The focus of this study is the hydrochemical variability of runoff events in two nested alpine/sub-alpine basins. More specifically, the aim is to link hydrograph interpretations to results of hydrochemistry during rain storms in order to understand better short term hydrochemical fluxes and variability in solute sources. Hydrograph separation was undertaken by using four hydrological tracers; electrical conductivity, concentration of silica, and the stable environmental isotopes oxygen-18 and deuterium. The different methods predicted consistent high pre-storm water contribution for the lower station at peak flow (60%-90%) but less consistent results were found at the upper basin outlet (25%-90%). The chemical characteristics of the stream water have been analyzed using three different approaches, namely; statistical, mass balance, and thermodynamic. Linear correlation was used to investigate the statistical association between discharge and the individual chemical species. The mass balance approach was used to correlate stoichiometry of the bedrock mineralogy to dissolved constituents in the stream water. Finally, a thermodynamic technique was used to evaluate to what extent the stream water could be represented as an equilibrium system and how this changed over the course of the storm. The results from these methods showed that the stream water variability was caused almost entirely by dilution from rain water input. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

No abstract included. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This thesis describes the manner in which the Japanese market for Pacific Northwest lumber grew over the last one hundred years. The description attempts to explain why British Columbia, which for many years was the under-dog in the Japanese market, suddenly and irrevocably took the lead from Washington and Oregon in 1961. The answer seemed to lie in B.C.'s marketing philosophy - the international marketing orientation - which geared her in practical terms for the export markets of the world generally and for Japan particularly. Manifestations of this marketing philosophy were first seen around 1934 when H.R. MacMillan, in spite of an ample and virtually guaranteed U.K. market, recognized the importance of keeping one foot in relatively slack markets like Japan. It was a question of increasing B.C.'s market share. Yet it took more than twenty-five years for the Province to bear the fruits of this orientation. There were good reasons for this time lag. Prior to 1961, except for a fifteen year period after the Great Japanese earthquake of 1923, Japan was a modest purchaser of Pacific Northwest lumber. The greater part of these lumber shipments were of large Douglas fir squares which Washington and Oregon were in a better position to supply. In the latter part of the decade of the 1950's, however, when large-sized Douglas fir was needed for the developing Pacific Northwest plywood industry, and when the booming Japanese economy needed more timber, the Japanese had to look for an alternative species. Hemlock was their choice and both British Columbia and the American Northwest had ample supplies of these resources. But whereas B.C., being geared to the export market, could economically cut unusual Japanese specifications, the American Northwest being geared to their domestic market could not. The Japanese bought U.S. logs instead of lumber for cutting to their requirements at home. Thus, by supplying Japan with their large demand for hemlock baby squares, B.C. surpassed Washington and Oregon. In recent retaliation, the Americans have passed legislation restricting the export of logs from their territory with the hope that the Japanese would buy more lumber from them. But this writer predicts that unless the lumbermen of the American Northwest adopt the international marketing orientation expounded upon in this thesis and gear themselves for the export market, then no amount of log export legislation can guarantee them their former ascendancy in the Japanese lumber market. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In the first part of this thesis definitions of sea level are given and causes and effects of its seasonal and secular variations are briefly discussed. The second part deals with the numerical determination of these changes on the coast of British Columbia. Using raw tidal data in the form of monthly means of sea level, seasonal variations are determined as annual oscillations with mean amplitudes between 5 and 12 cm for seven stations on the B.C. coast. The investigation of secular variations is based on (raw) annual means of sea level. These variations are essentially represented by linear trends which are statistically significant at the stations VICTORIA, VANCOUVER, POINT ATKINSON and PRINCE RUPERT, where they indicate submergence. Assuming an eustatic rise of sea level at the rate of 1.0 mm/yr, the influence of land movement on submergence is estimated. For VICTORIA, a probable land uplift since 1909 and for VANCOUVER, POINT ATKINSON and PRINCE RUPERT a definite land subsidence since about 1943 is found. The rates of land subsidence range between 1 and 2 mm/yr. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Narratives serve many functions within a given cultural group. As well as reflecting and transmitting the social values of that group, narratives provide children with a cognitive framework that is an important factor in the learning process. Although the structure of narratives has been described for mainstream children, there is some debate as to whether different cultures share the same narrative structure. A culturally-based difference in narrative structure may contribute to the fact that Native Indian children (as well as children from other minority cultures) are overrepresented among those children who have difficulty in school. The present study set out to investigate whether there was a discernable difference in the structure of narratives told by five Coast Salish children aged 5;0 -8;6 and those told by mainstream children reported in the narrative development research literature. Two types of narratives (personal experience and fictional) were collected and analyzed according to three analysis procedures: high point analysis, which emphasizes evaluation of events; episodic analysis, which emphasizes goal-based action; and poetic analysis, which emphasizes the poetic form of the narratives. The high point analysis revealed that the Coast Salish children ordered events in their stories in a different order than mainstream children do. Both the high point and the episodic analyses showed that the Coast Salish children expressed relationships between events implicitly more frequently than mainstream children. The poetic analysis was the most revealing of potential intercultural differences. This analysis revealed that falling intonation, grammatic closure, lexical markers and shifts in perspective (reference, action, focused participant, time frame, comment, etc.) defined structural units in the narratives of the Coast Salish children. This evidence of structural unit markers was consistent with predictions based on research by Scollon & Scollon (1981, 1984). The results of this investigation have implications for educators and speech-language pathologists in their interaction with Native Indian children. In addition, the results provide a useful indication of the necessary considerations and appropriate procedures for carrying out a more focused study of the narratives of a larger group of Native Indian children. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

The thesis takes a normative, yet pragmatic approach, in examining how the protection of habitat and ecological functions can be improved through changing current uncoordinated, sectoral decision-making processes into a holistic, cooperative approach to guide planning at the local level. In rapidly growing regions on the urban/rural fringe such as the Sunshine Coast, towns, rural areas and large wildernesses form a complex matrix of land uses across the landscape which require the integration of provincial and local government planning. Thus, a case is made for a decision-making process that generates a conservation strategy, integrating local and provincial planning at the scale of regional districts in British Columbia. The literature is reviewed to identify principles for a conservation strategy approach to decision-making which include: a consensus-based process, cross-sectoral government coordination, broad-based public involvement, and non-governmental partnerships for implementation. Secondly, the literature pertaining to several regional approaches to conservation planning is reviewed including: parks system planning, landscape ecology and bioregional theory. From these two sources of literature, a hybrid model of the regional conservation planning strategy is formed. Using criteria derived from this hybrid model to evaluate the effectiveness of planning processes, the provincial conservation planning framework is evaluated. The policies of the Commission on Resources and Environment, the provincial government’s Land and Resource Management Planning process and the Protected Areas Strategy are evaluated according to the criteria. Fourthly, conservation planning on the Sunshine Coast is examined, and a case study of the Sechelt Inlets Coastal Strategy is evaluated against the criteria. By evaluating both the provincial planning framework and the local case study, conclusions can be drawn on the need for regional conservation planning strategy processes in rapidly developing areas at the urban/rural fringe. Finally, recommendations are made for changes to provincial and regional district policies to facilitate more effective conservation planning for the Sunshine Coast Regional District and other regions in British Columbia. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Debris flows in the southern Coast Mountains exhibit different dynamic and sedimentologic characteristics, depending on the lithology of their source areas. Fine-textured debris flows originating in the Quaternary volcanic complexes are much more mobile than those originating in the coarse-textured plutonic rocks which form most of this mountain range. Mobility can be described as the velocity of flow, the distance of travel of debris flows, and the slope required to sustain flow. The objectives of this study are to examine the effect of different sediment composition on the mobility of debris flows, and to determine which rheologic models are most applicable for modeling debris flows in these geologic environments. About 25 debris flow events in or adjacent to the southern Coast Mountains were examined, ranging in volume from 10² m³ to over 10⁷ m³. Field methods included sampling of grain-size distribution, measurement of the deposit and channel dimensions, and observation of the stratigraphy of debris flow fans. Shear strength, permeability, and consolidation tests were performed on samples of reconstituted debris, representative of typical fine-textured and coarsetextured debris flows. These samples were also used to model debris flows in a flume. The coarse-textured, plutonic-source, debris flows typically had a distinct, inverselygraded, clast-supported, surface layer of cobbles and boulders. Their deposits tended to be irregular in thickness, with lobes and levees of coarse material. The fine-textured, volcanicsource, debris flows had no such surface layer, and their deposits were generally uniform in thickness and surface morphology. These observations, and corroborating evidence from the flume results, suggest that fine-textured debris flows behave according to the Bingham flow model, while coarse-textured debris flows can be better described by a granular, or dilatant, flow model. A clay content of about 4% in the matrix (sub-4 mm material) is a useful measure to distinguish the two populations. Several debris flow events of intermediate behaviour and sediment composition were also examined. The permeability of the debris, and hence its rate of consolidation, is an important factor controlling mobility. The volume of debris flow events was found to be the most significant factor controlling runout distance. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

MAAS / Department of Development Studies / See the attached abstract below

As world population increases, coastal areas experience an increase in human occupancy. These community locations come with a greater risk of impacts due to extreme natural events. Tsunami, being one of the most unpredictable and most devastating types of extreme hydrodynamic events, received significant attention over the past decades due to the recent extreme events (2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile, 2011 Japan, 2018 Indonesia). The focus of this thesis is on investigating scour around structures generated by tsunami. Scouring was found to be one of the greatest sources of building damage during the 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami and, at the date of the redaction of this thesis, this phenomenon is still little understood by the scientific community. The main objective of this thesis is to study the change in scouring when multiple buildings are constructed in close proximity, as opposed to individual elements such as in the case of all previous studies focussed on tsunami-induced scour. This topic was first investigated by the candidate with the use of a numerical model, FLOW-3D, using the large eddy simulation approach and the Nielsen (1992) bed load sediment transport model. The model results showed a significant increase in scouring when a second building was located along the same transversal plane as the building investigated. Then, three structure arrangements were investigated in a comprehensive physical experiment conducted in the new Dambreak Flume of Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Ottawa, Canada, to study the effects of (1) upstream constriction, (2) lateral spacing and (3) sheltering on tsunami-induced scour. All three structure arrangements showed a significant effect on tsunami-induced scour. A secondary project was conducted in collaboration with the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, and the Leibniz University Hannover, Germany. This large-scale physical experiment, performed in the Large Wave Flume of the Leibniz Institute Hannover, Germany, was used to investigate three different research phenomenon that influence tsunami scouring: (1) the wave drawdown on scour around structures, (2) the evolution of flow eddies and (3) the change in the soil’s pore pressure.

The Floras Creek area, east of the town of Langlois, near the southwest Oregon coast, includes Colebrooke Schist (a klippe of metamorphosed pelitic sediments of Jurassic age), Jurassic Otter Point Formation (a melange complex), and lower the middle Eocene Roseburg and Lookingglass Formations, part of a sandstone-shale sequence occurring more extensively in other areas. The Colebrooke Schist occurs in the south-central part of the area, bounded on the Otter Point and Roseburg. The Lookingglass is exposed as a small (1.5 sq. km) block in the north-north-west part of the area. Two major structural trends are found in the Floras Creek area; an older Mesozoic east-west normal fault trend which is truncated by younger serpentinitefilled, north-south shear zones. The younger fault trend was active into the Tertiary as the faults cut the Eocene. Detrital modal analyses of sandstones suggest that the Otter Point is related to the coeval Dothan Formation of the interior Klamath Mountains, in the same way that the Franciscan is related to the Great Valley sequence in California. The detrital modal analysis indicates that the Otter Point is trench-slope deposited sediments as is the Franciscan and the Dothan is forearc basin deposits similar to the Great Valley.