C-lignin (caffeyl-lignin) is a novel linear lignin polymer found in the seed coats of several non-crop plants, notably Vanilla planifolia (Vanilla), Jatropha Curcas (Jatropha), and Cleome hassleriana (Cleome). C-lignin has several advantages over normal G/S-lignin, found in the majority of lignocellulosic biomass, for valorization in the context of bioprocessing: less cross-linking to cell wall polysaccharides (less recalcitrant biomass), ordered linkages between monomers (homogeneous polymer), and no branching points (linear polymer). These properties make C-lignin an attractive replacement for native lignin in lignocellulosic biomass crops. The seed coats of Cleome hassleriana (Cleome) synthesize G-lignin during early seed maturation, then switch to synthesis of C-lignin during late maturation. This switch to C-lignin in Cleome seed coats is accompanied by loss of caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activities, along with changes in transcript abundance of several lignin related genes. The focus of this research thesis is to understand the biochemical changes leading to C-lignin deposition in Cleome hassleriana seed coats, and to explore the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to polymerize caffeyl alcohol to C-lignin. In this thesis, candidate transcripts were implicated in C-lignin biosynthesis by differential gene expression analysis of transcripts in seed coat tissues at 8-18 days after pollination (DAP) and in non-seed coat tissues. Three candidate genes were selected for recombinant expression and their in vitro kinetic properties were measured with potential substrates. Of the three candidates, a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (ChCAD5) was found to have high transcript levels during C-lignin formation and have a novel preference for converting caffealdehyde to caffeyl alcohol, the precursor of C-lignin. To determine if accumulation of caffeyl alcohol is sufficient for polymerization of C-lignin, Arabidopsis seedlings grown in a xylem induction system were supplied caffeyl alcohol. Polymerization of caffeyl alcohol was not found to occur in this Arabidopsis system, suggesting the need for a C-lignin specific polymerization mechanism.

Dormancy characteristics and optimum conditions for germination of Cleome gynandra seeds have not been explained. Seed storage proteins were extracted, analysed with SDS-PAGE and sequenced. Seed proteins of Cleome were characterised by comparison with those of wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Wild mustard showed seed proteins composed of two α-chains of molecular weight (24-32 kDa) and another two β-chains of 18-22 kDa. The seed proteins of Cleome comprised two α-chain polypeptides of molecular weight (25-30 kDa), two β-chain polypeptides of molecular weight (18-20 kDa) and a smaller β-chain of 13-15 kDa. The storage proteins occurred in the seeds as dimeric complexes of molecular weight 40-65 kDa, which were broken into polypeptide chains of approximately 20 and 30 kDa by the reducing . action of DTT. Comparison with proteins in the proteome library and similarity index further confirmed that the seed proteins of Cleome had similarities with those of wild mustard. Two dimensional SDS-PAGE showed that the two species have nine similar polypeptides and four different ones. Events associated with dormancy release during seed germination still require explanation. Seeds of Cleome are characterised by low germination and there has been no explanation for this. Changes in protein expression during germination of Cleome in the presence or absence of light and at constant or alternating temperatures were examined. The germination of Cleome seeds at 20 degrees C was inhibited by light, but it was improved at 20 degrees C in darkness. There was no photoinhibition when seeds were germinated at constant 30 degrees C or alternating 20/30 degrees C (16 h night and 8 h day) for 10 days. Four proteins were observed to decrease in expression as germination progressed, but remained unchanged during photoinhibition. Photoinhibition was expressed more in seeds that were harvested late, after the pods had turned brown. These seeds showed a fifth, low molecular weight protein (13 kDa) that was absent from the immature seeds and embryos. Photinhibition is a pseudo-dormancy condition during which seed storage proteins are not utilised and the seed coat could partially play a role in it. The temperatures for the germination of Cleome in darkness have been determined. However, prior to this study the effects of temperature, light and pre-germination treatments (chilling, scarification, hydration and germination in the presence of KN0(3) or GA(3) on the germination of the seeds of this species have not been investigated. Seeds were germinated for 10 days and the final count of germination was used to determine seed performance. The highest germination percentage (60% and 80%, for a 2-year old and a l-year old seed lot, respectively) of untreated seeds was achieved when alternating temperatures of 20/30 degrees C (16 h/S h) in the dark or constant 30 degrees C in the dark were used. Among the pre-germination treatments, only scarification (puncturing of seeds at the radicle end) improved germination. Seeds were found to be negatively photoblastic, and the phenomenon was more pronounced when they were germinated at 20 degrees C and 12 h photoperiod or longer. Germination of photoinhibited seeds was, however, improved by treatment with GA(3) It is recommended that the germination of Cleome be undertaken under conditions of darkness and at either alternating 20/30 degrees C or continuous 30 degrees C. Seed lot vigour and seedling vigour are two important seed quality aspects that are used in defining the seed germination process. Seed germination is appropriately characterised by radicle protrusion and the attainment of normal seedling structures. However, the international rules for testing seeds combine radicle protrusion and normal seedling attainment in separating seed germination into the first and final counts. The challenge to a seed analyst testing the germination of a species whose first and final counts are unknown is that there is no statistical guideline to determine these important stages of seed germination. Cauliflower and broccoli, for which the first and final counts are published in the international rules for testing seeds and Cleome, for which there is no data on the first and final counts, were examined to determine the statistical significances of the first and final counts. Analysis of variance, logistic regression, 'broken-stick' regression models and survival analysis procedures were used. Analysis of variance showed that there were no differences between the germination percentages on the fourth, fifth and seventh days of germination. Low and stable standard deviations were recorded when evaluating germination after the fourth day. The germination curves of broccoli and cauliflower did not fit the Gompertz curve but fitted the exponential curve. The broken-stick model 'broke' the cumulative germination curve for the Cleome seed lots into two linear curves that were significantly different, but failed to break those for broccoli and cauliflower. However, this study confirmed the first and final counts for broccoli and cauliflower as determined by the international rules for testing seeds. Broken-stick modelling and life table analyses confirmed the fourth day as being appropriate to determine the first count for Cleome germination. There was no evidence of further seed germination after the seventh day as shown by probability density and hazard rate. It is suggested that for Cleome, the 'first count' and 'final count' be performed on the fourth and seventh day of the germination, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

The C4 cycle represents a series of biochemical and anatomical modifications that are targeted to overcome the effects of photorespiration caused by the oxygenase capability of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO). The cycle has evolved independently in over 60 lineages, which suggests that recruitment of genes into the C4 cycle is a relatively easy process. However, the mechanisms by which the anatomy and cell-specificity of the components of the C4 cycle is achieved is poorly understood. Preliminary work in maize indicated several components of the C4 cycle may be targeted by microRNAs (miRNAs). To explore this, a library of sRNA sequences from mature leaf tissue of the model C4 species Cleome gynandra L. was generated and then searched against a list of expressed sequence tag sequences for candidate genes of the C4 cycle. To complement this, transgenic C. gynandra containing the viral p19 protein, which is capable of suppressing miRNA activity, were produced. A limited subset of the candidate C4 genes showed a high level of sRNA read alignment. In C. gynandra plants expressing p19 photosynthesis was compromised and transcripts of several genes (most notably RbcS and RCA) were upregulated. These data were complemented by examining the effect of illumination on developing C. gynandra cotyledons, and attempts to generate a hybrid between C. gynandra and the C3 C. hassleriana Chodat. RbcS also showed elevated abundance in etiolated cotyledons, although this rapidly declined after illumination. The remainder of the C4 genes profiled accumulated in etiolated tissue, but were upregulated within 6 hours of illumination. Therefore, this study has illustrated that miRNA activity may play a role in maintaining the C4 photosynthetic cycle at optimum efficiency, although it has not been possible to identify at which point(s) this regulation is applied. Secondly, RbcS appears to be subject to multiple regulatory mechanisms in C. gynandra, and it is possible that miRNAs have a role in negatively regulating expression of RbcS.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Cleome rosea é uma espécie nativa, de porte herbáceo, ocorrente em restingas brasileiras. Estudos recentes têm revelado o potencial medicinal da espécie para importantes propriedades farmacológicas, como por exemplo, as atividades anti-inflamatória, antigenotóxica, antiviral e antibacteriana. Porém, nos últimos anos, C. rosea não tem sido encontrada em várias regiões de seu ambiente natural, devido, principalmente, às ações antrópicas. Dessa forma, torna-se relevante o desenvolvimento de métodos de conservação que permitam o estudo e exploração das propriedades medicinais da espécie. O cultivo in vitro de raízes representa uma forma eficiente para produção de biomassa, devido ao rápido crescimento, produção estável de metabólitos, além de representar uma potencial fonte de explantes para a propagação em massa de diferentes espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a produção in vitro de culturas de raízes de C. rosea, associada à criopreservação, como forma de manutenção em longo prazo das culturas, monitorada através da análise de estabilidade genética. As culturas estabelecidas a partir de explantes radiculares de plantas propagadas in vitro de C. rosea demonstraram excelente capacidade de multiplicação de raízes em meio de cultura suplementado com o fitorregulador ANA, com manutenção dessa capacidade ao longo de sucessivas subculturas. Associado a esses resultados, o estabelecimento de protocolos de criopreservação pelo método de vitrificação resultou em elevados valores de frequência de recuperação do material após congelamento em nitrogênio líquido com as soluções de vitrificação PVS2 e PVS3. Os estudos de monitoramento da estabilidade genética, pela técnica de marcadores moleculares RAPD, revelaram a presença de polimorfismos significativos em uma das três culturas iniciadas a partir de raízes de C. rosea criopreservadas. Esses resultados demonstram as possibilidades de produção de raízes de C. rosea e conservação em longo prazo através da criopreservação, iniciando estudos inéditos para a espécie. / Cleome rosea is an herbaceous species found in the restinga vegetation of Brazil. Recent studies have reported its medicinal potential for important pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, antiviral and antibacterial activities. However, in recent years, no C. rosea plants have been found in their natural habitat, mainly due to human impact. Thus, it becomes applicable to the development of conservation methods that facilitate the study and exploration of the medicinal properties of C. rosea. The in vitro roots culture represents an efficient way to produce biomass, due to rapid growth, stable production of metabolites and represent a potential source of explants for mass propagation of different species. This study aimed to produce in vitro root cultures of C. rosea, associated with cryopreservation, as form of long-term maintenance of cultures, monitored by analysis of genetic stability. Cultures established from root explants of in vitro propagated plants of C. rosea showed excellent ability to multiplication of roots in culture medium supplemented with NAA plant regulator, maintaining this capacity during successive subcultures. Associated with these results, the establishment of protocols for cryopreservation by vitrification method resulted in high values of recovery frequency of the material after freezing in liquid nitrogen with vitrification solutions PVS2 and PVS3. Studies to monitoring the genetic stability by RAPD technique revealed the presence of significant polymorphisms in one of three cultures initiated from cryopreserved roots of C. rosea. These results demonstrate the potential production of roots of Cleome rosea and long-term conservation through cryopreservation, starting unpublished studies for the species.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Cleome rosea é uma espécie nativa, de porte herbáceo, ocorrente em restingas brasileiras. Estudos recentes têm revelado o potencial medicinal da espécie para importantes propriedades farmacológicas, como por exemplo, as atividades anti-inflamatória, antigenotóxica, antiviral e antibacteriana. Porém, nos últimos anos, C. rosea não tem sido encontrada em várias regiões de seu ambiente natural, devido, principalmente, às ações antrópicas. Dessa forma, torna-se relevante o desenvolvimento de métodos de conservação que permitam o estudo e exploração das propriedades medicinais da espécie. O cultivo in vitro de raízes representa uma forma eficiente para produção de biomassa, devido ao rápido crescimento, produção estável de metabólitos, além de representar uma potencial fonte de explantes para a propagação em massa de diferentes espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a produção in vitro de culturas de raízes de C. rosea, associada à criopreservação, como forma de manutenção em longo prazo das culturas, monitorada através da análise de estabilidade genética. As culturas estabelecidas a partir de explantes radiculares de plantas propagadas in vitro de C. rosea demonstraram excelente capacidade de multiplicação de raízes em meio de cultura suplementado com o fitorregulador ANA, com manutenção dessa capacidade ao longo de sucessivas subculturas. Associado a esses resultados, o estabelecimento de protocolos de criopreservação pelo método de vitrificação resultou em elevados valores de frequência de recuperação do material após congelamento em nitrogênio líquido com as soluções de vitrificação PVS2 e PVS3. Os estudos de monitoramento da estabilidade genética, pela técnica de marcadores moleculares RAPD, revelaram a presença de polimorfismos significativos em uma das três culturas iniciadas a partir de raízes de C. rosea criopreservadas. Esses resultados demonstram as possibilidades de produção de raízes de C. rosea e conservação em longo prazo através da criopreservação, iniciando estudos inéditos para a espécie. / Cleome rosea is an herbaceous species found in the restinga vegetation of Brazil. Recent studies have reported its medicinal potential for important pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, antiviral and antibacterial activities. However, in recent years, no C. rosea plants have been found in their natural habitat, mainly due to human impact. Thus, it becomes applicable to the development of conservation methods that facilitate the study and exploration of the medicinal properties of C. rosea. The in vitro roots culture represents an efficient way to produce biomass, due to rapid growth, stable production of metabolites and represent a potential source of explants for mass propagation of different species. This study aimed to produce in vitro root cultures of C. rosea, associated with cryopreservation, as form of long-term maintenance of cultures, monitored by analysis of genetic stability. Cultures established from root explants of in vitro propagated plants of C. rosea showed excellent ability to multiplication of roots in culture medium supplemented with NAA plant regulator, maintaining this capacity during successive subcultures. Associated with these results, the establishment of protocols for cryopreservation by vitrification method resulted in high values of recovery frequency of the material after freezing in liquid nitrogen with vitrification solutions PVS2 and PVS3. Studies to monitoring the genetic stability by RAPD technique revealed the presence of significant polymorphisms in one of three cultures initiated from cryopreserved roots of C. rosea. These results demonstrate the potential production of roots of Cleome rosea and long-term conservation through cryopreservation, starting unpublished studies for the species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoseliaSL.pdf: 2427942 bytes, checksum: 72c973dd87b5433d7d0b592195af336a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-02 / In this present work an ethnographic research was performed with 84 native medicinal specimens from the Litoral Norte Riograndense, from which two plants Cleome spinosa Jacq e Pavonia varians Moric were submitted to ethnobotanic, phytochemistry and pharmacologic investigations. Additionally, a phytopharmacological research of the medicinal specimen Croton cajucara Benth ( native plant of the Amazon region of Brazil) was improved. The obtained phytochemical results of the C. spinosa and P. varians showed the presence of flavonoids constituents, among other components. The two flavonoids (2S)-5-hydroxy-7,4 -dimethoxy-flavanone and 5,4 -dihydroxy-3,7,3 -trimethoxy-flavone were isolated from C. spinosa. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of C. spinosa and P. varians solubilized in the microemulsion systems SME-1 and SME-4, was evaluated in the DPPHmethod. The used SME systems [obtained with Tween 80: Span 20 (3:1) and isopropyl myristate (IPM)] improved the dissolution of those tested polar extracts, with higher efficacy to the SME-1 system (in which ethanol was included as cosurfactant). The CE50 values evidenced for P. varians were 114 [g/mL (SME-1) and 246 [g/mL (SME-4); for C. spinosa it was 224 [g/mL (SME-1) and 248 [g/mL (SME-4), being the system SME-1 more effective for both tested extracts. The hydroalcoholic extracts of P. varians (HAE-PV) was also submitted to pharmacological screening for antinociceptive activity in animal models. The oral administration of this extract (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg) inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The higher inhibition (74%) was evidenced to the 1000 mg/kg administered dose. Its effect on the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by tail flick and formalin-method and reveled that it has negligible antinociceptive action on the CNS. After taking consideration of HAE-PV interaction, Pavonia varians Moric could be used as a potent analgesic agent in case of peripheral algesia, without affecting the CNS. The phytochemical study of the stem bark of Croton cajucara Benth lead to the isolation of 19-nor-clerodanetype diterpenes, as well as to the separation of its fixed oil FO-CC. This non polar oil material reveled to be rich in sesquiterpenes and 19-nor-clerodanes components. The biologic effect of OF-CC was evaluated in the development in vitro of the fungis phytopatogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Significant inhibitory effect of the tested fungis (at 0,2 mg.mL-1 dosage) were comproved. A Mass Spectrometry study of clerodane-type diterpenes was developed in order to identify characteristic fragments on mass spectrometra of both clerodane and 19-nor-clerodane presenting an α,β-insaturated carbonyl moiety at ring A of the decalin-system. For that study, mass spectroscopy data were analysed for 19-nor-clerodanes [trans-dehydrocrotonin (DCTN), trans-crotonin (CTN), cis-cajucarin B (c-CJC-B), and cajucarinolide (CJCR)] and for clerodanes [isosacacarin (ISCR) and transcajucarin A (t-CJC-A)] obtained from the stem bark of C. cajucara, and also clerodane-type from other species. The trans-junction of the enone-system clerodanes was clear correlated with the presence of the characteristic ions at m/z 95, 121 e 205. Meanwhile, the characteristics ions at m/z 122 e 124 were correlated to cis-junction. The trans-junction of the enone-system 19-nor-clerodanes showed characteristics ions at m/z 161, 134 e 121. This study could be successful employed for identification of clerodane constituents from other specimens without any additional spectroscopic analyses, as well as a previously phytochemical analyzes in clerodane project search / Neste trabalho realizou-se uma pesquisa etnogr?fica envolvendo oitenta e quatro esp?cimes vegetais nativas do Litoral Norte Riograndense. Duas destas esp?cies Cleome spinosa Jacq e Pavonia varians Moric foram alvo de estudos etnobot?nico, fitoqu?mico e farmacol?gico. Em adi??o, ampliou-se os estudos fitofarmacol?gicos de Croton cajucara Benth, uma esp?cie medicinal nativa da regi?o Amaz?nica. Os resultados fitoqu?micos de Cleome spinosa e Pavonia varians indicaram dentre outros metab?litos especiais, a presen?a de flavon?ides. Os flavon?ides (2S)-5-hidroxi-7,4 -dimetoxi-flavanona e 5,4 -diidroxi-3,7,3 -trimetoxi-flavona foram isolados de Cleome spinosa. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos hidroalco?licos de P. varians e C. spinosa solubilizados em sistemas microemulsionados (SME), foi avaliada frente ao radical livre DPPH. Os sistemas SME-1 e SME-4 [contendo Tween 80: Span 20 (3:1) e miristato de isopropila (IPM)] mostraram-se eficazes na solubiliza??o dos extratos avaliados, tendo sido observado melhor efic?cia para o sistema SME-1 [EC50 = 113,84 μg/mL (SME-1) and 246,00 μg/mL (SME-4) para P. varians e EC50: 223,97 μg/mL (SME-1) e 248,37 μg/mL (SME-4) para C. spinosa (sistema SME-1contendo etanol como cotensoativo e SME-4, isento de cotensoativo]. A a??o antinociceptiva de Pavonia varians foi confirmada atrav?s do teste das contor??es abdominais, tendo sido observado rela??o dose/efeito inibit?rio dependente do extrato hidroalco?lico desta esp?cie. Os testes do tipo tail flick e da formalina afastaram a possibilidade da participa??o de mecanismos antinociceptivos no sistema nervoso central. No entanto, no teste da formalina evidenciou-se a participa??o de mecanismos antiinflamat?rios na produ??o do efeito antinociceptivo deste extrato. O estudo fitoqu?mico das cascas do caule de Croton cajucara Benth conduziu ao isolamento de diterpenos do tipo 19-nor-clerodano, bem como ? obten??o do ?leo fixo OF-CC, rico em sesquiterpenos e 19-nor-clerodano bioativos. O efeito de OF-CC foi avaliado no desenvolvimento in vitro dos fungos fitopatog?nicos Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii propagados em meio de cultura Batata-dextrose-agar. A resposta fisiol?gica, variou de acordo com o tipo de fungo testado, tendo sido observado que o OF-CC apresentou efeito fungist?tico significativo, com efeito inibit?rio mais est?vel para o g?nero de fungo Fusarium oxysporum. Realizou-se ainda, um estudo de espectrometria de massas objetivando-se a identifica??o de fragmentos caracter?sticos de diterpenos do tipo clerodano (com dados obtidos na literatura) e 19-nor-clerodano (isolados das cascas do caule de C. cajucara), tendo sido evidenciado que a jun??o trans de clerodanos est? correlacionada com a presen?a dos ?ons caracter?stico de m/z 95, 121 e 205. Os sistemas de jun??o cis de clerodanos apresentaram ?ons caracter?sticos de m/z 122 e 124. A jun??o trans de 19-nor-clerodanos foi correlacionada com a presen?a dos ?ons caracter?stico de m/z 161, 134 e 121. Este estudo pode ser utilizado na identifica??o de diterpenos do tipo clerodano e 19-nor-clerodano, contendo carbonila α,β-insaturada no anel A do sistema decal?nico, evitando desta forma, a brigatoriedade de isolamento e caracteriza??o via RMN

No description available.

Thesis (M. Sc.(Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / Cleome gynandra is increasingly becoming an important strategy for achieving food and nutrition security among rural households in many developing countries. Root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes, with limited nematode management strategies, limit the successful production of this vegetable crop. Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides are separately being developed in South Africa for sustainable crop production systems. However, the two products have not been simultaneously tested for managing the notorious Meloidogyne species and absorption of phosphorus, with a combination of Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). The objective of this study therefore was to determine the interactive effects of VAM and each of the two phytonematicides on nutrient content, growth of C. gynandra. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, with the first, second and third factors being VAM (V), nematode (N) and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide (P). The eight treatments included (1) untreated control (V0N0P0), (2) nematodes alone (V0N1P0), (3) VAM alone (V1N0P0) (4) Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide alone (V0N0P1), (5) V1N1P0, (6) V0N1P1, (7) V1N0P1 and (8) V1N1P1, were laid out in a randomised complete block design, with ten replications. The same layout experiment was done for the Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide trial which had a similar layout. Seedlings were irrigated with 250 ml chloride-free tapwater every other day for 56 days. Multifeed and NPK (2:3:2(22) fertilisers were applied at transplanting. The second order interaction (V1N1P1), was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for plant height contributing 54% in TTV (Total Treatment Variation) of the variable. Among the main factors (N, P and V), only nematode had highly significant effects on stem diameter. All interactions of VAM, nematode and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and main factors each had no significant effect on Cleome. The second order (V1N1P1) and the first order interaction (V1N1P1) did not have significant effects on the three nutrient elements except for the first order interaction (V1N0P1) which was significant on foliar Zn contributing 42% in TTV of the variable. Also nematode had highly significant effect on foliar K and significant effect on foliar Zn contributing 49 and 31% in TTV of the respective variables. Using the two-way table, VAM and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide each increased foliar Zn by 27% and 29%, respectively. The second and first order interactions of VAM, N and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide and the main factors did not have significant effect on foliar K, Fe and Zn. The second order interaction of VAM, nematode and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had significant effects on gall rating, contributing 2% in TTV of the variable. VAM, nematode and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide showed that the second and first order interaction except for V1N0P1 interaction on gall rating, were not significant for nematode variables. The V1N0P1 interaction contributed 20% in TTV of gall rating. Using a two-way table, VAM and phytonematicide each increased root galls by 7% and 74%, respectively. Combined, VAM and phytonematicide reduced root galls by 64%. The innovative products interacted together and that Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides and VAM alone could be used in managing nematodes. / National Research Foundation, Agricultural Research Council-Universities Collaboration Centre

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T17:42:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 576675.pdf: 24206483 bytes, checksum: f9816b609327b2737e0382acc3943b53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T17:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 576675.pdf: 24206483 bytes, checksum: f9816b609327b2737e0382acc3943b53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Estuda a biologia floral, a fenologia e a reprodução de Capparis lineata Domb. ex Pers., Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. e Cleome rosea Vahl. ex DC., em áreas de restinga, localizadas em Itaipuaçu e Maricá (RJ, Brasil), no período de 1997 a 2000. As duas espécies de Capparis apresentam flores brancas, planas, nectaríferas, perfumadas, hermafroditas e noturnas. As flores são polinizadas por esfingídios, fato confirmado pelas observações de campo e pela presença de escamas de lepidópteros noturnos sobre os estigmas. Capparis lineata é uma trepadeira pouco frequente na área de estudos, apresenta floração anual e sincrônica que se estende de setembro (final da estação fria e seca) a dezembro (meados da estação quente e chuvosa), com pico em outubro. Capparis flexuosa tem hábito variando de arbusto prostrado a arvoreta e ocorre desde a zona da praia até a fimbria da mata, sendo muito frequente nas comunidades densas e fechadas que ocorrem sobre os cordões arenosos. Apresenta floração extensa, durante cerca de 10 meses do ano, com vários episódios de emissão floral, os quais são mais sincrônicos nos meses de dezembro/janeiro e março (estação quente e chuvosa), quando as flores duram apenas uma noite e originam muitos frutos com muitas sementes. Nos episódios que ocorrem na estação fria e seca, as flores permanecem atrativas pela manhã, podendo ser polinizadas por Xylocopa ordinaria, originando, entretanto, frutos pequenos e com poucas sementes. São feitas considerações acerca do envolvimento de formigas na dispersão das sementes de C. flexuosa. O estudo mostra uma grande variabilidade morfológica entre todas as espécies esfingófilas encontradas na área de estudo, além de uma forte sazonalidade do evento de floração das mesmas, que ocorre, predominantemente, na estação quente e chuvosa. Capparis lineata e C. flexuosa são auto-incompatíveis, com proporções Fruto/Flor de 6,9% e 45%, respectivamente. A baixa produção de frutos em C. lineata foi investigada, tendo-se concluído que tanto a limitação de polinizadores quanto a falta de recursos energéticos maternos estão envolvidos no número de frutos produzidos por planta. Cleome rosea é monocárpica, com ciclo de vida anual. As populações naturais e cultivadas apresentam sistema sexual subdióico, com plantas exclusivamente femininas, as quais emitem apenas flores pistiladas, e plantas poliníferas, que emitem flores hermafroditas (7,9% a 48,7%), estaminadas (50% a 92,1 %) e pistiladas (0 a 2,4%). As flores são zigomorfas, de cor rosa, nectaríferas e polinizadas, principalmente, por borboletas. Flores hermafroditas apresentam hercogamia, que previne a auto-polinização espontânea. Nas plantas poliníferas, as flores hermafroditas, em geral, são emitidas na base das inflorescências e antecedem a emissão das flores estaminadas, caracterizando uma dicogamia inter-floral. São apresentadas evidências de que a presença de frutos na base das inflorescências inibe a emissão de novas flores hermafroditas e acelera o início da fase de emissão de flores estaminadas. A espécie é autocompatível. As sementes produzidas pelas plantas femininas são resultantes de xenogamia, enquanto que aquelas produzidas pelas plantas poliníferas podem ser resultantes de geitonogamia. Em condições naturais, as plantas femininas produzem mais frutos e sementes do que as plantas poliníferas. Os frutos das primeiras contêm sementes com menor índice de aborto e com maior taxa de germinação. / Studies floral biology, phenology and reproductive system of Capparis lineata Domb. ex Pers., Capparis flexuosa (L.) L. and Cleome rosea Vahl. ex DC., at sandy coastal plains ("restingas") of Maricá (RJ, Brasil), from 1997 to 2000. The two species of Capparis present white, dish-type, nectariferous, scented, hermaphrodite and nocturnal flowers. The pollination by sphingids had been confirmed based on observation of natural populations and by the finding of nocturnal lepidoptera's scales over the stigmas. Capparis lineata is a climber uncommon in the study area. It presents annual and synchronous flowering which remains from September (end of the cold and dry season) to December (rniddle of the hot and rainy season), with its peak in October. Capparis flexuosa varies from a prostrate shrub to a small tree and is found from the vicinity of the beach to the edge of the woods, being more common in the dense scrub communities at the sandy layers. It presents extensive flowering, during ten months in the year, with several episodes of floral emission, which are more synchronous in December, January and March (hot and rainy season), when the flowers last only one night, producing many fruits with many seeds. During the cold and dry season, the flowers remain attractive in the morning, and can be pollinated by Xylocopa ordinaria, generating, however, smaller fruits with fewer seeds. Considerations are risen about the participation of ants in the seed dispersion of C. flexuosa. The study shows a great morphological variability between the flowers of all the sphingophyllous species found at the study area, and also a strong seasonality of the flowering periods, tending towards the wet and hot season. Capparis lineata e C. jlexuosa are self-incompatible, with Fruit/Flower proportions of 6.9% and 45%, respectively. The possible causes of the low fruit-set of C. lineata has been investigated and evidences of pollinator limitation and selective abortion of fruits is presented. Cleome rosea is an annual monocarpic species. The natural and cultivated populations present female plants, with only pistilate flowers, and polliniferous plants, with hermaphrodite (7.9% to 48.7%), staminate (50% to 92.1%) and pistilate flowers (0 to 2.4%), characterizing a subdioecious sexual system. The zygomorphic, pink, nectariferous flowers of C. rosea are mainly pollinated by butterflies. The hennaphrodites flowers have intra-floral hercogamy, which prevent the spontaneous self-pollination, and, in general, are produced at the base of the inflorescences and precede the emission of the staminate flowers, characterizing an inter-floral dicogamy. Evidences are showed that the presence of developing fruits at the base of the inflorescences inhibit the new hemaphrodite flowers and accelerate the beginning of the staminate phase of flower emission. The species is self-compatible. The seeds produced by the female plants are always cross-fertilized, while the seeds produced by the polliniferous plants may be self-fertilized by geitonogamy. In natural conditions, the female plants produce more fruits and seeds, with smaller rate of abortion and greater rate of germination than the polliniferous ones.