ha skett och tagit plats i norra Svarta havet under dessa århundranden, men studiens omfattning kan inte hävda med absolut säkerhet att en hybridiserings process skedde i området. Eftersom rådande osäkerhet och dåliga preserverade fynd och rapporter, tillsammans med dåliga finansiella medel har bidragit till att området har blivit dåligt undersökt.

This thesis investigates the evidence for Sikel culture in central Sicily from the Bronze Age to the end of the fifth century. Previous scholarship on this period of Sicilian history has focused on the Greeks and their presence on the island; this thesis aims to bring to light the role that the Sikels played in the events of the early Classical period. The present work considers the interdisciplinary body of evidence for the Sikels before, during and after Ducetius’ συντέλεια in the mid-fifth century. The first chapter examines the archaeological evidence for the Sikels before Ducetius’ rise to power in 466 BCE. Continuities in Sikel burial practice and communal dining can be traced from the Bronze Age into the fifth century, and are significant in identifying and understanding the nature of Sikel presence at specific sites in the Sicilian interior. The next chapter focuses on Ducetius’ συντέλεια (466-440 BCE) and investigates the historical accounts of Sicily in the fifth century in conjunction with the archaeological evidence for the Sikels. Ducetius is considered in the context of the rise and fall of the Greek tyrants on the island in the first half of the fifth century. In addition, archaeological evidence at the site of Palikè, an important Sikel religious sanctuary, is examined, in order to highlight the continuity in Sikel religious practices during Ducetius’ remodeling of the sanctuary. This chapter then culminates with a discussion on the geographical extent of the Sikel territory to the death of Ducetius. Finally, the last chapter examines the historical and epigraphic evidence for the Sikels from Ducetius’ death to the rise of Dionysius I in 405. The Sikels remained important actors in Sicilian history in this period, and were considered by the Greeks and Carthaginians to be critical allies, as different groups vied for control on the island. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / This thesis considers the political organization and territory of the Sikel people of eastern Sicily from the Archaic period to the end of the fifth century BCE. In 466 BCE, a figure by the name of Ducetius arose and united the Sikels into a federation, or συντέλεια, against the Greek neighbours who inhabited the coasts to the east and south. Of particular consideration in this thesis is continuity and change in Sikel culture and political organization before, during and after Ducetius’ συντέλεια. The aim of this investigation is to demonstrate that the Sikel territory remained a discrete entity from the Greek city-states, and that the Sikels living within this territory both adopted aspects of Greek culture and maintained Sikel practices, into the reign of Dionysius I of Syracuse at the end of the fifth century.

<p>In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians.</p><p>Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio-political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. </p><p>Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history. </p>

In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians. Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio-political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history.

This thesis looks at the evolution of art collection in the middle to late Roman Republic. Through the examination of military triumphs, manubial structures, and the sculpture collection of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, this paper investigates the social motivations for art collection. Art’s role in Roman society as both spolia and luxuria is discussed through use of ancient literary sources and archaeological evidence. The evolving role of collection is considered as an expression of national and social identity in a politically changing Rome.

This essay plans to research the fall of the Roman Empire and especially look at the land-tax angle, my hypothesis is that the land-tax had a bigger effect of the Roman Empire fall than previously thought. This essay also investigates why the Western Roman Empire declined. To accomplish this a lot of research will be made about the decline and analysis of the content.  The main source of information about the land-tax will come from The Theodosian Code which is a book from the 5th-century about taxes in the Roman Empire. To reach this goal I will interpret the sources to clarify what actually happened. I use this information to either to confirm or discard other scientists’ theories. The result is that land-tax had a bigger influence on the Roman Empires fall the previously believed.

To fight as a gladiator held such appeal to some Romans during the early empire that they actually were ready to incur the legal stigma of infamia (infamy) just in order to participate as gladiators. But there were not only men who were drawn to the lure of the arena, even women fought as venatores (beast-hunters) and gladiators in the Roman games. The roman historian Cassius Dio informs us that in the early empire during the reign of Nero even men and women from the equestrian and senatorial rank participated in the arena in increasing numbers. This often overseen fact that women would appear as participants in the gladiatorial games in the Greco-Roman world is just another signifier that we have to re-evaluate our knowledge of the women of antiquity and their social outlooks. The fact that women participated is in a sense nothing new for the modern scholars, who have tended to view the evidence in the light of the lacking material and appearance in the ancient sources and have been content to explain the phenomena as something of a novelty, which does not tell us much about the romans or their society at all. But what does the appearance of women in the gladiatorial games tell us about the Romans view on gender roles in the arena? How did a female gladiator differ from a male gladiator in the Roman empire? With an intersectional perspective and a close-reading of the texts referring to female and male contestants and gladiators this study has showed that the roman elite observed the female gladiators with overwhelmingly negative attitudes if they where of higher social status. In this case they differ little from male gladiators. But attitudes concerning female gladiators were not all bad, especially if they were of no prominent class, some were even praised for their bravery and likened with Amazons or even Heraclese

This study will compare two prominent goddesses from the ancient Greek and Roman worlds, Athena and Minerva. The purpose is to explore what differences and likenesses the two goddesses have with each other, to see if a major distinction can be made between the two using mythological descriptions. The reason for the study is to show to what extent the Roman goddess Minerva had her own mythological background, attributes and character as distinct from that of Athena.  In academia the difference between Athena’s and Minerva’s characteristics are vague and unclear. Minerva’s Roman mythological background is often hard to point out since the Romans borrowed several mythological views of the gods and goddesses from the Greek perspective of the gods. With this comparison one will be able to more clearly know how the Romans viewed Athena’s counterpart by comparing the main Greek and Roman mythical description of the two. The materials used to compare the two will comprise of the Iliad, and the Aeneid. The fact that the ancient religions of Greece and Rome were different concerning their gods' character and place in the mythology of each culture is at times overlooked, albeit recognized. At instances they are simply lumped together as one and the same even though major differences might exist between them and the way they were viewed in their respective cultures. This habit of treating the gods in the respective sphere of Greek and Roman as the same is problematic because it takes away our understanding of them as gods from different religious cultures. This is particularly the case in our unconscious mind when we study Greek and Roman religion. The goal of this study is to identify what differences can be found and thereby get a clearer understanding of the similarities or differences between Athena and Minerva.