The thermal environment in outdoor spaces can significantly influence users’ thermal perception and thus their use of these spaces. Improving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces will most likely encourage people to spend more time outdoors, with the potential to improve their health and wellbeing, as well as boosting social cohesion. As well as enhancing the environmental quality of cities it should also eventually improve the quality of life of its citizens. This thesis is one of the first attempts to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort and the effect of cultural differences in hot arid climates. Case studies were carefully selected in two different parts of the world (Marrakech in North Africa and Phoenix-Arizona in North America) to represent a variety of users in similar climatic context. Field surveys, carried out during winter and summer, included: structured interviews with a standard questionnaire; observations of the human activities; and microclimatic monitoring. The results revealed that the solely physiological approach is insufficient to assess the outdoor thermal comfort conditions in hot arid climates. Environmental variables such as air temperature and solar radiation, could have a great impact on the use of the outdoor spaces in the hot arid climate, and may determine the number of people and activities in them. The study also shows that participants who usually spend more time outdoors due to their life style, “outdoors individuals”, tend to stay longer in the studied sites compared with the “indoors individuals” who spend more time indoors. This is probably because the “outdoor individuals” have better experience of the outdoor conditions and respective thermal conditions. Experience has a strong link with expectations so that according to their past experience, people prepare themselves for the expected weather by taking adaptive measures. People from different cultures in the hot arid climate are likely to evaluate their thermal conditions differently, have diverse thermal comfort requirements, and use urban public spaces differently as well. Further work needs to be done to cover more geographical areas within the hot arid climate. Such an expansion may generalise the findings of this study or explain any particularity associated with the sites of the current study. More research is also needed to investigate he thermal requirements and use of outdoor spaces by different social groups by using robust classification methods. Emphasis should be on investigating the influence of thermal comfort on the use of outdoor public spaces by young and older people, and how that may affect their health and will being in such climates.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-29T12:02:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucimar Silva dos Santos.pdf: 16274823 bytes, checksum: 18ca997dcfb4202ecdd6bbcf0614765f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-29T12:02:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucimar Silva dos Santos.pdf: 16274823 bytes, checksum: 18ca997dcfb4202ecdd6bbcf0614765f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-29T12:02:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucimar Silva dos Santos.pdf: 16274823 bytes, checksum: 18ca997dcfb4202ecdd6bbcf0614765f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-29T12:02:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lucimar Silva dos Santos.pdf: 16274823 bytes, checksum: 18ca997dcfb4202ecdd6bbcf0614765f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-10 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This work deals with the main environmental constraints related will manifestation of dengue in the city of Manaus-AM. The objectives are to analyze the interactions between urban climate and the incidence of dengue in the city of Manaus AM, identify environmental conditions (climate and urbanization) prevailing during the occurrence of dengue epidemics in Manaus, integrate urban environmental information with dengue incidence data from the city of Manaus and Compare districts with major / minor cases of dengue. In theoretical and methodological procedures were used monthly data collected precipitation in the stations of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) for the period 2000-2012, stressing that there is data for the years 2013-2015. For epidemiological analysis were collected data in the database of the National Information Grievances SINAN Notification System, which pass on the information automatically via SINAN-NET for the Ministry of Health and SEMSA (Municipal Health Department). For the treatment of dengue data was used Climograph and tables, plus the 2000 SiG tool use as ArcGis and Qgis 2.12 in the preparation of maps. The work also was based on the Environmental System Urban (SAU) allowing carry out an explanatory survey of the main urban environmental problems of the city of Manaus, taking into account the analysis of dengue epidemics, influences the climate of the city carries for its dissemination as well as urban environmental context partner. Based on environmental approaches, this research raised secondary data that helped in understanding the factors related to the formation and maintenance of the viral cycle of the disease. Field work was carried out in the Municipal Health Department, the body responsible for programs to combat disease and observation of the areas of highest concentration of dengue mosquito outbreaks in Manaus. To understand the environmental conditions were developed analyzes of Breteau data conducted in 2007 LIRAas 2015, enabling us to discover which social conditions of greater coverage in epidemics dengue.A city of Manaus experienced a population growth and consequently in its expansion was the emergence of new neighborhoods in recent decades. Among the many problems, there are the dengue epidemic, which, since 1996, affecting a significant portion of the population. Dengue in Manaus is considered an endemic disease. The main environmental conditions responsible for the spread and manifestation of dengue in Manaus, were: temperature, rainfall, waste disposal that store water in the streets and wastelands, combined inefficiency of public policies. / Este trabalho trata os principais condicionantes socioambientais relacionados á manifestação da dengue na cidade de Manaus-AM. Os objetivos são: Analisar as interações entre o clima urbano e a incidência da dengue na cidade de Manaus- AM, identificar as condições socioambientais (clima e urbanização) predominantes durante a ocorrência de epidemias de dengue em Manaus, Integrar as informações socioambientais urbanas com os dados de incidência de dengue do município de Manaus e comparar bairros com maiores/menores casos de dengue. Nos procedimentos teórico-metodológicos foram utilizados dados mensais de precipitação coletados nas estações do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) referente ao período compreendido entre 2000-2012, salientando que há dados correspondentes aos anos de 2013-2015. Para as análises epidemiológicas foram coletados dados no banco do Sistema Nacional de Informação de Agravos de Notificação SINAN, que repassam as informações automaticamente, via SINAN-NET para o Ministério da Saúde e SEMSA (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde). Para o tratamento dos dados de dengue utilizou-se climogramas e tabelas, além do uso de ferramenta de SiG 2000 como ArcGis e Qgis 2.12 na elaboração dos mapas. O trabalho também se fundamentou no Sistema Ambiental Urbano (SAU) permitindo realizar um levantamento explicativo dos principais problemas socioambientais urbanos da cidade de Manaus, levando-se em consideração as análises das epidemias de dengue, as influências que o clima da cidade exerce para sua disseminação, assim como contexto sócio ambiental urbano. Baseado em abordagens socioambientais, esta pesquisa levantou dados secundários que auxiliaram na compreensão dos fatores ligados à formação e manutenção do ciclo viral da enfermidade. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, órgão responsável pelos programas de combate à doença e observação das áreas de maior concentração de focos do mosquito da dengue em Manaus. Para a compreensão dos condicionantes socioambientais foram desenvolvidas análises dos dados de Breteau realizados nos LIRAas de 2007 a 2015, permitindo descobrir quais os condicionantes sociais de maior abrangência nas epidemias de dengue.A cidade de Manaus passou por um crescimento populacional e consequentemente em sua expansão houve o surgimento de novos bairros nas últimas décadas. Dentre os vários problemas, destacam-se as epidemias de dengue, que, a partir de 1996, acometem uma parcela significativa da população. A dengue em Manaus é considerada uma enfermidade endêmica. Os principais condicionantes socioambientais responsáveis pela disseminação e manifestação da dengue em Manaus, foram: temperatura, chuvas, descarte de resíduos que armazenam água nas ruas e terrenos baldios, aliadas a ineficiência das políticas públicas.

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Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-18T12:47:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Taciana Oliveira dos Santos.pdf: 6392936 bytes, checksum: c3276b7eadcc0a19441877f4f21521af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T12:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taciana Oliveira dos Santos.pdf: 6392936 bytes, checksum: c3276b7eadcc0a19441877f4f21521af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The phenomenon of urban heat islands is directly related to human activities and the type of materials and equipment used in the expansion of the urban fabric (concrete, asphalt, roofing, etc..), Which absorb and retain heat from sunlight, mainly because it is not just used to process Evaporative which certainly feeds the increase in air temperature in cities. Thus, this study was to analyze and identify the phenomenon of urban heat island between urban areas of Recife-PE, from TM images Landsat 5. For the study was obtained images from orbit 214 points 65 and 66, the dates of 04/08/1998 and 06/09/2010. From the image processing were generated letters of the surface temperature, albedo and NDVI to the city of Recife and five selected districts (Pina Santo Amaro, Casa Amarela, Dois irmãos and Curado ), to analyze the dynamics of transformation occurring in area study. Through the profile developed for the study area was perceived to increase spatial and temporal surface temperature toward the center-suburbs, resulting in a difference of 6°C between these areas. Neighborhoods with urban concentrations, lots of buildings vertical and horizontal, stood out as those at higher temperatures, performing over 27°C, found in the districts of Casa Amarela and the Santo Amaro. In areas where there was a reduction of the vegetation index was an increase in surface temperatures around 3°C. The emergence heat islands can be attributed to following factors: concentration buildings which implies in increased temperature; energy production anthropogenic issuing heat coming industries, transits and dwellings; replacement vegetation by asphalt; radiation, caused by emissivity bodies. / O fenômeno ilhas de calor urbano está diretamente relacionado com as atividades humanas e com o tipo de materiais e equipamentos empregados na expansão da malha urbana (concreto, asfaltos, telhados, etc.), os quais absorvem e conservam o calor proveniente da radiação solar, principalmente por não ser praticamente utilizado no processo evaporativo o que certamente alimenta o aumento da temperatura do ar nas cidades. Assim, este trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo analisar e identificar o fenômeno ilha de calor entre áreas urbanas da cidade do Recife-PE, a partir de imagens TM do satélite Landsat 5. Para a realização do estudo foram obtidas imagens da órbita 214 dos pontos 65 e 66, nas datas de 04/08/1998 e 06/09/2010. A partir do processamento das imagens foram geradas cartas de temperatura da superfície, albedo e NDVI para a cidade do Recife e cinco bairros selecionados (Pina, Santo Amaro, Casa Amarela, Dois Irmão e Curado), para analisar a dinâmica de transformação ocorrida na região de estudo. Por meio do perfil desenvolvido para área de estudo foi perceptível o aumento espacial e temporal das temperaturas da superfície no sentido centro-subúrbio, resultando em uma diferença de 6°C entre essas áreas. Os bairros com adensamento urbano, grande quantidade de construções verticais e horizontais, destacaram-se como os que possuem temperaturas mais elevadas, apresentando-se acima de 27°C, constatado nos bairros de Casa Amarela e Santo Amaro. Nas áreas onde ocorreu redução do índice de vegetação houve um aumento da temperatura da superfície em torno de 3°C. O surgimento das ilhas de calor pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: concentração de edificações, que implica no acréscimo da temperatura; produção de energia antropogênica pela emissão de calor provenientes das indústrias, trânsitos e habitações; substituição da cobertura vegetal pelo asfalto; a radiação, causada pela emissividade de corpos.

The process of residential suburbanization, frequently in form of urban sprawl, takes place in the developed countries since mid 18th century. On the other hand, in the Czech Republic it is relatively new phenomenon, heavily appearing since 90s of the 20th century. Although many previous studies were focused on newly built suburbs, all of them took place in the surroundings of the biggest Czech cities. In the first part of the thesis the author sums up historical development of suburbanization's forms (by analyzing the available documents) and focuses especially on modern suburbanization processes in the Great Britain, USA and the Czech Republic, consequences of suburbanization in form of urban sprawl and effect on existence and function of communities in new suburbs. The author then uses a case study approach to study Velebov village (which is the target of suburbanization from Karlovy Vary) and, while using methods of analysis of the documents, qualitative and quantitative interviewing of residents, focuses on composition of inhabitants, social contacts and overall social cohesion within the village. Research findings mostly support results of previous studies and thus imply universality of suburbanization process within the Czech Republic. Composition of new inhabitants is quite different from...

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2019-03-18T17:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO REZENDE CAL?A SOEIRA.pdf: 10669454 bytes, checksum: 0c817cd4715977e2f4677644509e8516 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T17:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO REZENDE CAL?A SOEIRA.pdf: 10669454 bytes, checksum: 0c817cd4715977e2f4677644509e8516 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research was to estimate and compare the Sky View Factor (SVF) and Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) correlation across different Local Climate Zones (LCZs) situated in the city of Campinas, S?o Paulo, Brazil. The SVF consists of an non dimensional parameter which describes the ratio of visible sky from a given point in space. In the urban environment, SVF values are strongly related to buildings density and height. Also strongly related to the densification and verticalization of the urban tissue is the Urban Heat Island phenomenon, which is characterized by the elevation of air temperature in urban environments as a result of its impact on the surface energy balance. For this reason, research has been conducted in many countries to investigate the correlation between SVF and the UHII. To evaluate the effects of urban tissue composition on these correlations, however, systematic methods for detecting and reporting such composition are required. Employing the Local Climate Zones method, which classifies urban areas as climate zones according to their structural typology and surface cover, this research evaluated SVF-UHII correlation variations across different built up areas of the same city. Combining mobile measurements and stationary monitoring devices a map of the nocturnal UHII at the research site was obtained. According to seven parameters (H/W ratio; SVF; Built area; Permeable area; Impermeable area; Height of roughness elements; And roughness class), obtained by geoprocessing, eleven LCZs were identified at the site. Nocturnal UHII linear regressions were calculated for SVF values (point and 100m radius average values were used) at eight LCZs classes. At compact low, low-high, mid-low and high-mid rise LCZs (3, 31, 23 and 12), with SVF values between 0,20 and 0,45, the approximate air temperature increase ranged from 1,5 up to 2,2?C. At compact low and mid-low rise LCZs (3 and 23), with SVF values between 0,45 and 0,7, the approximate air temperature increase ranged from 0,7 up to 1,2?C. For sparsely built low rise LCZs (6), with SVF between 0,60 and 0,90, the approximate air temperature variation ranged from - 0,2 up to 0,0?C. From these results it was concluded that the correlation between SVF and UHII is influenced by the morphological and superficial composition of the urban tissue. Hence, to effectively utilize SVF in UHI mitigation strategies, these influences should be considered. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estimar e comparar as correla??es entre o FVC e a varia??o da temperatura do ar encontradas em diferentes zonas clim?ticas situadas em um recorte da cidade de Campinas- SP. O fator de vis?o do c?u (FVC) ? um par?metro adimensional utilizado para descrever a propor??o de c?u vis?vel, em um determinado local, a partir do n?vel do solo. No ambiente urbano, seu valor est? fortemente relacionado ao grau de compacta??o e verticaliza??o da malha construtiva. Outro fen?meno relacionado ao grau de compacta??o e verticaliza??o da malha urbana ? o fen?meno da Ilha de Calor Urbana (ICU), caracterizado pela reten??o do calor absorvido no ambiente constru?do. Por este motivo, ? grande o n?mero de pesquisas que estudam a correla??o entre o FVC e o fen?meno da Ilha de Calor Urbana em diversas cidades do mundo. Atrav?s de m?todos sistem?ticos para o reconhecimento e documenta??o de heterogeneidades da malha urbana, como o m?todo das Zonas Clim?ticas Locais (LCZs), que classifica ?reas urbanas em zonas clim?ticas locais de acordo com sua tipologia construtiva e cobertura de superf?cies, tornou-se poss?vel avaliar a varia??o desta correla??o em um contexto intramunicipal. Atrav?s de campanhas de medi??es m?veis e de pontos fixos de monitoramento, a intensidade da ilha de calor urbana na ?rea de estudo foi avaliada. A ?rea de estudo foi classificada em onze LCZs de acordo com sete par?metros urban?sticos obtidos por geoprocessamento (rela??o altura-largura, FVC, ?rea edificada, ?rea imperme?vel, ?rea perme?vel, altura m?dia dos elementos de rugosidade e classe de rugosidade). Regress?es lineares foram estabelecidas entre a intensidade da ICU ?s 21:00 e valores de FVC (pontuais e m?dios para um raio de 100m) em ?reas de an?lise correspondentes a oito LCZs. Para valores de FVC entre 0,20 e 0,45, a eleva??o aproximada da temperatura do ar em LCZs de arranjo compacto e verticaliza??o baixa a m?dia-alta ? 1,5 a 2,2 ?C; para valores de FVC entre 0,45 e 0,7 em LCZs de arranjo compacto e verticaliza??o baixa e m?dia-baixa, a eleva??o aproximada da temperatura do ar foi de 0,7 a 1,5 ?C; e para valores de FVC entre 0,60 e 0,90 em LCZs de arranjo esparso e verticaliza??o baixa, a varia??o aproximada da temperatura do ar foi de 0,0 a -0,2 ?C. Assim, conclui-se que a influ?ncia do FVC na eleva??o da temperatura do ar em ?reas urbanizadas varia conforme a composi??o morfol?gica e superficial do tecido urbano. Para que o FVC seja utilizado efetivamente em estrat?gias de mitiga??o da ICU, essa rela??o deve ser considerada.