Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização física, química e funcional do fruto de camu-camu classificados nos estádios 2 (verde-avermelhado) e 4 (roxo), utilizando-se distintas doses de radiação gama (0; 0,5; 1 kGy) e acompanhar a atividade respiratória dos frutos, monitorados por um período de 25 dias em dois níveis de temperatura (5 e 25 oC). Os frutos foram avaliados quanto à cor instrumental da casca, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, acidez, ratio, pH, antocianinas, compostos fenólicos, atividade antioxidante, atividade respiratória e teor de ácido ascórbico. A irradiação com dose de 0,5 kGy teve influência positiva nos frutos no estádio 2 armazenados em temperatura ambiente, prolongando seu tempo de vida útil em dois dias, totalizando 9 dias. Os frutos tratados com 1 kGy tiveram seu tempo de vida útil reduzido em 6 dias. Em relação à firmeza, o ponto de maturação teve grande influência nas respostas; comportamento semelhante aconteceu com as antocianinas, onde os frutos no estádio 4 tiveram valores até 10 vezes superiores aos frutos verde-avermelhado (estádio 2), mas, de forma geral, as antocianinas se mantiveram estáveis em relação às doses testadas e ao tempo de armazenamento. A dose de 1 kGy influenciou nos compostos antioxidantes dos frutos refrigerados, diminuindo 83,4 e 67,46% do teor para os frutos nos estádios 2 e 4, respectivamente. O ácido ascórbico no camu-camu se mostrou altamente estável, mesmo quando o fruto já estava impróprio para o consumo, apresentando valores acima de 1000 mg de ácido ascórbico 100 g-1 de fruto. Exceção foi para os frutos refrigerados tratados com 1 kGy, que apresentaram valores de 263,67 mg 100 g-1 para os frutos no estádio 2 e 626,1 mg 100 g-1 para os frutos no estádio 4. De forma geral, a refrigeração teve maior influência na conservação do camu-camu, aumentando em média 18 dias o seu armazenamento, a radiação gama nas doses estudadas não se mostrou um tratamento vantajoso para aumentar a vida útil do camu-camu refrigerado. O fruto do camu-camu apresentou baixos valores de ratio (índice de palatabilidade), o que faz do fruto não palatável para o consumo in natura, elevados teores de antocianinas, compostos fenólicos, atividade antioxidante e ácido ascórbico / The objective of this work was to characterize physical, chemical and functional of the camu-camu fruit in its 2 stage (green- reddish) and 4 (purple), using different doses of gamma radiation (0, 0.5, 1 kGy) and to keep up with the respiratory activity over a period of 25 days in two temperature levels (5 and 25 ºC). The fruits were evaluated when the instrumental color of skin, firmness, soluble solids, acidity, ratio, pH, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant, respiratory activity and ascorbic acid content. Irradiation with 0,5 kGy had a positive influence on the 2 stage fruits stored at room temperature, extending its lifetime two days, totaling nine days. The fruit treated with 1 kGy had its lifetime reduced by 6 days. About the firmness, the maturation point had great influence on the answers; responses similar happened with anthocyanins, where the purple fruits had values up to 10 times higher than the green-reddish fruits, but, in general, anthocyanins were stable in relation to the doses tested and the storage time. There was a decrease of antioxidants in 83,4 and 67,46% for 2 and 4stages fruits, respectively. Ascorbic acid in camu-camu was highly stable even when the fruit was already unfit for consumption, with values above 1000 mg ascorbic acid 100 g-1 fruit. There was an exception with the refrigerated fruits treated with 1 kGy, which showed values of 263,67 mg 100 g-1 for the 4 stage fruits and 626.1 mg 100 g-1 for the 2 stage fruits. In general, the cooling had a greater influence on the conservation of camu-camu, increasing on average 18 days your storage, the gamma radiation doses studied did not prove advantageous treatment to extend the lifetime of the camu-camu in refrigeration. The camu-camu fruit showed low values of ratio (index of palatability), which makes the fruit unsuitable for fresh consumption, high levels of anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid

O processamento por radiação está presente em diversos produtos tais como: alimentos, materiais médicos descartáveis, cabos elétricos, gemas, entre outros. O uso da radiação tem a finalidade de melhorar as propriedades dos produtos, esterilizá-los ou higienizá-los. Nos irradiadores industriais, as radiações eletromagnéticas (gama e raios-X) ou de elétrons, antes de interagirem com os produtos em beneficiamento, encontram uma camada de ar. Ao interagirem com esta camada, provocam efeitos radiolíticos nas moléculas presentes na atmosfera ambiente, sendo a principal interação a que ocorre com as moléculas de oxigênio, que têm suas ligações quebradas, separando-se em dois átomos altamente reativos que, ao recombinarem com outra molécula de oxigênio, formam o gás ozônio. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a formação, o decaimento e a dispersão do ozônio em irradiadores industriais gama que utilizam como fonte de radiação o cobalto-60. O monitoramento da concentração de ozônio foi realizado pelo método de absorção óptica em um monitor comercial. / The radiation processing is present in various products such as foods, medical disposables, electrical cables, gems, among others. This process aims to improve the properties, sterilize or sanitize irradiated products. In industrial irradiators facilities, electromagnetic radiation (gamma and X-rays) or electrons before they interact with the products in processing, there are a layer of air. To interact with this air layer, it causes radiolytic effects on the molecules present in the ambient atmosphere, and the main interaction are with the oxygen molecules that have their bonds broken, separating them into two highly reactive atoms that recombine with the other molecule of oxygen to form ozone gas. In this work it was studied the formation, decay and dispersion of ozone in industrial gamma irradiators facilities that use cobalt-60 as a source of radiation. The monitoring of ozone concentration was performed by optical absorption method in a commercial monitor.

O processamento por radiação está presente em diversos produtos tais como: alimentos, materiais médicos descartáveis, cabos elétricos, gemas, entre outros. O uso da radiação tem a finalidade de melhorar as propriedades dos produtos, esterilizá-los ou higienizá-los. Nos irradiadores industriais, as radiações eletromagnéticas (gama e raios-X) ou de elétrons, antes de interagirem com os produtos em beneficiamento, encontram uma camada de ar. Ao interagirem com esta camada, provocam efeitos radiolíticos nas moléculas presentes na atmosfera ambiente, sendo a principal interação a que ocorre com as moléculas de oxigênio, que têm suas ligações quebradas, separando-se em dois átomos altamente reativos que, ao recombinarem com outra molécula de oxigênio, formam o gás ozônio. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a formação, o decaimento e a dispersão do ozônio em irradiadores industriais gama que utilizam como fonte de radiação o cobalto-60. O monitoramento da concentração de ozônio foi realizado pelo método de absorção óptica em um monitor comercial. / The radiation processing is present in various products such as foods, medical disposables, electrical cables, gems, among others. This process aims to improve the properties, sterilize or sanitize irradiated products. In industrial irradiators facilities, electromagnetic radiation (gamma and X-rays) or electrons before they interact with the products in processing, there are a layer of air. To interact with this air layer, it causes radiolytic effects on the molecules present in the ambient atmosphere, and the main interaction are with the oxygen molecules that have their bonds broken, separating them into two highly reactive atoms that recombine with the other molecule of oxygen to form ozone gas. In this work it was studied the formation, decay and dispersion of ozone in industrial gamma irradiators facilities that use cobalt-60 as a source of radiation. The monitoring of ozone concentration was performed by optical absorption method in a commercial monitor.

Cobalt 60 (Co-60) radiation therapy is a simple and reliable method of treating cancer by irradiating treatment volumes within the patient with high energy gamma rays. Medical linear accelerators (linacs) began to replace Co-60 units during the 1960’s in more developed countries, but Co 60 has remained the main source of radiotherapy treatment in less developed countries around the world. As a result, technological advancements made in more developed countries to deliver more precise radiation treatment that improves patient outcome have not been clinically applied to Co-60 machines. The medical physics group at the Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario has shown that these same technological advancements can be applied to Co-60 machines which would increase the accessibility of these modern improvements in radiotherapy treatment. However, for these modern treatments to improve patient outcome they require more precise localization of the patient prior to therapy. In more developed countries, this is currently provided by comparing computed tomography (CT) used for treatment planning with images acquired on the linac immediately before treatment. In the past decade, cone-beam CT (CBCT) has been developed to provide 3D CT images of the patient immediately prior to treatment on a linac. This imaging modality would also be ideal for patient localization when conducting modern Co-60 treatments since it would only require the addition of an imaging panel to produce CBCT images using the Co-60 source. A prototype Co-60 CBCT imaging system was implemented and characterized. Image noise, contrast, spatial resolution, and artifacts were studied. Algorithms to reduce the image artifacts were implemented and found to improve perceived image quality. The imaging system was found to have a ~1.8 mm high-contrast spatial resolution and the ability to detect 3 cm low-contrast soft-tissue structures in water. Anthropomorphic phantoms were also imaged and the observed anatomy in Co-60 CBCT images was comparable to kilovoltage CT. These results are comparable to clinically relevant linac-based CBCT using high energy X rays of similar energies to Co-60 gamma rays. This suggests that Co-60 CBCT should be able to provide the necessary images to localize patients for modern Co-60 radiation treatments. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2010-11-30 13:40:07.61

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