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Existing spatial co-location algorithms based on levels suffer from generating extra, nonclique candidate instances. Thus, they require cliqueness checking at every level. In this thesis, a novel, spatial co-location mining algorithm that automatically generates co-located spatial features without generating any nonclique candidates at any level is proposed. Subsequently, this algorithm generates fewer candidates than other existing level-wise, co-location algorithms without losing any pertinent information. The benefits of this algorithm have been clearly observed at early stages in the mining process.

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My goal in this dissertation is to analyze the question, why is co-location a problem for the metaphysics of material objects? I believe that the existing literature on the topic identifies three possible answers to this question: Either, (i) co-location is a problem because it violates the no-coincidence principle, or because (ii) co-location violates the claim that the best available explanation for the relationship between objects that share the same empirically discriminable properties is the relationship of numerical identity, or finally because (iii) co-location violates the thesis of microphysical determination. I argue that (i), (ii), and (iii) are not sufficient reasons to think that co-location is metaphysically problematic, and that a denial of these assumptions does not warrant a rejection of co-location. I maintain that, instead, if co-location is a problem, it is so in virtue of violating a more basic assumption. Co-location is a problem for the view that the individuation and persistence conditions of any given material object is completely and solely determined by the physical or material properties of such an object. I advance reasons to believe that the latter view is fundamental in the sense that (i), (ii), and (iii), are consequences of it, and that co-location is in conflict with (i), (ii) and (iii), because it questions the basic physicalist view that provides the conditions for (i), (ii), and (iii). The fact that (i), (ii) and (iii) depend on the belief that physical properties exhaust the individuation and persistence of material objects, explains why they are not good reasons against co-location: They cannot establish that co-location is a problem for an account of material objects because they depend on the belief that co-location denies. Therefore, (i), (ii), and (iii) provide no more than three different ways of begging the question against co-location. I argue that, in order to show that co-location is a problem, we must show that physicalism with respect to material objects is the correct, or at least the most plausible, metaphysics of material objects, and this is something that neither (i), (ii), or (iii) can show. This statement of the relationship between co-location and anti-colocation reasons is also a contribution to the discussion of co-location. / Philosophy

The cellular operators (Vodacom, Cell C, MTN and now Virgin Mobile) market has over 39-million mobile phone subscribers and the fixed operator (Telkom) has almost 5 million subscribers [13]. Although the telecommunication sector has been experiencing this significant growth (in terms of numbers), monopolisation of the local loop by Telkom has also resulted in communication prices that are not affordable to the majority of South Africans. The government of South Africa has identified cost of telecommunication services as one of the key initiatives that must be addressed to improve equal levels of access to ICT services in general. Local Loop Unbundling (or LLU for short) has been identified by the South African government as a tool that will minimise control that Telkom has over the copper cable connecting exchanges to customers whilst at the same time driving down the costs of Telecommunication in the country. Although some countries have successfully implemented local loop unbundling, some have not been so successful [3]. This dissertation proposes ICT Systems and processes South Africa needs to have in place to become one of the few success stories. The proposed model was validated against the different models adopted in countries like France, Portugal, United Kingdom and Austria. This dissertation develops a model for implementing local loop unbundling in the South African ICT sector. Local loop unbundling (in short LLU) has been successfully (and unsuccessfully) implemented in a number of countries around the world [3]. The model being proposed recommends best practices to be followed by all stakeholders to ensure successful deployment of local loop unbundling. The research takes a closer look at the South African ICT sector and makes recommendations on processes and systems that are necessary to ensure successful deployment of local loop unbundling in South Africa. The dissertation is written from the view of Telkom (The incumbent Operator), competitors (existing ones and new entrants) and the Regulator (ICASA) and focuses mainly on:  Technical Processes and Challenges that must be addressed  Regulatory Process and Challenges that must be addressed  Economic Challenges that must be addressed  Comparison to international ICT Markets and  Recommendations and Conclusions. The dissertation also covers the development of the Local loop unbundling model charter, Local Loop Management website and processes (Annexure A and B) developed (using HTML) used for the management of the unbundling process. Keywords: o Local loop o Caged Co-location / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The cellular operators (Vodacom, Cell C, MTN and now Virgin Mobile) market has over 39-million mobile phone subscribers and the fixed operator (Telkom) has almost 5 million subscribers [13]. Although the telecommunication sector has been experiencing this significant growth (in terms of numbers), monopolisation of the local loop by Telkom has also resulted in communication prices that are not affordable to the majority of South Africans. The government of South Africa has identified cost of telecommunication services as one of the key initiatives that must be addressed to improve equal levels of access to ICT services in general. Local Loop Unbundling (or LLU for short) has been identified by the South African government as a tool that will minimise control that Telkom has over the copper cable connecting exchanges to customers whilst at the same time driving down the costs of Telecommunication in the country. Although some countries have successfully implemented local loop unbundling, some have not been so successful [3]. This dissertation proposes ICT Systems and processes South Africa needs to have in place to become one of the few success stories. The proposed model was validated against the different models adopted in countries like France, Portugal, United Kingdom and Austria. This dissertation develops a model for implementing local loop unbundling in the South African ICT sector. Local loop unbundling (in short LLU) has been successfully (and unsuccessfully) implemented in a number of countries around the world [3]. The model being proposed recommends best practices to be followed by all stakeholders to ensure successful deployment of local loop unbundling. The research takes a closer look at the South African ICT sector and makes recommendations on processes and systems that are necessary to ensure successful deployment of local loop unbundling in South Africa. The dissertation is written from the view of Telkom (The incumbent Operator), competitors (existing ones and new entrants) and the Regulator (ICASA) and focuses mainly on:  Technical Processes and Challenges that must be addressed  Regulatory Process and Challenges that must be addressed  Economic Challenges that must be addressed  Comparison to international ICT Markets and  Recommendations and Conclusions. The dissertation also covers the development of the Local loop unbundling model charter, Local Loop Management website and processes (Annexure A and B) developed (using HTML) used for the management of the unbundling process. Keywords: o Local loop o Caged Co-location / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This thesis investigates the local innovation system of public research organisations in the Thai context, in which research centres and firms are co-located in a planned science park, with particular emphasis on the influence of co-location on interactions between research centres and local firms, and the research collaboration between the research centres and industrial firms. It aims to gain insight into the factors that influence the interaction of research centres and firms located in close proximity and the ways in which research centres and firms interrelate in relation to their research collaboration. This thesis draws upon three theoretical concepts: the concept of local innovation system, the concept of proximity, and the theories of inter-organisational relationships.The study suggests that co-location (i.e. physical proximity) to research centres does not normally lead to formal interaction between local firms and research centres in this context. Most of the interactions between them were found to be informal. Thus, the influence of physical proximity on the interactions and linkages of actors in this local innovation system is to some extent over-estimated. There is insufficient synergy to create an innovative surplus from co-location of firms and research centres in this context. The study also suggests that promoting social and technological proximity between research centres and local firms, by introducing institutional or organisational arrangements that would facilitate these two dimensions of proximity, encourages greater extent of formal interaction between them as well as facilitates benefits from spatial relation of these local actors. Despite the absence of formal interaction with local firms, research centres collaborate with firms located outside the science park. The study introduces a typology to understand how research centres work with firms and shows that most of the collaborative projects involved industrial application and utilisation of technological knowledge accumulated within the research centres, which applied to the firms' products or development processes. Many of these projects resulted from collective projects or partnering experience between the research centre and firm, and were likely to follow with subsequent collaborations. In addition, the study reveals that technological factors, i.e. technological relatedness between the knowledge base of firms and research centres and firm's technological capacity, influence the way in which research centres work with firms in collaborative projects. Organisational and institutional settings of research centres, as well as cultural factors are identified as barriers of research collaboration in this study.The thesis concludes by indicating that physical proximity alone cannot trigger interaction of actors, especially formal interaction such as research collaboration, bounded by spatial relation. Interaction between public research organisations and firms can take place without closeness in distance. Other dimensions of their relationship are important factors influencing their interaction. The research collaboration between research centres and firms is a complex process and requires supportive organisational and institutional arrangements and effective policy intervention.

A co-location pattern is a set of spatial features frequently located together in space. A frequent pattern is a set of items that frequently appears in a transaction database. Since its introduction, the paradigm of frequent pattern mining has undergone a shift from candidate generation-and-test based approaches to projection based approaches. Co-location patterns resemble frequent patterns in many aspects. However, the lack of transaction concept, which is crucial in frequent pattern mining, makes the similar shift of paradigm in co-location pattern mining very difficult. This thesis investigates a projection based co-location pattern mining paradigm. In particular, a FP-tree based co-location mining framework and an algorithm called FP-CM, for FP-tree based co-location miner, are proposed. It is proved that FP-CM is complete, correct, and only requires a small constant number of database scans. The experimental results show that FP-CM outperforms candidate generation-and-test based co-location miner by an order of magnitude.

The energy sector is facing unprecedented changes as technology development and new expectations are necessitating action. As a result of market changes, incumbent companies as well as new ones within the sector are now seeking new business opportunities to cope with changes and position themselves for the future. The term servitization has been identified as a key to successfully being able to cope with these changes. It describes the transition from a product-oriented value proposition towards a service-oriented value proposition and has become attractive as a strategy due to economic, market and competitive arguments. Despite many clear advantages, the phenomenon of servitization comes with great challenges. To this day, no successful full-scale servitization initiative can be identified within the energy sector in Sweden, that is to say, a situation where a company completely has shifted its offering. The thesis therefore sets out to facilitate the development of a servitization endeavor by examining previous research work within the field of servitization and co-creation. These topics are considered by taking a systems perspective because of the characteristics of the given case, where components such as generators, power lines, transformers, electrical equipment companies, utility companies, data centers and regulatory authorities are part of a larger whole. The theoretical material is applied to better understand a potential receiver of a service offering, a potential customer in the energy sector that is: Data centers. More specifically, the thesis discusses and seek to identify the needs and interests that the customer segment data center seeks in a future energy related service offering and other important factors for a servitized offering. This in turn can be seen as a response to the servitization literature, which clearly promotes that all servitization efforts should start with understanding the customer. Findings show that the largest challenge of servitization has much to do with the abstract nature of the term. In contrast to a tool that can be used relatively mindlessly, servitization constitute a complex whole where things like organizational capacity, culture and common interests must co-exist. The case study has mapped out the needs and wants of the customer segment and suggests recommendations to succeed accordingly. The thesis makes in particular three contributions. First, the three theoretical topics of servitization, co-creation and systems thinking have been integrated to extend the understanding of the connection between these, as well as the challenges linked to the topics. Secondly, a deeper understanding of the data center sector has been provided, more specifically, which critical factors the segment considers in the context of the study. Thirdly, the thesis contributes with suggestions concerning areas for improvement or areas where business development can take place, which also was what first caused us to do the study.

With an ageing population, there is a need for elderly to be involved in the technology changes and be involved in finding ways for it to fit them and their needs. Virtual reality is one example of new technology that can be used to engage and help elderly. This, in combination with devising an experience with co-watching and co-location, there is potential to have something where watching creates value for the user. The aim of this thesis was to look at how co-located and co-watched 360-degree films in a head mounted device was experienced by elderly and which implications could be drawn in terms of arranging and executing 360-film sessions. The data was collected through non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Drawing from a thematic analysis two main themes emerged:Enriching the everyday life through new and reminiscing experiencesTogetherness while co-watching depends on external social factors From there, the results are discussed and summarized into six key implications; the role of the administrator, the group composition, value of watching, enhancing the cowatching experience, decrease weight of head mounted devices and the importance of content, to consider in future work. / I en värld med en åldrande befolkning, finns det ett behov av att inkludera äldre människor i hur tekniken förändras och hitta lösningar för tekniken att passa dem och deras behov. Virtual reality är ett exempel på ny teknik som kan användas för att engagera och hjälpa äldre, och detta i kombination med utformningen av en upplevelse med samtittning och samlokalisering finns det potential för att själva tittandet skapar värde för användaren. Syftet med denna uppsats var att se hur samtittande och samlokalisering i en head mounted device vid tittandet av 360-graders filmer upplevdes av äldre människor och vilka slutsatser som kunde dras beträffande arrangemanget och verkställandet av 360films sessioner. All data samlades in via icke-deltagande observation och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Genom att tematiskt analysera all data kunde två huvudteman fastställas:Berika vardagen genom nya och andra minnesvärda upplevelserGemenskapen under samtittande beror på yttre sociala faktorer Därifrån är resultatet av studien diskuterat och sammanfattat i sex viktiga slutsatser att ta hänsyn till i framtiden; rollen som sessionsledare, gruppsammansättningen, värdet i att titta, förbättra upplevelsen av samtittandet, minska vikten på head mounted devices och betydelsen av innehållet i filmerna.