C'est sous l'impulsion des travaux fondateurs de Schumpeter que l'innovation se positionne au coeur de l'analyse économique. Depuis ces travaux fondateurs, trop peu d'innovation studies se sont toutefois consacrées aux usages du brevet dans la longue durée. Partant de là, cette thèse a pour ambition première de fournir, outre des renseignements empiriques de bonne qualité et de nouvelles séries statistiques, une lecture renouvelée, d'inspiration cliométrique, des brevets dans leurs dimensions structurelles et spatiales. Notre premier apport est de présenter l'organisation d'une nouvelle base de données sur l'évolution de longue période des brevets dans 40 pays du XVIIe siècle à 1945 et dans plus de 150 pays de 1945 à nos jours. Nous montrons, par la suite, que des événements certes rares, mais particulièrement significatifs, ont conditionné les pulsations de l'histoire économique des brevets. Les guerres, la promulgation de lois, l'ouverture ou la fermeture d'offices, mais aussi des effets purement statistiques ont, sur le très long terme, normé, à travers le dépôt et la délivrance des séries étudiées, l'existence des systèmes de brevets. En prolongement, nous déterminons, à travers une analyse spectrale et co-spectrale, la périodicité de nos séries de brevets. Enfin, nous livrons un éclairage plus contemporain, en termes de convergence, sur les dynamiques structurelles et surtout spatiales en oeuvre dans les systèmes de brevets des pays européens. / At the behest of Schumpeter's seminal works, innovation is now positioned at the heart of economic analysis. However, since these pioneering works, not enough innovation studies have been devoted to the uses of patent over time. Starting from this assertion, the present thesis aims first and foremost at providing - in addition to good quality empirical information and new statistical series - a new interpretation of patents in their structural and spatial dimensions, based on a cliometric approach. Our first contribution is to present the organisation of a new database on the evolution over a long period of time of patents in 40 countries from the XVIIth century up to 1945 and in over 150 countries from 1945 to the present time. We show in a second step that rare but nevertheless significant events conditioned the heartbeat of the economic history of patents. Wars, the promulgation of laws, the opening or closing of offices, but also purely statistical effects standardized over the long term the existence of patent systems through the application and granting of the series under study. Furthermore we determine the periodicity of our patent series using a spectral and co-spectral analysis. Finally we propose a more contemporary insight - in terms of convergence - into structural and more specifically spatial dynamics at work in the European countries patent systems.

This thesis studies the long-run relationship between gender equality and economic growth. In particular, it aims at understanding and explaining the mechanisms and determinants underpinning the development process which allowed economies to move out of a long period of stagnation into a state of sustainable economic growth. The scientific objective is to check the validity of the central hypothesis that improving equality between men and women is a key ingredient of the demographic transition and of the process of socio-economic development. Quantitative and empirical analysis of this relationship is based on a renewed cliometric approach. Hence we aim at producing a quantitative projection of social sciences in the past, structured by economic theory, mathematical modeling, and informed by statistical and econometric methods. The projected innovation is to build a bridge between the theoretical models of growth and economic history. This new line of research between pure empiricism and abstract theory allows to interpret economic issues taking into account the past and in so doing, to understand more deeply the economic and social historical processes.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Esta dissertação procurou relacionar a teoria da Nova Economia Institucional e a Cliometria com o método de pesquisa em história econômica, a partir da revisão teórica das obras dos seus principais autores, Douglass North e Robert Fogel, respectivamente. Estas teorias serão relacionadas com os acontecimentos que ocorreram na história econômica do Brasil durante o século XIX, em específico no Rio Grande de Sul. Antes disso serão apresentadas diversas interpretações clássicas e modernas a respeito deste período de importantes transformações, focando a mais importante delas: a transição da escravidão para o trabalho assalariado. Por fim serão analisados dados relativos à riqueza financeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul neste período. / This dissertation seeks to relate New Institutional Economics theory and Cliometrics with economic history research method, since the theorethical review of it main autors, Douglass North and Robert Fogel. These theories will be related with happenings which occurred during the XIXth century in Economic History of Brazil, specifically at Rio Grande do Sul state. Before it, will be presented many classic and modern interpretations about this period of important changes focusing on the most important of them: the transition from slavery to free work. At the end will be analized data relative to financial richess in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Cette thèse étudie la relation de long terme entre égalité hommes-femmes et croissance économique. Plus particulièrement, elle vise à comprendre et à expliquer les mécanismes et les déterminants sous-jacents au processus de développement qui a permis aux économies de sortir d’une longue période de stagnation à un état de croissance économique durable. L’objectif scientifique est de vérifier la validité de l’hypothèse que l’amélioration de l’égalité entre hommes et femmes est un ingrédient clef de la transition démographique et du processus de développement socio- économique. L’analyse quantitative et empirique de cette relation est basée sur une approche cliométrique. Cette approche consiste à produire une projection quantitative des sciences sociales dans le passé, structurée par la théorie économique et informée par les méthodes statistiques et économétriques. L’innovation projetée est de construire un pont entre les modèles théoriques de la croissance et l’histoire économique. Cette nouvelle ligne de recherche entre empirisme pur et théorie abstraite permet d’interpréter les questions économiques en tenant compte du passé et, ce faisant, de comprendre plus en profondeur les processus historiques économiques et sociaux. / This thesis studies the long-run relationship between gender equality and economic growth. In particular, it aims at understanding and explaining the mechanisms and determinants underpinning the development process which allowed economies to move out of a long period of stagnation into a state of sustainable economic growth. The scientific objective is to check the validity of the central hypothesis that improving equality between men and women is a key ingredient of the demographic transition and of the process of socio-economic development. Quantitative and empirical analysis of this relationship is based on a renewed cliometric approach. Hence we aim at producing a quantitative projection of social sciences in the past, structured by economic theory, mathematical modeling, and informed by statistical and econometric methods. The projected innovation is to build a bridge between the theoretical models of growth and economic history. This new line of research between pure empiricism and abstract theory allows to interpret economic issues taking into account the past and in so doing, to understand more deeply the economic and social historical processes.

Esta dissertação procurou relacionar a teoria da Nova Economia Institucional e a Cliometria com o método de pesquisa em história econômica, a partir da revisão teórica das obras dos seus principais autores, Douglass North e Robert Fogel, respectivamente. Estas teorias serão relacionadas com os acontecimentos que ocorreram na história econômica do Brasil durante o século XIX, em específico no Rio Grande de Sul. Antes disso serão apresentadas diversas interpretações clássicas e modernas a respeito deste período de importantes transformações, focando a mais importante delas: a transição da escravidão para o trabalho assalariado. Por fim serão analisados dados relativos à riqueza financeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul neste período. / This dissertation seeks to relate New Institutional Economics theory and Cliometrics with economic history research method, since the theorethical review of it main autors, Douglass North and Robert Fogel. These theories will be related with happenings which occurred during the XIXth century in Economic History of Brazil, specifically at Rio Grande do Sul state. Before it, will be presented many classic and modern interpretations about this period of important changes focusing on the most important of them: the transition from slavery to free work. At the end will be analized data relative to financial richess in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Esta dissertação procurou relacionar a teoria da Nova Economia Institucional e a Cliometria com o método de pesquisa em história econômica, a partir da revisão teórica das obras dos seus principais autores, Douglass North e Robert Fogel, respectivamente. Estas teorias serão relacionadas com os acontecimentos que ocorreram na história econômica do Brasil durante o século XIX, em específico no Rio Grande de Sul. Antes disso serão apresentadas diversas interpretações clássicas e modernas a respeito deste período de importantes transformações, focando a mais importante delas: a transição da escravidão para o trabalho assalariado. Por fim serão analisados dados relativos à riqueza financeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul neste período. / This dissertation seeks to relate New Institutional Economics theory and Cliometrics with economic history research method, since the theorethical review of it main autors, Douglass North and Robert Fogel. These theories will be related with happenings which occurred during the XIXth century in Economic History of Brazil, specifically at Rio Grande do Sul state. Before it, will be presented many classic and modern interpretations about this period of important changes focusing on the most important of them: the transition from slavery to free work. At the end will be analized data relative to financial richess in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

This dissertation concentrates on the interplay between politics and financial markets using various empirical tools applied on historical financial statistics. The first essay examines the effect of stock transaction taxation on trading activity and asset prices, specifically focusing on the case of early 20th century Sweden. The main finding is that the tax substantially reduced trading as well as the level of asset prices. In the second essay, modern ex post historical writing is contrasted with the ex ante views of contemporaries which are estimated from historical price data. The specific case study is the events around World War II related to the Nordic countries and Germany. The comparisons point out considerable differences between the assessments of historical events in the ex post and ex ante approaches. The third essay is an empirical study of price controls on asset price movements and how these controls affect asset returns. The study finds that the controls have large significant effects which even may influence estimates of the long-run equity premium. Altogether, this raises concerns about the use of century-long series of asset returns without correcting for the impact of institutional variation and market constraints. Finally, the fourth essay examines the growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration using a large country- industry sample from the 1980s. The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher value added growth in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both output and firm creation among externally dependent industries. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003</p>