Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-17T16:31:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Scherner.pdf: 1240338 bytes, checksum: f5d748da0f0317493176e1e0823d858f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T16:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Scherner.pdf: 1240338 bytes, checksum: f5d748da0f0317493176e1e0823d858f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Human activities have been causing environmental alterations with consequences to marine biological communities. These changes have been occurring at local scale, such as urbanization and coastal pollution, and globally, throught climate change and ocean acidification caused by higher CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Coastal urbanization is rapidly expanding worlwide. This phenomenon has been leading to the contamination of the marine environment by a variety of pollutants, such as heavy metals. However, the effects of coastal urbanization on marine macroalgae communities still need further studies that consider their latitudinal limits of distribution. Likewise, studies on the effects of climate change, such as temperature increases and ocean acidification, on macroalgal communities are recent and still relatively limited. Thus, the aims of the present study were: 1) Evaluate the impacts of urbanization on marine macroalgae communities within different phycogeographycal regions along the Brazilian coast; 2) Assess the physiological effects of heavy metal contamination at concentrations observed in polluted regions within the temperature ranges of distribution of the seaweed Halimeda cuneata Hering in the SW Atlantic; 3) Evaluate the effects of increased temperatures and CO2 driven ocean acidification on the photosynthesis of marine macroalgae. For the first, a significant fraction of the Brazilian coast was studied, including sampling areas on the three phycogeographycal regions (warm temperate, tranzition zone, and tropical) where the structure and composition of the communities were determined in urban and reference areas. For the second, an experiment of metal enrichment was performed in laboratory, assessing the effects of metals at temperatures that occur within the limits of distribution of H. cuneata on the Brazilian coast and its recovery potential at the different temperatures. The third consisted of performing experiments in a reef mesocosms in a tropical region on the Brazilian coast, using calcified macroalgae species, evaluating the effects of temperature increases and CO2 driven acidification on the macroalgae photosynthetic performance. The results are presented here in three chapters. The first shows that urbanization leads to substantial declines in species number and causes drastic changes on marine macroalgae communities. The second provides evidence of the negative effects of heavy metals on the physiology of H. cuneata, which showed no photosynthetic recover at temperatures that occur on its limit of distribution in the south Atlantic. The third indicates a high photosynthetic adaptability of the studied macroalgae in face of temperature increases and acidification, which can be related to the possibilities of utilization of different inorganic carbon species by these algae. / As atividades humanas têm causado alterações ambientais com consequências sobre comunidades biológicas marinhas. Essas alterações vêm ocorrendo em escala local, como é o caso da urbanização e poluição costeira, e global, por meio das mudanças climáticas e acidificação dos oceanos causado por maiores concentrações de CO2 na atmosfera. A urbanização costeira está se expandindo rapidamente no mundo todo. Este fenômeno tem levado à contaminação do ambiente marinho por diversos poluentes, entre eles os metais pesados. Os efeitos da referida urbanização sobre as comunidades de macroalgas ainda necessitam de estudos que considerem os limites de distribuição latitudinal destes organismos. Semelhantemente, estudos sobre os potenciais efeitos das mudanças climáticas, como o aumento da temperatura e acidificação oceânica, sobre comunidades macroalgais, são recentes e ainda relativamente escassos. Nesse contexto, esse estudo teve como objetivos: 1) Avaliar os impactos da urbanização sobre comunidades de macroalgas marinhas nas diferentes províncias ficogeográficas do litoral brasileiro; 2) Compreender os mecanismos fisiológicos da contaminação do ambiente marinho por metais pesados sobre a alga pantropical Halimeda cuneata Hering em temperaturas que ocorrem em seus limites de distribuição no sudoeste do Atlântico; 3) Avaliar os efeitos do aumento de temperatura e da acidificação oceânica por adição de CO2 sobre a fotossíntese de macroalgas marinhas. Para o primeiro, uma fração significativa do litoral brasileiro foi estudada, incluindo áreas amostrais nas três províncias ficogeográficas brasileiras (Temperada quente, Zona de transição e Tropical) onde a estrutura e composição das comunidades foram determinadas em áreas urbanizadas e áreas referências. Para o segundo, um experimento com enriquecimento por metais foi realizado em laboratório, avaliando o efeito de metais em temperaturas que ocorrem dentro dos limites de distribuição de H. cuneata na costa brasileira e o seu potencial de recuperação nas diferentes temperaturas. Com relação ao terceiro, experimentos foram realizados em mesoscosmos recifal em região tropical no litoral brasileiro, utilizando espécies de macroalgas calcificadas, avaliando o efeito de aumentos de temperatura e da acidificação da água por adição de CO2 sobre a performance fotossintética das macroalgas. Os resultados são apresentados aqui em três capítulos. O primeiro mostra que a urbanização leva a diminuições substanciais no número de espécies e causa alterações profundas em comunidades macroalgais marinhas. O segundo evidencia os efeitos deletérios de metais pesados sobre as funções fisiológicas de H. cuneata, com destaque para a ausência de recuperação fotossintética em temperaturas que ocorrem no seu limite de distribuição no Atlântico sul. O terceiro indica uma alta adaptabilidade fotossintética das macroalgas estudadas diante de elevações de temperatura e acidificação, o que pode estar relacionado às possibilidades de utilização de diferentes espécies de carbono inorgânico por estas algas.

The incessant growth of human populations, and the increase in recreational activities on seashores have altered the natural conditions of most coastal ecosystems, with a series of consequences for the distribution, abundance, and behavior of a range of organisms. While Atalaia beach in the city of Aracaju is highly urbanized, it is an important point in the migratory cycle of some species of migratory Nearctic shorebirds. The principal objective of the present study was to characterize the avian fauna of Atalaia beach, and to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic impacts on the spatial distribution and habitat use of migratory shorebirds. For this, a total of 81 surveys of a 5 km stretch of the beach were conducted on a monthly basis between October, 2008, and November, 2009. Data were also collected on the homogeneous availability organic matter of benthic macrofauna and the presence of beachgoers along the same stretch of shore. A total of 70 bird species were identified, of which the most abundant were the migratory shorebirds, with over 2500 individuals being recorded between October and March. The most common species were Arenaria interpres, Calidris alba, Calidris pusilla, and Charadrius semipalmatus, which together accounted for 79,09% of all birds recorded. These species were not distributed homogeneously across the survey area (H = 31.98; g.l. = 9; p = 0.002), nor did their abundance correlate with the availability of invertebrates (rs = 0.14; p = 0.71; n = 10). Unexpectedly, the sectors of the area with the highest concentrations of beachgoers also harbored the greatest abundance of birds (rs = 0.61; p = 0.059; n = 10). This appears to have been at least partly explained by the availability of leftover food within these areas, which represent an alternative dietary resource for the migratory shorebirds, and interferes in their behavior patterns. There is a clear need to better understand this phenomenon, and its potential consequences for the birds. / O contínuo crescimento das populações humanas, e o aumento das atividades recreativas ao longo do litoral alteram as condições naturais dos diversos ecossistemas costeiros, e consequentemente afetam a ocorrência, distribuição e comportamento de diversos organismos. Embora inserida no contexto urbano da cidade de Aracaju, a praia da Atalaia, apresenta-se como uma importante área no ciclo migratório de aves limícolas neárticas. O presente trabalho tem por principal objetivo trazer informações sobre a avifauna da praia da Atalaia, fazendo uma breve avaliação da influência antrópica sobre a distribuição espacial e uso de habitat das aves limícolas migratórias. Para isso, foram realizadas um total de 81 amostragens ao longo de 5 km de extensão de praia no período entre os meses de outubro de 2008 a novembro de 2009. Foram coletados dados sobre a homogeneidade espacial da macrofauna bêntica a partir da mensuração da matéria orgânica, bem como o número de pessoas foi contabilizado ao longo dessa faixa de praia. Foi identificado um total 70 espécies de aves, dentre estas as aves limícolas migratórias foram as mais abundantes, com registros de mais 2500 indivíduos entre os meses de outubro e março. As espécies mais comuns foram Arenaria interpres, Calidris alba, Calidris pusilla, e Charadrius semipalmatus que em conjunto totalizaram 79,09% do número total de indivíduos registrados. Essas espécies não apresentaram distribuição homogênea ao longo da faixa de praia amostrada (H = 31,98; g.l. = 9; p = 0,002), tampouco a abundância apresentou correlação os potenciais setores de disponibilidades de invertebrados (rs = 0,14; p = 0,71; n = 10). Inesperadamente, os setores de praia com maiores concentrações de pessoas também registraram as maiores abundâncias de aves (rs = 0,61; p = 0,059; n = 10). Tal fato parece estar associado com a oferta de restos de comidas e de lixo existentes nessas áreas, o que pode constituir um recurso alimentar alternativo para as aves migratórias, e consequentemente, influenciando os padrões de ocorrência e comportamentais dessas espécies. Faz-se necessário ampliar os estudos e pesquisas para um melhor entendimento dessa situação, e principalmente avaliar quais as potenciais consequências dessas substâncias para as aves e o ciclo migratório.

La gestion du domaine public suscite des conflits récurrents en matière d’aménagement, de protection et de mise en valeur du littoral et cela concerne notamment les plages. On aurait pu penser que les instruments de contrôle foncier et patrimonial mis à la disposition des pouvoirs publics étaient assez efficaces pour leur permettre de mener à bien leurs missions. Mais la réglementation en vigueur concernant la gestion du domaine public maritime, et tout particulièrement celles des plages, est loin d’avoir apporté une sécurité juridique suffisante. La législation relative aux plages est confrontée à une insécurité juridique ; la réglementation devient difficile à maîtriser en raison de la complexité des règles et de leur « difficile transposition » dans les départements et régions d’Outre-mer liée à leur caractère insulaire, ce qui a pour conséquence d’obscurcir la loi et de rendre ainsi ineffectif le droit en vigueur. L’objet de la présente étude est de montrer que cette insécurité juridique est aggravée dans les Départements d’Outre-mer, de mesurer l’ineffectivité des règles entourant l’exploitation des plages et d’essayer d’éclaircir cet imbroglio juridique. / The management of the public domain is the root of recurrent problems affecting regional and coastal development, as well as environment al protection including notably the beaches. It Would be obvious to think that the measures taken to maintain a control over the real estate and heritage site put at the authorities disposal were effective enough to enable the carrying out of their mission, but the statements of fact is that the current regulation concerning the maritime public domain and especially the beaches, is not what was expected of it, that means a sufficient juridical security. The real issue is to show firstly, that the legislation concerning the beaches is confronted to a legal insecurity, then demonstrate that the regulation is becoming difficult to master because of the complexity of rules, as well as their tricky transposition in the overseas departments due to the insular nature of these regions. The consequence is the darkening of the law which leads inevitably to its inefficiency. The purpose of this study in to show that this juridical insecurity is worse in the overseas departments, to put also in evidence the ineffectiveness of the rules concerning the exploitation of the beaches, in order to clarify this juridical mess.

The study presented in this thesis discusses the topic of ASRs through the use of a specific case study constructed at Boscombe, UK. With the main aim to provide an impartial and independent study into the environmental, social and economic impacts of an ASR. The research presented is therefore multidisciplinary in nature, the separate components utilise key techniques from the geophysical, numerical modelling and socio-economic disciplines are combined to present a significant contribution to the knowledge and understanding of ASRs. Whilst previous studies have focused on one of these disciplines, there are no independent detailed studies of a constructed ASR utilising an multidisciplinary approach. The ASR concept and structures are still in their development infancy, the subject has received cursory independent review in the literature. There have been few successful projects, those that have survived structurally in the ocean are not being used primarily for surfing. The Boscombe ASR is an example of high overspend, poor management and construction, loss of geotextile SFC and users deem the project a failure. The consequences of not correctly planning, managing and overseeing the construction has resulted in a poorly viewed project of limited success. All stages of this project could have benefited from thoughtful planning, thereby avoiding this outcome. If lessons are to be learnt from this project then the planning and management are key areas of the process that need addressing. Ensuring that any future ASR projects are securely integrated with the coastal zone management plan will provide sustainability and success. The DPSIR framework approach can be used to highlight and address the causes of problems in the project. This framework enables the various disciplines to be discussed in relation to each other; links can be identified between the environmental, social and economic impacts of the ASR construction. Strict protocols will increase the success of any ASR project. The final crest height of the Boscombe ASR was 0.5 m higher than the final design height, this is a fundamental design flaw that should not be occurring in modern coastal engineering practice. It is suggested that guidelines are written based on this research for the design and construction process of an ASR. The recommendations and guidelines for ASR monitoring are provided by this research. The emphasis for future projects should lie in the final design and in monitoring, baseline field data should be collected to understand the environmental state change and socio-economic impacts. Planning and government proposals should be accompanied by extensive stakeholder engagement ensuring transparency for the project and ownership within the coastal community. The exclusion of stakeholders at key decision points created distrust and misunderstanding towards the Boscombe ASR project. Avoiding unrealistic expectations within the surfing community and wider coastal community was discussed throughout this research, and by others in the literature. This research agrees with these statements, the issue of poor surfability would be improved by a greater area to manipulate the bathymetry. However this would come at a greatly increased cost in geotextile SFCs, which the current construction method is certainly not capable of delivering successfully. It would be recommended in this case that an alternative construction material was used that is resilient to the marine environment and readily adaptable given poor performance. Further testing of materials, both geotextile SFCs and alternatives, are required for the successful advancement of ASR technology.

No description available.

Coastal urban settlements require a special planning approach since they bring the concepts of &ldquo / urban&rdquo / and &ldquo / coastal&rdquo / together. In relation to the specific contents of these concepts, there are also different models of management plans. &ldquo / Urban Disaster Risk Management&rdquo / and &ldquo / Integrated Coastal Zone Management&rdquo / are two of them. Urban Disaster Risk Management model deals with the planning and management problems of urban settlements in the case of disaster risk conditions. Likewise, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model focuses on the whole coastal area and deals with the sustainable use and protection of all types of coastal resources. However, in case of urban coastal settlements, these models of management plans can be valid together, can overlap, and they can even conflict with each other. In this thesis study, these two models of management plan and their coexistence are considered. A Coastal Area Assessment Model is set up and applied for Iskenderun case. This model provides a detailed spatial analysis opportunity in planning and management of coastal urban settlement. Therefore the model offers a significant input for the planning process through determining urban and coastal risks at the same time. Coastal Area Assessment Model is a tool which takes both Urban Disaster Risk Management and Integrated Coastal Zone Management models&rsquo / concerns into account and evaluates the coastal settlement in terms of urban risk sectors and coastal management issues. This study also introduces an approach on classification of the coastal areas and coastal urban settlements while setting up the Coastal Area Assessment Model. Coastal Area Assessment Model becomes an advantageous tool since it has significant contributions to the planning process by making a simple risk analysis and guiding the proper utilization and protection of the population, built environment, and resources of the coastal areas. Risk sectors, coastal management issues, critical and prior intervention areas of a coastal urban settlement are easily determined, and preparation of development plans of a coastal settlement is guided by the implementation of Coastal Area Assessment Model. In addition to these, general principles on planning and management of coastal settlements are determined by the implementation of the model for the implementation conditions of Urban Disaster Risk Management model, Integrated Coastal Zone Management model, and the Coastal Area Assessment Model in Turkey are also discussed and presented.

The Cal Poly Pier (Pier) Master/Facility Plan (FP) document provides the vision of the future for the Pier, a marine science research facility. The Plan facilitates project development and management of the Pier while meeting university and department research goals. Specifically, the FP document establishes goals and strategies to direct long-term development of the Pier, streamlines agency approval and permit requirements, provides context for pier management, and assists the permitting process for future development as it relates to regulatory permits and programmatic growth on the Cal Poly Pier to help meet goals of the Center for Coastal Marine Sciences (CCMS). The Cal Poly Pier is the marine field station for the California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) CCMS and is one of several facilities that supports research and educational activities. The CCMS is a CSU Campus Center research organization that provides research and education activities as a part of Cal Poly’s overall mission while offering opportunities to interested parties beyond Cal Poly, such as private and public entities. The 3,057-foot long pier provides students, faculty, researchers, and other users unrivaled access to the marine environment of the Central Coast and fosters hands-on learning opportunities to progress marine research and science. The Master Plan name was changed to Facility Plan to streamline the plan approval process and to minimize the potential for errors.