Graduation date: 1985

鄧國章. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院地理學部. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-228). / Deng Guozhang. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan di li xue bu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究意義 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 方法學上的意義 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 地理學上的意義 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- 應用上的意義 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究範圍 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- 論文結構概述 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻簡讀 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- 分類與區劃的意義 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 分類與區劃 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 區域的類型 --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 區劃的方法　 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- 氣候分類 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 氣候分類的目的及意義　　 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 氣候分類的類型及方法 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 柯本氏氣候分類法 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- 中國氣候區劃 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 中國氣候區劃歷史概況 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 應用柯本氏氣候分類法於中國氣候區劃的經驗 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- 糢糊集合論於分類及區畫間題上的應用 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 糢糊集合論於分類及區劃上的應用 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 糢糊集合論於氣候區劃的應用 --- p.50 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究方法 --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- 應用模糊集合論於氣候分類之理論基璴 　 --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 集合與區域 --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 模糊集合的基本概念及運算 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- 氣候區的釐訂及區域界綫的劃定方法 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 氣候區的描述 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 氣候區的重疊與分割 --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- 數據資料處理方法 --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 數據搜集方法 --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 站點分佈情況 --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 資料整理方法 --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- 注釋 --- p.85 / Chapter 第四章 --- 柯本氏氣候分類系統的普通集合表示 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1 --- 柯本氏氣候類型可視一組集合 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2 --- 結果及分析 --- p.96 / Chapter 第五章 --- 柯本氏氣侯分類之模楜集合分析－隸屬度分析 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- 訂定隸屬涵數方法及區劃步驟 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- 結果及隸屬度分析 　　 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- 中國氣候區的劃定 --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 --- p.140 / Chapter 第六章 --- 柯本氏氣類之模糊集合分析－分割度分析 --- p.143 / Chapter 6.1 --- 分割與區界 --- p.143 / Chapter 6.2 --- 結果及分析 --- p.146 / Chapter 6.3 --- 中國氣候區重疊地帶的劃訂 --- p.155 / Chapter 6.4 --- 小結 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5 --- 注釋 --- p.169 / Chapter 第七章 --- 柯本氏氣候分類法的改進 --- p.170 / Chapter 7.1 --- 柯本氏氣候分類法的改善 --- p.170 / Chapter 7.2 --- 改良後的柯本氏範式之中國氣候區劃 --- p.186 / Chapter 7.3 --- 與中國植被區的劃配合情況 　 --- p.186 / Chapter 7.4 --- 與中國土壤區劃的配合情況　　 --- p.194 / Chapter 第八章 --- 後語 --- p.208 / Chapter 8.1 --- 研究結果要點重申 --- p.208 / Chapter 8.2 --- 研究限制 --- p.210 / Chapter 8.3 --- 研究展望 --- p.213 / 參考文獻 --- p.215 / 附錄 / Chapter I --- 中國各省、市、自治區志面　 --- p.229 / Chapter II --- 柯氏氣候類型的隸屬函數 --- p.235 / Chapter III --- 電腦計算程式 --- p.254 / Chapter IV --- 隸屬度計算結果 --- p.259 / Chapter （一） --- 原本的柯本氏氣候類型的隸屬度計算結果 --- p.259 / Chapter （二） --- 改良後的柯本氏氣候類型的隸屬度計算結果 --- p.265

No description available.

The El Nino event causes the changes of the ocean and atmosphere system that induces the rainfall unusual increasing or reduction in some areas and then cause local lives and economical losses. Previous studies have found that the El Nino actually applies impact on the rainfall, however most of the studies focus on the impact of separated stations but little on regional variation. The study on the other hand focus on the variation of the rainfall based on the climatic classification primarily and the physiographic region position auxiliary during the El Nino event and La Nina events. The main method of this research is the correlation analysis, when the correlation coefficient draws close to +1, it mean that the rainfall is positive relative with the parameter of the El Nino, and when the correlation coefficient draws close to -1, it mean that the rainfall is negativity relative with the parameter of the El Nino event. The analysis parameters of the El Nino event index include the sea water temperature and anomaly of every area in Pacific Ocean, sea water surface temperature difference of two areas opposite, Southern Oscillation index and Multivariate ENSO Index. It is found in the study that the best parameter of the El Nino event is the sea water temperature difference of (Nino1¡Ï2- Nino34). The result showed the most climatic classifications have good relation with the parameter of the El Nino, especially winter-dry climatic classifications is the best. Because the result of the research influence on the season variation, it is not to conclude the relation with the El Nino event. It is need to study deeply for calculating the rainfall of the areas where influenced by the El Nino event.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-89).

No description available.

Orientador: Luciano Alves dos Anjos / Coorientador: Reinaldo José da Silva / Banca: Drausio Honorio Morais / Banca: Robson Waldemar Ávila / Resumo: Os parasitas representam importante papel na manutenção da diversidade local de hospedeiros e das funções ecossistêmicas, porém são os primeiros organismos a desaparecer por causa das ações antrópicas sobre o ambiente natural. Variações sazonais relacionadas ao ambiente são fatores importantes e que influenciam direta ou indiretamente na relação parasita-hospedeiro e na estrutura da comunidade de helmintos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e comparar a composição e estrutura da comunidade de helmintos associados ao anfíbio anuro Dendropsophus nanus, da RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí, município de Castilho, estado de São Paulo, nos hidroperíodos de seca e cheia. Foram coletados 298 anuros em quatro campanhas, duas na estação seca e duas na estação cheia, totalizando 40 dias de coleta. Parâmetros parasitários como prevalência, intensidade média de infecção, abundância média e agregação dos parasitas nas populações de hospedeiros, assim como a estrutura da comunidade de helmintos foram avaliados. Foi encontrado uma riqueza de onze taxa, sendo a metacercária de Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. o taxa mais abundante, seguido por Cylindrotaenia cf. americana. A comunidade de helmintos alcançou um padrão de agregação elevado. Espécimes da família Cosmocercidae foram classificados como co-dominantes nos dois hidroperíodos. C. cf. americana foi dominante na seca e co-dominante na cheia, enquanto Cosmocerca podicipinus e o oligochaeta Dero (Allodero) lutzi foram co-dominantes na seca. Os outros taxa foram considerados colonizadores sem sucesso. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença dos parâmetros prevalência, intensidade média de infecção e abundância média entre os hidroperídos, porém a diversidade parasitária variou entre as estações, sendo a diversidade na seca maior que na cheia / Abstract: Parasites play an important role in maintaining the local diversity of hosts and the ecosystem functions, however they are the first organisms that disappear because of human activities upon the nature. Seasonal variations related to the environment are important factors that directly or indirectly influence the host-parasite relationship and helminth community structure. This study aims to describe and compare the composition and helminth community structure associated with the amphibian anuran Dendropsophus nanus, from the RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí, municipality of Castilho, São Paulo State, in the dry and rainy hydro-periods. A total of 298 frogs were collected in four sampling efforts, two in the dry season and two in the rainy season, totaling 40 days of sampling. Parasitic parameters such as prevalence, mean intensity of infection, mean abundance and aggregation of parasites in host populations, as well as the structure of helminth community, were evaluated. A richness of eleven taxa was found, with the metacercariae of Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. the most abundant taxa, followed by Cylindrotaenia cf. americana. The helminth community reached a high pattern of aggregation. Cosmocercidae family specimens were classified as co-dominant in both hydro-periods. Cylindrotaenia cf. americana was dominant in the dry season and co-dominant in the rainy season, while Cosmocerca podicipinus and the oligochaeta Dero (Allodero) lutzi were co-dominant in the dry season. The other taxa were considered settlers without success. Even though the parasite diversity varied between periods and the diversity was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, the results showed no difference in the prevalence parameters, mean infection intensity and mean abundance between the hydro-periods / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-20. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:29:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000849656.pdf: 1157483 bytes, checksum: 29cdbaf0597abec1e03cbfbba3d987ea (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os parasitas representam importante papel na manutenção da diversidade local de hospedeiros e das funções ecossistêmicas, porém são os primeiros organismos a desaparecer por causa das ações antrópicas sobre o ambiente natural. Variações sazonais relacionadas ao ambiente são fatores importantes e que influenciam direta ou indiretamente na relação parasita-hospedeiro e na estrutura da comunidade de helmintos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e comparar a composição e estrutura da comunidade de helmintos associados ao anfíbio anuro Dendropsophus nanus, da RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí, município de Castilho, estado de São Paulo, nos hidroperíodos de seca e cheia. Foram coletados 298 anuros em quatro campanhas, duas na estação seca e duas na estação cheia, totalizando 40 dias de coleta. Parâmetros parasitários como prevalência, intensidade média de infecção, abundância média e agregação dos parasitas nas populações de hospedeiros, assim como a estrutura da comunidade de helmintos foram avaliados. Foi encontrado uma riqueza de onze taxa, sendo a metacercária de Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. o taxa mais abundante, seguido por Cylindrotaenia cf. americana. A comunidade de helmintos alcançou um padrão de agregação elevado. Espécimes da família Cosmocercidae foram classificados como co-dominantes nos dois hidroperíodos. C. cf. americana foi dominante na seca e co-dominante na cheia, enquanto Cosmocerca podicipinus e o oligochaeta Dero (Allodero) lutzi foram co-dominantes na seca. Os outros taxa foram considerados colonizadores sem sucesso. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença dos parâmetros prevalência, intensidade média de infecção e abundância média entre os hidroperídos, porém a diversidade parasitária variou entre as estações, sendo a diversidade na seca maior que na cheia / Parasites play an important role in maintaining the local diversity of hosts and the ecosystem functions, however they are the first organisms that disappear because of human activities upon the nature. Seasonal variations related to the environment are important factors that directly or indirectly influence the host-parasite relationship and helminth community structure. This study aims to describe and compare the composition and helminth community structure associated with the amphibian anuran Dendropsophus nanus, from the RPPN Foz do Rio Aguapeí, municipality of Castilho, São Paulo State, in the dry and rainy hydro-periods. A total of 298 frogs were collected in four sampling efforts, two in the dry season and two in the rainy season, totaling 40 days of sampling. Parasitic parameters such as prevalence, mean intensity of infection, mean abundance and aggregation of parasites in host populations, as well as the structure of helminth community, were evaluated. A richness of eleven taxa was found, with the metacercariae of Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. the most abundant taxa, followed by Cylindrotaenia cf. americana. The helminth community reached a high pattern of aggregation. Cosmocercidae family specimens were classified as co-dominant in both hydro-periods. Cylindrotaenia cf. americana was dominant in the dry season and co-dominant in the rainy season, while Cosmocerca podicipinus and the oligochaeta Dero (Allodero) lutzi were co-dominant in the dry season. The other taxa were considered settlers without success. Even though the parasite diversity varied between periods and the diversity was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season, the results showed no difference in the prevalence parameters, mean infection intensity and mean abundance between the hydro-periods

Increasing awareness of the impacts of global climate change on marine ecosystems and concerns about shifting bioclimatic and agricultural zones necessitate a reassessment of the geographical distribution of Earths climate types. In recent years, the availability of truly global data-sets has allowed for the application of climatic types, including the Kppen-Geiger system, over the oceans. This research uses NCAR Reanalysis data to create a global Extended Kppen-Geiger climate classification, including the world ocean, for the 1981-2010 averaging period. The percentages of Earths surface covered by tropical rainforest (Af), tropical monsoon (Am), and (especially) the mesothermal-mild summer (Cfc) climate types are much larger than in the terrestrial only analysis. Expanding and contracting terrestrial climate zones are also identified based on the differences in the total area through comparison with maps produced for 1901-1925, 1926-1950, 1951-1975, 1976-2000 and model-output-based predicted Kppen-Geiger types for 2076-2100. Results suggest that hot desert (BWh), hot semi-arid (BSh), and Af climatic types are projected to expand, while the tundra and most mesothermal and microthermal types will decrease in area. These results assist in projecting global impacts of climatic change.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_gabriel_franke_brixner.pdf: 2402163 bytes, checksum: 701d885a41fab3e10bd6ac8fd53776cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / The climatic characterization of the producing regions with potential for vitiviniculture becomes a demand of modern viticulture. Among the new frontiers of modern viticulture it is highlighted the Campanha region located in Rio Grande do Sul, being driven for presenting soil and climatic conditions favorable for growing grapes vines. This new culture lacks studies of interference of climatic conditions in the development of the plants in the region. The dissertation aims to characterize the suitability of the climate of the region Campaign of Rio Grande do Sul for viticulture. The work was divided into three chapters, the first being a study on the estimation of the evapotranspiration by different methods and its application in the Dryness Index (DI) for the municipalities of Campanha, aiming to identify alternatives methods to the standard one (Penman-Monteith) used in the DI. In the second chapter, it was performed the climatic characterization of the region through the Geoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System, aiming to identify the thermal and hydric availability of the municipalities of the region under study. In the third chapter, it was held a study of the risk of frost and the duration of phenological subperiods of Cabernet Sauvignon in the Campanha region. In these chapters, we used daily meteorological data, the period from 1961 to 2010, for Alegrete, Bagé, Quaraí, São Gabriel, Santana do Livramento and Uruguaiana as availability of municipalities. It was found that the Thornthwaite, Camargo, Makkink and Blaney-Criddle methods present optimal performance in estimation of the evapotranspiration compared to standard when the using it with DI. It was used the Thornthwaite method for the estimation of the evapotranspiration throughout the Campanha, allowing to analyze a longer period of DI in the region, being this class of the wet type, having hydric availability for cultivation. The index of night cold is of the class of temperate nights in Campanha, however there are variations among municipalities, months and years analyzed. Regarding the heliothermal index, Uruguaiana is of the very hot kind and the other municipalities are of the hot kind, having high thermal availability, combined with climatic conditions that favor the ripening of the grapes with satisfactory condition for winemaking. Regarding the risk of frost, Uruguaiana and São Gabriel in early September have low risk of frost formation at 5% level, while in the other municipalities the last date occurs in early October, characterized as spring frosts. It is also possible to see that Cabernet Sauvignon showed variations in the total number of days in relation to sprouting periods, as well as between municipalities Campaign. / A caracterização climática de regiões produtoras com potencial para a vitivinicultura torna-se uma demanda da viticultura moderna. Dentre as novas fronteiras da viticultura destaca-se a região da Campanha localizada no Rio Grande do Sul, impulsionada por apresentar condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis ao cultivo de videiras viníferas. Trata-se de uma cultura nova que carece de estudos sobre a interferência das condições climáticas no desenvolvimento das plantas na região. A dissertação objetiva caracterizar a aptidão climática da região da Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul para a viticultura. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos, sendo o primeiro um estudo sobre a estimativa da evapotranspiração por diferentes métodos e sua aplicação no Índice de Seca (IS) para os municípios da Campanha, objetivando identificar métodos alternativos ao método padrão (Penman-Monteith) empregado no IS. No segundo capítulo, foi realizada a caracterização climática da região por meio do Sistema CCM Geovitícola, visando identificar a disponibilidade térmica e hídrica dos municípios da região. No terceiro capítulo, foi realizado um estudo do risco de geada e duração dos subperíodos fenológicos da Cabernet Sauvignon na região da Campanha. Nestes três capítulos, foram utilizados dados meteorológicos diários, do período de 1961 a 2010, para Alegrete, Bagé, Quaraí, São Gabriel, Santana do Livramento e Uruguaiana, conforme disponibilidade dos municípios. Constatou-se que os métodos Thornthwaite, Camargo, Makkink, Blaney- Criddle apresentam desempenho ótimo, na estimativa da evapotranspiração em relação ao padrão, quando empregado ao IS. Foi utilizado o método de Thornthwaite para estimativa da evapotranspiração em toda Campanha, possibilitando analisar um período maior do IS na região, sendo este da classe do tipo úmido, apresentando disponibilidade hídrica para o cultivo. O índice de frio noturno é da classe de noites temperadas, porém observa-se variações entre os municípios, meses e anos analisados. Quanto ao índice heliotérmico, Uruguaiana é do tipo muito quente e os demais municípios do tipo quente, apresentando elevada disponibilidade térmica, aliada a condições climáticas que propiciam a maturação das uvas com condições satisfatórias para vinificação. Quanto ao risco de geada, Uruguaiana e São Gabriel no início de setembro apresentam baixo risco de formação de geada ao nível de 5%, enquanto que nos demais a última data ocorre no início de outubro, caracterizando-se como geadas primaveris. É também possível constatar que a Cabernet Sauvignon apresentou variações no número total de dias em relação às épocas de brotação, bem como, entre os municípios da Campanha.