Στην παρούσα μελέτη εκτιμήθηκαν οι συστάσεις παράκτιων απορριμμάτων σε 28 ελληνικές ακτές για το έτος 2009. Η καταγραφή των απορριμμάτων έγινε από εθελοντές της εκστρατείας εθελοντικών καθαρισμών ακτών και φυσικών περιοχών «Καθαρίστε Τη Μεσόγειο 2009», την οποία συντονίζει η Μη Κυβερνητική Οργάνωση «Δίκτυο Μεσόγειος Σος». Oι εθελοντές ταυτόχρονα με τον καθαρισμό συμπλήρωσαν φύλλο καταγραφής με 2 πίνακες, έναν για τις συστάσεις των απορριμμάτων και έναν για τις αρχικές χρήσεις αυτών. Στα δεδομένα των 28 παραλιών της Ελλάδας εφαρμόσθηκε «περιγραφική Στατιστική» και εκτιμήθηκε ότι το πλαστικό βρίσκεται στην πρώτη των απορριμμάτων (37%), ακολουθώντας το χαρτί (12%) και εν συνεχεία το γυαλί (9%). Τέλος, εφαρμόσθηκε Παραγοντική Ανάλυση στις 11 παραλίες με τα πληρέστερα δεδομένα και τα αποτελέσματα της ερμηνεύτηκαν και προσδιορίστηκαν έτσι οι κυριότερες πηγές ρύπανσης των 11 παραλιών (Χερσαία-Θαλάσσια) καθώς επίσης και οι κυριότερες υποκατηγορίες (Αναψυχή-Αλιεία-Άλλο). / In this present study composition of beach-stranded litter was estimated for 28 Greek beaches for the year 2009. The data were collected with the contribution of volunteers who participated in the “Clean up the Med” campaign of voluntary beach and naturally environmental areas clean ups, which is coordinated in Greece by the Non Government Organization “Med Sos”. The volunteers classified the collected litter item on the basis of the material and initial use. Descriptive Statistical Analysis was applied to the data corresponding to 28 Greek beaches and it was assessed that plastic held the first place among litter (37%) followed by paper (12%) and glass (9%). Finally Factor Analysis was applied to the 11 Greek beaches whose data were more accurately collected. Their results were interpreted thus allowing not only for land based and marine based litter-sources to be determined, but also for the most important subcategories (Recreational, Fishery, Other).

This study seeks to examine whether a relation can be found between the number of shoreline exemptions and the development of Umeå municipalities population, or not. The weight of this paper will be focusing on the importance of place attractiveness and social place identity for people’s desires and ambitions to live near a lake or the coast. The policies of planning will also be highlighted in order to receive greater understanding of why people apply for shoreline exemptions. Four semi- structured interviews with planners from Umeå municipality were therefor held with the ambition to complement the quantitative findings of the development of exemptions. The presenting results indicates that an increase of shoreline exemptions can be stated as well as the actions within the exemptions. The population has steadily increased trough out the studied years, 2014-2017. The relation between these findings can be argued have had a similar development, but we cannot be sure to say that they solely affect each other. Therefor the findings will be explained by earlier research regarding residential preferences, the desire to live with water view and planning policies that responds to these factors.

A compreensão da dinâmica hídrica e das relações ecológicas em estudos limnológicos inclui, imprescindivelmente, a morfologia do corpo de água. O conhecimento científico dos parâmetros morfométricos é fundamental não somente para medidas e quantificações, mas também para o entendimento dos processos internos que influenciam a dinâmica dos nutrientes e a distribuição das comunidades biológicas. A planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul foi formada por processos de erosão e deposição durante eventos marinhos de transgressão e regressão, associados à erosão fluvial e eólica durante o Quaternário. Durante o Pleistoceno e Holoceno foram estruturados quatro sistemas de depósito, chamados laguna-barreira, compreendendo grande diversidade de ecossistemas úmidos, dentre os quais as lagoas ao longo da costa do Oceano Atlântico, em sua maioria contendo água doce. Devido a sua gênese, essas lagoas são rasas, com profundidade relativa inferior a 2% e alcançam profundidade máxima de 11 metros no litoral médio do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente as lagoas do município de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Devido às características regionais de toponímia e segmentação, algumas lagoas puderam ser avaliadas como um ou mais corpos de água, resultando na caracterização de 20 corpos de água a partir dos 16 nomes oficiais atribuídos às lagoas. Os levantamentos batimétricos foram realizados entre os anos de 2013 e 2015, com o uso de ecobatímetro acoplado de GPS e aplicação de sensoriamento remoto e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Como resultados foram produzidos um artigo submetido à Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos e um capítulo de livro na obra Atlas Sociombiental do Município de Osório. No artigo intitulado “Morphological characterization of thirteen lakes in Osório, northern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil” foram caracterizadas morfologicamente 13 lagoas no município de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A análise de Cluster distinguiu quatro grupos morfológicos, confirmados pela Análise Discriminante. A análise de componentes principais identificou o primeiro componente com carga positiva para parâmetros de tamanho e carga negativa para a profundidade relativa, enquanto o segundo componente apresentou carga positiva para as profundidades máxima e profundidade média e carga negativa para o desenvolvimento do perímetro e o desenvolvimento do volume. Os parâmetros de tamanho mostraram ser, portanto, mais importantes na classificação das lagoas do que os parâmetros de profundidade. A baixa profundidade das lagoas estudadas (profundidade máxima = 4,6 m, maior profundidade média = 2,2 m) é elemento fundamental na gestão dos recursos hídricos, uma vez que o pequeno volume e tamanho tornam as lagoas rasas mais suscetíveis a processos de eutrofização. No capítulo intitulado “Morfologia”, as lagoas são apresentadas com mapa batimétrico, imagem aérea, parâmetros morfométricos e descrição das principais características de cada lagoa. O capítulo é apresentado de forma didática e com linguagem acessível, de forma a abranger um público amplo. Dados morfológicos são essenciais para a compreensão ecológica das lagoas, especialmente se associados a análises de transparência, turbidez, distribuição vertical de nutrientes e oxigênio e aplicação de índices tróficos, bem como são subsídio para a gestão dos recursos hídricos. / Submitted by Paula Leal (pffleal@ucs.br) on 2017-12-13T17:19:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cassiano Alves Marchett.pdf: 8251219 bytes, checksum: 65b61126737127725311f30c293cc56d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T17:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cassiano Alves Marchett.pdf: 8251219 bytes, checksum: 65b61126737127725311f30c293cc56d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The understanding of water dynamics and ecological relations in limnological studies necessarily includes the morphology of the water body. The scientific knowledge of morphometric parameters is fundamental not only for measurements and quantification, but also for the understanding of internal processes that influence nutrient dynamics and the biological communities distribution. The coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul was formed by erosion and deposition processes during marine transgression and regression process, associated with fluvial and wind erosion during the Quaternary. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, four depositional systems, called barrier-lagoon, were settled comprising a great diversity of humid ecosystems, among them the lakes along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly containing fresh water. Due to their genesis, the lakes are shallow with relative depth less than 2% and maximum depth of 11 meters in the middle coast of Rio Grande do Sul. The study aimed to morphologically characterize the lakes of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Due to the regional characteristics of toponymy and segmentation some lakes could be evaluated as one or more water bodies, resulting in the characterization of 20 water bodies from the 16 official names attributed to the lakes. Bathymetric surveys were conducted between the years 2013 and 2015, based on echo sounder coupled with GPS and application of remote sensing and GIS. As results were produced an article submitted to the Brazilian Journal of Water Resources and a chapter in book titled “Atlas Socioambiental do Município de Osório”. In the article titled "Morphological characterization of thirteen lakes in Osório, northern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil" were morphologically characterized 13 lakes in Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cluster analysis distinguished four morphological groups, confirmed by Discriminant Analysis. Principal component analysis identified the first component positively charged with parameters of size and negatively charged with relative depth, while the second component was positively charged with maximum and average depths and negatively charged with perimeter development and volume development. Therefore, size parameters were more important for the lakes classification than depth parameters. The coastal lakes shallowness (maximum depth = 4.6 m, largest average depth = 2.2 m) is a fundamental element for water resources management, since their low volume and small size make them more susceptible to eutrophication processes. In the chapter titled "Morfologia", the lakes are presented with bathymetric map, aerial photo, morphometric parameters and a description of the main characteristics for each lake. The chapter is presented in a didactic and accessible language in order to reach a wide public. Morphological data are essential ecological understanding of lakes, especially if associated with analyzes of transparency, turbidity, vertical distribution of nutrients and oxygen and application of trophic indexes, as well as being a subsidy for the water resources management.

A compreensão da dinâmica hídrica e das relações ecológicas em estudos limnológicos inclui, imprescindivelmente, a morfologia do corpo de água. O conhecimento científico dos parâmetros morfométricos é fundamental não somente para medidas e quantificações, mas também para o entendimento dos processos internos que influenciam a dinâmica dos nutrientes e a distribuição das comunidades biológicas. A planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul foi formada por processos de erosão e deposição durante eventos marinhos de transgressão e regressão, associados à erosão fluvial e eólica durante o Quaternário. Durante o Pleistoceno e Holoceno foram estruturados quatro sistemas de depósito, chamados laguna-barreira, compreendendo grande diversidade de ecossistemas úmidos, dentre os quais as lagoas ao longo da costa do Oceano Atlântico, em sua maioria contendo água doce. Devido a sua gênese, essas lagoas são rasas, com profundidade relativa inferior a 2% e alcançam profundidade máxima de 11 metros no litoral médio do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente as lagoas do município de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Devido às características regionais de toponímia e segmentação, algumas lagoas puderam ser avaliadas como um ou mais corpos de água, resultando na caracterização de 20 corpos de água a partir dos 16 nomes oficiais atribuídos às lagoas. Os levantamentos batimétricos foram realizados entre os anos de 2013 e 2015, com o uso de ecobatímetro acoplado de GPS e aplicação de sensoriamento remoto e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Como resultados foram produzidos um artigo submetido à Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos e um capítulo de livro na obra Atlas Sociombiental do Município de Osório. No artigo intitulado “Morphological characterization of thirteen lakes in Osório, northern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil” foram caracterizadas morfologicamente 13 lagoas no município de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A análise de Cluster distinguiu quatro grupos morfológicos, confirmados pela Análise Discriminante. A análise de componentes principais identificou o primeiro componente com carga positiva para parâmetros de tamanho e carga negativa para a profundidade relativa, enquanto o segundo componente apresentou carga positiva para as profundidades máxima e profundidade média e carga negativa para o desenvolvimento do perímetro e o desenvolvimento do volume. Os parâmetros de tamanho mostraram ser, portanto, mais importantes na classificação das lagoas do que os parâmetros de profundidade. A baixa profundidade das lagoas estudadas (profundidade máxima = 4,6 m, maior profundidade média = 2,2 m) é elemento fundamental na gestão dos recursos hídricos, uma vez que o pequeno volume e tamanho tornam as lagoas rasas mais suscetíveis a processos de eutrofização. No capítulo intitulado “Morfologia”, as lagoas são apresentadas com mapa batimétrico, imagem aérea, parâmetros morfométricos e descrição das principais características de cada lagoa. O capítulo é apresentado de forma didática e com linguagem acessível, de forma a abranger um público amplo. Dados morfológicos são essenciais para a compreensão ecológica das lagoas, especialmente se associados a análises de transparência, turbidez, distribuição vertical de nutrientes e oxigênio e aplicação de índices tróficos, bem como são subsídio para a gestão dos recursos hídricos. / The understanding of water dynamics and ecological relations in limnological studies necessarily includes the morphology of the water body. The scientific knowledge of morphometric parameters is fundamental not only for measurements and quantification, but also for the understanding of internal processes that influence nutrient dynamics and the biological communities distribution. The coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul was formed by erosion and deposition processes during marine transgression and regression process, associated with fluvial and wind erosion during the Quaternary. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, four depositional systems, called barrier-lagoon, were settled comprising a great diversity of humid ecosystems, among them the lakes along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly containing fresh water. Due to their genesis, the lakes are shallow with relative depth less than 2% and maximum depth of 11 meters in the middle coast of Rio Grande do Sul. The study aimed to morphologically characterize the lakes of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Due to the regional characteristics of toponymy and segmentation some lakes could be evaluated as one or more water bodies, resulting in the characterization of 20 water bodies from the 16 official names attributed to the lakes. Bathymetric surveys were conducted between the years 2013 and 2015, based on echo sounder coupled with GPS and application of remote sensing and GIS. As results were produced an article submitted to the Brazilian Journal of Water Resources and a chapter in book titled “Atlas Socioambiental do Município de Osório”. In the article titled "Morphological characterization of thirteen lakes in Osório, northern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil" were morphologically characterized 13 lakes in Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cluster analysis distinguished four morphological groups, confirmed by Discriminant Analysis. Principal component analysis identified the first component positively charged with parameters of size and negatively charged with relative depth, while the second component was positively charged with maximum and average depths and negatively charged with perimeter development and volume development. Therefore, size parameters were more important for the lakes classification than depth parameters. The coastal lakes shallowness (maximum depth = 4.6 m, largest average depth = 2.2 m) is a fundamental element for water resources management, since their low volume and small size make them more susceptible to eutrophication processes. In the chapter titled "Morfologia", the lakes are presented with bathymetric map, aerial photo, morphometric parameters and a description of the main characteristics for each lake. The chapter is presented in a didactic and accessible language in order to reach a wide public. Morphological data are essential ecological understanding of lakes, especially if associated with analyzes of transparency, turbidity, vertical distribution of nutrients and oxygen and application of trophic indexes, as well as being a subsidy for the water resources management.

The coastal zone consists of a narrow resource complex occurring at the interface between the sea and land. It not only serves as a transition zone between the marine and terrestrial environments but is also a unique environment possessing qualities which emerge from the dynamic relationship between land and sea. Man has, throughout history, found the resources of this area to be highly desirable for a multiplicity of uses. Now, however, segments of society are expressing considerable dissatisfaction with the way coastal resources have been allocated and abused over the past decades. The unrestrained exploitation of coastal resources has resulted in serious degradation and single purpose co-optation of resources resulting in the denial of benefits from many coastal resources to different groups in society. Such conditions indicate the need to establish coastal zone management institutions which can respond to these problems by producing a mixture of goods relevant to the needs and desires of today's society while preventing future generations from being despoiled of the use of coastal resources. In order to design effective management institutions and policies which can fulfill this need, a careful and systematic analysis of coastal resources' inherent capabilities and limitations must be accomplished. This study postulates that, through the use of a methodology which integrates the evaluation of coastal resources and resource use capability with an evaluation of user resource requirements in an ecological framework, opportunities can be identified for allocated resources to various users in a way that will reduce the degradation of resources and use conflicts. To conduct this study it was necessary to develop a system for classifying and evaluating coastal resources for different uses. The literature regarding coastal resource systems was examined to provide a basis for designing a classification scheme. Additionally, three current resource evaluation techniques were studied for procedures relevant to evaluating coastal resources for a variety of uses. The evaluation procedure used in the study represents a synthesis of parts of these techniques. The technique was applied in a case study to provide a foundation for evaluating its applicability to planning the use of coastal resources. The coast of Whatcom County, Washington, was selected as the case study area. The results of the study were evaluated in a scenario comparing the existing resources-use situation and the county comprehensive plan in the study area to the alternative patterns of resource use revealed by the capability analysis. The classification and evaluation of the coast of Whatcom. County demonstrated that the inherent capabilities and distribution of coastal resources provides an opportunity to design alternative patterns of use allocations. Analysis of user environmental impacts indicated that these patterns could be selected for their utility in reducing user conflicts and the degradation of coastal resources. In addition, the classification and evaluation of the Whatcom County coast illustrated that the technique could be useful for identifying and defining the nature of prospective resource use problems that will affect the design of coastal management institutions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In The Pearl Button, Patricio Guzman explores the role water played in shaping how the Selk’nam inhabited the coasts of the Tierra del Fuego in Patagonia through “cosmovisions,’ sequences that extend beyond human perception, even as they link the habitation of indigenous peoples to subsequent colonial and political projects. Guzman’s “cosmovisual aesthetic” warrants dissection in the form of a video essay because of its complicated interplay between editing and shot distance, which establishes a critical bioregionalism that acknowledges the unique qualities of place, here the Tierra del Fuego, as well as the forces of globalization that threaten it. Guzman’s cosmovisual aesthetic ranges from extreme close-ups to reveal minute details in objects to aerial shots that articulate the shapes of coasts and even to telescopic shots depicting planets and nebulae. He works with archival photography and the superimposition of images/sounds in order to create a pluriverse of peoples and environments, which moves beyond human audiovisual and temporal perception. In doing so, The Pearl Button links the ways in which the Selk’nam inhabited Chile, depending on its waters, to the ocean as the source of the colonial project of Spain and site of political murders under the later dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Guzman’s cinematic elaboration of Indigenous worldviews resonates with contemporary Chilean philosophers Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela, and Ricardo Rozzi. From cybernetics to ecological philosophy, this video essay weaves the insights of these Chilean philosophers with Guzman’s cosomovisions in order to highlight the complex ecological insights at the intersection of Indigenous thought and film form. In particular, it extends Rozzi’s practical model of Field Environmental Philosophy to communicating ecological philosophy through media.

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the Dept. of Meteorology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1979. / Vita. Also issued in leaves. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [191]-197). / Concern with the impact of human activities on the coastal region of the world's oceans has elicited interest in the so-called "coastal boundary layer"-that band of water adjacent to the coast where ocean currents adjust to the presence of a boundary. Within this zone, roughly 10 km wide, several physical processes appear to be important. One of these, the tides, is of particular interest because their deterministic nature allows unusually thorough analysis from short time series, and because they tend to obscure the other processes. The Coastal Boundary Layer Transect (COBOLT) experiment was conducted within 12 km of the south shore of Long Island, New York to elucidate the characteristics of the coastal boundary layer in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Analysis of data from this experiment shows that 35% of the kinetic energy of currents averaged over the 30 m depth are due to the semidiurnal and diurnal tides. The tidal ellipses, show considerable vertical structure. Near-surface tidal ellipses rotate in the clockwise direction for semidiurnal and diurnal tides, while near-bottom ellipses rotate in the counterclockwise direction for the semidiurnal tide. The angle between the major axis of the ellipse and the local coastline decreases downward for semidiurnal and increases downward for diurnal tides. The major axis of the tidal ellipse formed from the depth averaged semidiurnal currents is not parallel to the local shoreline but is oriented at an angle of -15 degrees. This orientation "tilt" is a consequence of the onshore flux of energy which is computed to be about 800 watts/m. A constant eddy viscosity model with a slippery bottom boundary condition reproduces the main features observed in the vertical structure of both semidiurnal and diurnal tidal ellipses. Another model employing long, rotational, gravity waves (Sverdrup waves) and an absorbing coastline explains the ellipse orientations and onshore energy flux as a consequence of energy dissipation in shallow water. Finally, an analytical model with realistic topography suggests that tidal dissipation may occur very close (2-3 km) to the shore. Internal tidal oscillations primarily occur at diurnal frequencies in the COBOLT data. Analysis suggests that this energy may be Doppler-shifted to higher frequencies by the mean currents of the coastal region. These motions are trapped to the shore and are almost exclusively first baroclinic mode internal waves. / by Paul W. May. / Sc.D.

This creative project will develop a planning method for implementing concepts of ecologically sensitive recreational community design in America's southeastern low country (the coastal regions of South Carolina and Georgia). The first step in developing the method will be identifying a list of indicators measuring the ecological impact of recreational community design in the area. Secondly, the environmental impacts of planning methods if recreational communities in the low country will be analyzed and the most effective planning techniques relative to minimal environmental impact will be cultivated and integrated to formulate a single planning method. This method will subsequently be used to design a recreational community on Hutchinson Island, located on the Savannah River in Savannah, Georgia. The Hutchinson Island recreational community design will then be measured against the set of ecological indicators, and the results will then be compared against the aforementioned existing recreational communities.In the past thirty years, the popularity of the southeastern low country as both vacation destination and place of residence has increased dramatically due to a combination of factors, a beautiful environment with a favorable year-round climate, landmark developments in the area of recreational community design, and a steady growth in the wealth of our nation. As developers continue to meet the demand for housing and amenities (both recreational and commercial) in the area, the ecology, rich in biodiversity and aesthetic character is being compromised. Since development of the area shows no sign of slowing, there is a need for a planning and design methodology that is accountable for its impact on the natural environment. To thoroughly investigate the ecological realm of recreational community planning, this creative project will be limited to that area, although it is recognized that effective community planning addresses social and economic sustainability, as well as that of the environment. / Department of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

The mixing zone developed at freshwater-seawater interface is one of the most important features in complex coastal hydrogeologic systems, which controls subsurface flow and reactive transport dynamics. Freshwater-seawater mixing-zone development is influenced by many physical and chemical processes, such as characteristics of geologic formation, hydrodynamic fluctuations of groundwater and seawater levels, fluid-rock interactions, and others. Wide mixing zones have been found in many coastal aquifers all over the world. However, the mechanisms responsible for wide mixing zones are not well understood. In this thesis, two hypotheses were proposed to explain wide mixing zones in coastal aquifers: (1) kinetic mass transfer coupled with transient conditions, which create the movement of the mixing zone, may widen mixing zones; and (2) aquifer stratification may widen the mixing zone. The hypotheses were tested by both multiscale numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Numerical simulations were based on a variable-density groundwater model by varying mass transfer parameters, including immobile porosity, mobile porosity, and mass transfer coefficient, and the hydraulic conductivity contrast between aquifer layers. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a quasi-two-dimensional tank, where real beach sands were installed and foodstuff dyes were used to visualize the development of freshwater-seawater mixing zone. Major conclusions included (1) the mixing zone can be significantly widened when the mass transfer timescale and the period of transient boundary is comparable due to the nonequilibrium mass transfer effects; and (2) a thick mixing zone occurs in low-permeability layer when it overlays upon a fast flow layer. These results not only improve the understanding of the dynamics of mixing-zone development and its associated geochemical processes in coastal aquifers, but also identify hydrogeologic conditions for the model of sharp-interface approximation to be valid. In addition to better understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of mixing zone, this thesis also investigates cost-effective management of coastal groundwater resources. To protect and conserve limited water recourses in coastal regions, interest in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) has been growing in recent years. ASR is a promising strategy for water resources management and has been widely used in many contaminated and saline aquifers. However, its performance may be significantly constrained by mass transfer effects due to the mobilization of solutes initially residing in immobile domains. Better understanding of kinetic mass transfer effects on ASR is needed in order to aid the decision-making process. A numerical model is developed to simulate ASR performance by combining the convergent and divergent dispersion models with a first-order mass transfer model. By analyzing the concentration history at the pumping well, we obtain simple and effective relationships for investigating ASR efficiency under various mass transfer parameters, including capacity ratio and mass transfer timescales, and operational parameters. Based on such relationships, one can conveniently determine whether a site with mass transfer limitations is appropriate or not for ASR and how many ASR cycles are required for achieving a positive recovery efficiency (RE).