The purpose of this study was to identify seventh grade students&rsquo / computational estimation strategies and factors associated with these strategies. A case study was conducted with five students. They were selected among 116 seventh grade students from a public elementary school in Aegean region. Two sessions of clinical interviews were carried out with each participant. In the first interview session, the Computational Estimation Test, which was consisted of 15 estimation questions, was administered to students with requesting explanations of solving procedure. In the second interview session, students answered to semi-structured questionnaire prepared by the researcher to understand their feelings and thoughts on estimation. The results of the study indicated that students used three kinds of computational estimation strategies, which were reformulation, translation, and compensation. Reformulation was the most used types of estimation and by all interviewees. It was divided into four sub-strategies, which were observed during the interviews, among them rule based rounding was the most preferred one. The most sophisticated strategy was compensation, which was used least frequently by the participants. The other kind of computational estimation strategy was translation, which means changing the operation for handling the questions more easily. Translation strategy was used students who performed well in number sense. Based on interviews and observations, there were some cognitive and affective factors, which were associated with the specified strategies. Number sense and mental computation were two sub categories of the cognitive factors. Besides these cognitive factors, confidence in ability to do mathematics, perception of mathematics, confidence in ability to do estimation, perception of estimation and tolerance for error, which were identified as affective factors, played important role for strategy selection and computational estimation. Good number sense may lead to use of multiple representations of numbers and use of translation strategies. Moreover, mental computation ability may enable students both to conduct reformulation and use compensation strategy easily. Interviewees who had both high confidence in ability to do mathematics and low confidence in ability to do estimation, preferred exact computation and more rule dependent estimation strategies, like rule based rounding. Low tolerance for error may influence students&rsquo / answers, in order to produce them in a narrow interval. Additionally, perception of estimation may lead students recognize estimation as useful and use of variety of computational estimation strategies. According to data analysis, feelings and thoughts about computational estimation may influence interviewees&rsquo / strategy usage, such as students, who had negative feelings on estimation and thoughts about mathematics wanted exactness, generally preferred exact computation process and did not use diverse computational estimation strategies. Students who had poor in number sense and mental computation could not conduct computational estimation strategies. Therefore, the research study may lead to better understanding of students&rsquo / perspectives on computational estimation. With understanding used strategies, and related factors are affecting computational estimation strategies, it might be produce effective instructional designs for teaching computational estimation.

Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans une démarche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique en sciences de l’éducation se propose de réaliser une étude clinique de conseils de classe en lycée, à partir de l’analyse d’observations participantes effectuées par la chercheure, elle-même conseillère principale d’éducation, ainsi qu’à partir d’entretiens cliniques de recherche réalisés auprès d’enseignants du second degré. Il s’agit de porter un regard sur les enjeux conscients et inconscients à l’œuvre au cours d’un conseil de classe pour les enseignants qui y participent ainsi que sur les processus psychiques groupaux qui sous-tendent les réunions de cette instance institutionnelle. La thèse comporte cinq parties : la première partie analyse des éléments du parcours scolaire et professionnel de la chercheure et montre la manière dont elle est passée de la position d’être en recherche à celle de faire de la recherche. La deuxième partie présente le champ disciplinaire dans lequel s’inscrit ce travail ainsi que des éléments concernant la démarche et la méthodologie de recherche utilisées. La troisième partie est composée de l’ensemble des observations et de leur analyse. La quatrième partie est consacrée aux cinq entretiens cliniques et à leur analyse. Et, enfin, la cinquième partie propose une mise en perspective des analyses dans laquelle sont avancées des hypothèses de compréhension de ce qui peut se jouer en conseil de classe pour les enseignants. / This thesis is a clinical approach with a psychoanalytical orientation in education science. It proposes to carry out a clinical study of high school class councils. It is based on the analysis of participating observations carried out by the researcher, who is also a senior education advisor, as well as clinical research interviews with high school teachers. It is deals with the conscious and unconscious mechanisms at work during a class council for the teachers who participate in it as well as the group psychical processes that underlie the meetings of this institutional body. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part analyses elements of the researcher's academic background and professional career and shows how she moved on from being in a personal research to being a researcher. The second part presents the disciplinary field of this work as well as elements concerning the approach and research methodology used. The third part is composed of all the participating observations and their analysis. The fourth part is devoted to the five clinical interviews and their analysis. And, finally, the fifth part puts the analysis in perspective and proposes hypothesis to understand what can be at stake in class councils for the teachers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problem solving strategies, problem solving episodes, and metacognition of five Turkish students just graduated from elementary school and explore the interplay of these factors on their problem solving success in mathematics. The research data had been collected by clinical interviews and a self monitoring questionnaire followed by the interviews. Ten mathematical problems that participant students had worked on were selected among the released mathematical literacy items used in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003. The problem solving strategies used by participants were coded according to the descriptions given by Posamentier &amp / Krulik (1999). The cognitive-metacognitive problem solving framework developed by Artzt and Armour-Thomas (1992) has been used to observe the problem solving episodes of the participants. The coding system developed by Pappas et al. (2003) has been utilized to examine the major components of metacognition (mistake recognition, adaptability, awareness and expression of thought) of the participants. The self-monitoring questionnaire responses were analyzed to crosscheck the results obtained from the clinical interviews. The problem solving behaviors of the participants observed in the study confirmed their academic success levels. The study confirmed that the problem solving success is too complex to be clarified by a unique property or a behavior of the problem solver. The problem solving requires overcoming various obstacles to reach a successful result. Hence, not only the students should have the required mathematical knowledge and a good repertoire of different problem solving strategies, but also they should know when and how to use those strategies, and also they could monitor and regulate their problem solving processes using their metacognitive skills. So mathematics teachers should provide problems that require different problem solving strategies and encourage the students to explore new strategies, to take risks in trying and to discuss failures and successes with peers and teacher.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-92).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-92).

The function concept is one of the most important concepts in the learning of mathematics (Dubinsky & Harel, 1992), yet it is considered by many researchers to be one of the least understood and most difficult concepts to master in the learning of high school mathematics (Eisenberg, 1992, Sfard, 1992). To this end, problems concerning its teaching and learning are often confronted (Mann, 2000) and few teachers know how learners come to understand functions (Yoon, 2007). As a result, most teachers teach functions using the conventional approach which starts by stating definitions followed by examples and then a few applications. The nature of this approach has not encouraged teachers to engage learners and their ways of reasoning in knowledge construction and adequately addressing their difficulties. The purpose of this study was to use design research to improve the teaching and learning of functions at grade 11 level. This was achieved by adapting design cycles of Wademan’s (2005) Generic Design Research model in which each cycle comprised different iterative APOS (Action, Process, Object, Schema) analysis, design, development and implementation of hypothetical learning trajectories (HLTs). I started by interrogating twelve grade 11 learners of a particular rural high school on the June 2011 mathematics paper 1 examination they had written to determine the APOS theory conception level each learner was operating at, and their difficulties. Learners’ difficulties from initial interviews and literature were grouped under the function definition and representation. I then designed instruction based on HLTs embedded with Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) activities and two separate tasks on the definition and representation as a form of intervention to help learners move up from their initial conception levels to the next and to overcome their difficulties. After each design cycle I interviewed learners based on the task for a particular concept and learners’ responses were analysed using APOS theory and used to design further instruction to help learners approximate the schema level of understanding concepts related to functions. The major findings of this study were that the use of learners’ conceptions and RME activities in designing instruction helped learners to progress smoothly through APOS theory conception levels though they did not fully reach the intended schema level. In addition, design research cycles and their HLTs implemented in a constructivist environment enabled learners to collectively derive working definitions of the function concept and to improve their conceptual understanding of the process of switching from a graph to an equation. Another contribution of this study has been a deeper understanding of the extent to which design research can be used to improve learners’ understanding of functions and an addition of some insights to the teaching and learning of functions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

A grande quantidade de informação e conhecimento, armazenada nos casos clínicos médicos documentados, gera a necessidade de recuperar, relacionar e categorizar essa informação para a geração de conhecimento através de pesquisas e para melhoria de treinamento e tratamento médico. Na área da saúde, especificamente Psiquiatria, os casos clínicos apresentam determinantes multifatoriais biológicas e sociais. Pela característica multifatorial, os casos são complexos e evidências importantes podem passar despercebidas para estudo, análise e auxílio a diagnóstico. Dentro da Psiquiatria, outro fator importante é a forma como os diagnósticos relacionados à Esquizofrenia e outros transtornos psicóticos (EOP) são feitos: trata-se de uma entrevista clinica estruturada que exige uma complexidade para aplicação e gera uma grande quantidade de informação. Nesse cenário, inundado de conhecimento espalhado, este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um sistema informatizado com a função de realizar a entrevista clínica de forma informatizada, assim como a recuperação, relacionamento e categorização dos casos clínicos. Permite também a busca dos casos baseados em similaridade de conteúdo textual, através de técnica de similaridade baseada em raciocínio de caso. O sistema foi testado com uma base de dados previamente montada por especialistas e validado na sua perspectiva clinica e de pesquisa através da utilização em um cenário real, com casos reais. Para uma validação voltada a uma perspectiva de expansão e comercialização deste tipo de sistema foi feita uma avaliação através da perspectiva de inovação e novos negócios, o que se alinha com as metas nacionais de inovação em softwares e a transferência tecnológica das universidades para o atendimento da população. Por fim, foi demonstrado que esse sistema tem potencial para se tornar um gerador de conhecimento e apontamento de informação de fina relevância para auxiliar e acelerar treinamentos e tratamentos na área da saúde tendo impacto direto na formação dos profissionais dessa área e consequente melhoria no atendimento feito por eles. / A large amount of information and knowledge, stored in documented medical clinical cases creates the necessity to retrieve, categorize and relate that information to generate knowledge through research and to improve training and medical treatment. In the Health area, specifically Psychiatry, clinical cases have multifactorial biological and social determinants. Because of multifactorial feature, cases are complex and important evidence can be missed for study, analysis and aid the diagnosis. Another important factor is how the diagnoses related to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (EOP) are done: it is a structured clinical interview which requires a complexity to application and generates a lot of information. In this scenario, full with Spread Knowledge, this project aims to introduce a computerized system with the function to perform the clinical interview computerized form, As the Recovery, Relationship and categorization of Clinical Cases. Also it allows the pursuit of cases based on textual content similarity, through technique of reasoning based on similarity Case. The system was tested with database pre-assembled and validated by experts in their clinical and research perspective through the use of a real scenario with real cases. For a more focused assessment with a view to expansion and commercialization of this system, an evaluation through innovation perspective and new business, this is in line with national goals of innovation in software and technology transfer from universities to meet the population. Lastly it was demonstrated that this system has the potential to become a generator of knowledge and information for fine pointing relevance to assist and accelerate training and treatments in healthcare with a direct impact on training of professionals in this area and consequent improvement in treatment done for them.

Cette recherche doctorale s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une démarche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique en sciences de l’éducation. Elle porte sur l’enseignement de la philosophie en France, tel qu’il est actuellement dispensé dans les classes terminales des séries générales et technologiques des lycées. Elle est consacrée, plus particulièrement, à la manière dont des professeurs de philosophie vivent l’acte d’enseigner leur discipline. Le matériel empirique est constitué d’entretiens cliniques non-directifs qui ont été réalisés auprès de six professeurs de philosophie de l’enseignement secondaire interviewés à partir de la consigne suivante : « J’aimerais que vous me disiez, comme ça vous vient, comment vous vivez le fait d’enseigner la philosophie ». La thèse comporte trois parties : certaines questions relatives à la construction de l’objet de recherche et à l’analyse de l’implication et du contre-transfert du chercheur constituent la première partie de ce travail. La deuxième partie comporte des éléments d’analyses pédagogiques, historiographiques et cliniques de l’enseignement de la philosophie au lycée. La troisième partie est consacrée à l’analyse des entretiens cliniques. Elle comporte des éléments de réflexion d’ordre épistémologique et méthodologique et propose une mise en perspective des entretiens et de certaines de leurs thématiques transversales. / This doctoral research is part of a clinical approach of psychoanalytical orientation in the sciences of education. It deals with the teaching of philosophy in France, as it is currently taught in the final year of high school in the academic and technological classes. It is devoted, more particularly, to the way in which teachers experience the teaching of their subject. The empirical material consists of non-directive clinical interviews that were conducted with six secondary education philosophy teachers interviewed from the following instruction : « I would like you to tell me, as it comes to you, what you feel when you teach philosophy ». The thesis is divided into three parts : some questions relating to the construction of the research subject and to the analysis of the implication and the countertransference of the researcher constitute the first part of this work. The second part includes elements of pedagogical, historiographical and clinical analysis of the teaching of philosophy in high school. The third part is devoted to the analysis of clinical interviews. It includes elements of epistemological and methodological reflection putting into perspective the interviews and some of their interdisciplinary themes.

A grande quantidade de informação e conhecimento, armazenada nos casos clínicos médicos documentados, gera a necessidade de recuperar, relacionar e categorizar essa informação para a geração de conhecimento através de pesquisas e para melhoria de treinamento e tratamento médico. Na área da saúde, especificamente Psiquiatria, os casos clínicos apresentam determinantes multifatoriais biológicas e sociais. Pela característica multifatorial, os casos são complexos e evidências importantes podem passar despercebidas para estudo, análise e auxílio a diagnóstico. Dentro da Psiquiatria, outro fator importante é a forma como os diagnósticos relacionados à Esquizofrenia e outros transtornos psicóticos (EOP) são feitos: trata-se de uma entrevista clinica estruturada que exige uma complexidade para aplicação e gera uma grande quantidade de informação. Nesse cenário, inundado de conhecimento espalhado, este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um sistema informatizado com a função de realizar a entrevista clínica de forma informatizada, assim como a recuperação, relacionamento e categorização dos casos clínicos. Permite também a busca dos casos baseados em similaridade de conteúdo textual, através de técnica de similaridade baseada em raciocínio de caso. O sistema foi testado com uma base de dados previamente montada por especialistas e validado na sua perspectiva clinica e de pesquisa através da utilização em um cenário real, com casos reais. Para uma validação voltada a uma perspectiva de expansão e comercialização deste tipo de sistema foi feita uma avaliação através da perspectiva de inovação e novos negócios, o que se alinha com as metas nacionais de inovação em softwares e a transferência tecnológica das universidades para o atendimento da população. Por fim, foi demonstrado que esse sistema tem potencial para se tornar um gerador de conhecimento e apontamento de informação de fina relevância para auxiliar e acelerar treinamentos e tratamentos na área da saúde tendo impacto direto na formação dos profissionais dessa área e consequente melhoria no atendimento feito por eles. / A large amount of information and knowledge, stored in documented medical clinical cases creates the necessity to retrieve, categorize and relate that information to generate knowledge through research and to improve training and medical treatment. In the Health area, specifically Psychiatry, clinical cases have multifactorial biological and social determinants. Because of multifactorial feature, cases are complex and important evidence can be missed for study, analysis and aid the diagnosis. Another important factor is how the diagnoses related to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (EOP) are done: it is a structured clinical interview which requires a complexity to application and generates a lot of information. In this scenario, full with Spread Knowledge, this project aims to introduce a computerized system with the function to perform the clinical interview computerized form, As the Recovery, Relationship and categorization of Clinical Cases. Also it allows the pursuit of cases based on textual content similarity, through technique of reasoning based on similarity Case. The system was tested with database pre-assembled and validated by experts in their clinical and research perspective through the use of a real scenario with real cases. For a more focused assessment with a view to expansion and commercialization of this system, an evaluation through innovation perspective and new business, this is in line with national goals of innovation in software and technology transfer from universities to meet the population. Lastly it was demonstrated that this system has the potential to become a generator of knowledge and information for fine pointing relevance to assist and accelerate training and treatments in healthcare with a direct impact on training of professionals in this area and consequent improvement in treatment done for them.

Preparing student teachers for constructivist teaching about society in primary grades Michaela Dvořáková Abstract The content of primary social studies could be described as cultural universals - domains of human existence that form part of everybody's experience. Despite that, children do need a skilled instruction helping them to elaborate these topics. We suppose that for the constructivist teachers, deep content knowledge and pedagogic content knowledge is necessary to elaborate and conceptualize children's experiences. In this thesis, we wanted to learn more about the knowledge base of pre-service teachers. To explore the education students' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of social studies topics, we elicited students' concepts related to the topic of family using concept mapping. Then we performed the content analysis of the obtained concepts. We tried to determine whether pre-service teachers rely on their prior knowledge (including misconceptions) of family or whether they use the knowledge gained in social science classes at the high school or at our university. Students do not use their academic knowledge gained in social studies classes spontaneously, but they are able to do when prompted. An important part of pedagogical content knowledge of a social studies teacher are the...