Using session events from nine dyads (counsellors-in-training and their clients), the present study examined how counsellors-in-training react to client weeping events. Trainees' reactions were observed across three different phases of psychotherapy (early, middle, and late) in order to investigate whether there were important changes in counsellors' reactions across time. Two studies---using distinct but complementary methodological perspectives---were employed for this investigation. / Results from the first, quantitative analysis indicated that, during weeping events, trainees adopted a mainly warm and empathic attitude towards their clients. To a lesser degree, they adopted an exploratory stance by working with clients' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Finally, they demonstrated almost no negative attitudes that would be characterized by a defensive or judgmental style. A further important finding from this analysis was that therapist attitudes and behaviours did not significantly change across the three phases of psychotherapy. / A finer-grained, qualitative examination using discovery-oriented methodology indicated that changes in trainees' behaviours and attitudes over time were discernible. Therapists became more focused on the present, learned to balance their focus on clients' cognitions as well as emotions, and used a variety of interventions to do so. Throughout all three phases, they were found to adopt an empathic and accepting attitude towards their clients. Trainees were also found to become more active and solution-oriented in the last phase of therapy. In terms of the quality of trainees' tasks, some commonalities were found between tasks judged positively and negatively regardless of time, however, no clear pattern of quality of tasks was found across the three phases.

No description available.

This hermeneutic phenomenological study explores eight psychotherapists' and counsellors' experiences and understandings of 'inexplicable' phenomena that sometimes occur when working with clients.The purpose of the study is to stimulate thinking about these experiences and bring them into conversation within the psychoanalytic community.The findings emerging from this research reveal that inexplicable phenomena may occur when therapists and counsellors are in an 'open', meditative state in which the boundaries between self and the world seem lessened and time and space are experienced differently. The phenomena may take many forms, including the apparent knowing about events that are later reported by clients, which it would not have been possible to 'sense' in the usual way, and the seeing of semi-solid forms, which may be static or moving.The meanings made of the experiences vary according to different spiritual and theoretical worldviews but, invariably, the experiences are interpreted as receiving a communication from, or being attuned to, the unconscious mind or a spiritual intelligence or source of knowledge. This is discussed in relation to psychotherapeutic, phenomenological and spiritual literature. Occultism is another field we shall have to conquer There are strange and wondrous things in these lands of darkness. Please don't worry about my wanderings in these infinitudes. I shall return laden with rich bounty for our knowledge of the human psyche (Jung to Freud 1911: Mc. Guire, 1991, p. 223).I advise against. Don't do it. By it you would be throwing a bomb into the psychoanalytical house, which would be certain to explode. (Freud's letter to Ferenczi, (1919) when the latter wanted to present his telepathic experiments to the next IPA conference (Jones, 1957, p. 42).Freud wrote to psychic researcher , Hereward Carrington, that: "If I had my life to live over again, I should devote myself to psychical research rather than to psychoanalysis" (Jones 1957, p. 32). In 1929, Freud denied having said this but Ernest Jones tracked down the evidence of the letter (Farrell, 1983).

This study provides evidence between auditors' fees and earnings management in New Zealand. The fee measures used in this study are audit fees, non-audit fees and total fees paid by a client to the audit firm. For each of the three fee measures, I derive client importance fee measures that reflect a client’s economic importance to the auditor relative to other clients of the auditor at the city office and national levels. This study employs both performance adjusted discretionary accruals and current accruals as proxies for earnings management. Using a sample of 224 firm-years comprising firms listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) in fiscal years 2004 and 2005, the results of multivariate tests indicate an adverse association between non-audit fees and earnings management. In other words, non-audit fees paid by a client relative to fees paid by other clients, at the office and national levels, appear to impair the auditor’s independence because clients generating relatively more non-audit fees report greater discretionary and current accruals. Such evidence is more pronounced for income increasing accrual proxies for earnings management. The results also show that audit fee is not related to earnings management. As the results in this study are consistent across both discretionary and current accruals, the validity of the results is strengthened. This study contributes to the literature by providing insight into how auditors’ fee metrics indicating client importance affect earnings management in a legal and institutional environment of a small economy, and where the audit market is largely saturated with little room for growth. This study raises implications for relevant regulatory bodies in New Zealand pertaining to future developments of auditor independence and financial reporting regulations.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Registered nurses, while carrying out their professional roles, regularly encounter situations with ethical components. While there are research findings reporting the types of ethical challenges nurses face, their level of involvement in ethical decision-making, and reasoning processes used, how nurses actually deal with situations that challenge them personally has not been specifically explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial processes that can explain how registered nurses reason and make decisions when faced with ethical situations that challenge their personal values and belief systems. A grounded theory approach was used to conduct the study, allowing a substantive theory to be developed. Twenty-three nurses, currently working in metropolitan or regional areas in New South Wales, volunteered to participate in the study. Two methods of data collection were utilised, the first being semi-structured, in-depth interviews which were audio taped then transcribed. The second method used hypothetical vignettes with associated questions to which the participants were invited to anonymously return written responses. Data were managed by means of the computer program NVivo 2, while constant comparative analysis using open, axial and selective coding, as outlined by Strauss and Corbin (1998), was performed. The substantive theory which emerged from the data explains the processes used by nurses when they have to deal with ethical challenges to their personal values and beliefs. The basic psychosocial process (core category) of protecting client autonomy reveals a pattern of moral reasoning that gives priority to the client’s self-determined choices. This subsumes the key processes (subcategories) of: (1) being self-aware, (2) determining duties to other/s versus self, (3) engaging self as protector, and (4) restoring self from tension or anguish, which link to each other and to the core category to explain the various sub-processes used when protecting client autonomy is considered a priority. Findings in the study revealed that nurses who give primacy to client autonomy believe they should not impose their own preferred choices on to clients. Yet the emphasis on client autonomy is also paradoxical, since it may come at the cost of compromise and even denial of the nurses’ own autonomy and their deeply held values and beliefs. When they become aware that their personal values and beliefs are being challenged, they are at times prepared to compromise their own values or beliefs, yield to constraints, or put themselves at risk in order to protect the autonomy of clients. Such actions can leave nurses experiencing ethical tension or anguish for which they need to seek support. Opportunities to find appropriate support are not always available to them in the work environment. The findings in this study have important implications for both nurses and the nursing profession. The pattern of moral reasoning shows generosity and nurses’ commitment to their caring and advocacy roles. However, when nurses are regularly prepared to compromise their own values or beliefs because they give priority to protecting client autonomy, there is a risk they may be left with a sense of loss to their personal worth and in their ability to be moral agents. Further, in some situations it may occur out of complacency because they simply accept that it is the client’s choice, absolving the nurse of further moral responsibility. Appropriate support systems need to be available to nurses to help them deal with the consequences which may occur as a result of giving preference to clients’ choices, over their own.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Diplomarbeit.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, March, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (MHSc--Health Science) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2005. / Also held in print (viii, 100 leaves, 30 cm.) in Akoranga Theses Collection. (T 616.8914 ROS)

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2008. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 20, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78).