Dans cette thèse, nous allons dans un premier temps proposer une définition d'espaces analytiques sur un anneau d'entiers de corps de nombres muni de la norme induite par le maximum des normes de ses différents plongements complexes. Cette définition s'appuie sur la théorie des espaces analytiques sur un corps non archimédien introduite par V. Berkovich.Nous montrerons ensuite que la définition que nous proposons donne lieu à une catégorie qui satisfait des propriétés essentielles comme une description " simple " des ensembles morphismes entre espaces analytiques, l'existence de produits fibrés et d'un foncteur d'analytification induit par une propriété universelle.Dans une troisième partie, nous étudierons divers propriétés des morphismes finis entre espaces analytiques et en déduirons la connexité locale par arcs des espaces analytiques sur un anneau d'entiers de corps de nombres muni de la norme décrite ci-dessus.Enfin, nous définirons une notion de dimension pour les espaces de Berkovich sur un anneau d'entiers de corps de nombres et étudierons plus en détail le foncteur d'analytification en montrant par exemple que le morphisme d'analytification est fidèlement plat et que ce foncteur respecte la dimension. / In the first part of this thesis, we give a definition of analytic spaces over a ring of integers of a number field provided with the norm induced by the maximum of the norms of thel complex embeddings. This definition uses V. Berkovich’s theory of analytic spaces over a non-archimedean field. Then we show that this definition leads to a category which satisfies some basic properties as a “simple” description of sets of morphisms between analytic spaces, the existence of fiber products and analytification functor defines by a universal property. In a third part, we study some properties of finite morphisms between analytic spaces and deduce the local arcwise connectedness of analytic spaces over a ring of integers of a number field provided with the norm described above. Finally, we define a notion of dimension for Berkovich spaces over a ring of integers of number field and study in more detail the analytification functor, in particular, that the analytification morphism is faithfully flat and that this functor respects dimension.

The diploma thesis deals with an application of partial reliability coefficients of reliability in assessing the safety of water works. The reliability factors are the quantitative condition of the marginal equilibrium. A more detailed study of the methods of the marginal equilibrium method led to an assessment of the overall and local stability of the Vranov Dam. The baseline for the evaluation were the data provided by the Technical Surveillance (TBD) and available literature. The GeoStudio 2018 was used to calculate the loads on the Vranov waterworks. The model of the groundwater flow in the subsoil was calculated by the Seep/W module and the Sigma/W module was used to determine the local stresses. Subsequently, the selection of partial reliability coefficients and theirs subsequent application to the limit equilibrium conditions were performed. Stability assessments were complemented by calculations of safety factors. The results were compared with each other.

Táto práca sa zaoberá rozpoznávaním výstrelov a pridruženými problémami. Ako prvé je celá vec predstavená a rozdelená na menšie kroky. Ďalej je poskytnutý prehľad zvukových databáz, významné publikácie, akcie a súčasný stav veci spoločne s prehľadom možných aplikácií detekcie výstrelov. Druhá časť pozostáva z porovnávania príznakov pomocou rôznych metrík spoločne s porovnaním ich výkonu pri rozpoznávaní. Nasleduje porovnanie algoritmov rozpoznávania a sú uvedené nové príznaky použiteľné pri rozpoznávaní. Práca vrcholí návrhom dvojstupňového systému na rozpoznávanie výstrelov, monitorujúceho okolie v reálnom čase. V závere sú zhrnuté dosiahnuté výsledky a načrtnutý ďalší postup.

Various methods describes an image by specific shapes, which are called basis or frames. With these basis can be transformed the image into a representation by transformation coefficients. The aim is that the image can be described by a small number of coefficients to obtain so-called sparse representation. This feature can be used for example for image compression. But basis are not able to describe all the shapes that may appear in the image. This lack increases the number of transformation coefficients describing the image. The aim of this thesis is to study the general principle of calculating the transformation coefficients and to compare classical methods of image analysis with some of the new methods of image analysis. Compares effectiveness of method for image reconstruction from a limited number of coefficients and a noisy image. Also, compares image interpolation method using characteristics of two different transformations with bicubic transformation. Theoretical part describes the transformation methods. Describes some methods from aspects of multi/resolution, localization in time and frequency domains, redundancy and directionality. Furthermore, gives examples of transformations on a particular image. The practical part of the thesis compares efficiency of the Fourier, Wavelet, Contourlet, Ridgelet, Radon, Wavelet Packet and WaveAtom transform in image recontruction from a limited number of the most significant transformation coefficients. Besides, ability of image denoising using these methods with thresholding techniques applied to transformation coefficients. The last section deals with the interpolation of image interpolation by combining of two methods and compares the results with the classical bicubic interpolation.

This thesis deals with an experimental determination of heat transfer coefficients from the surface of the thermal manikin. The main focus of the work lies on separating radiative and convective heat fluxes from the surface of the thermal manikin. Both nude and clothed, standing and seated postures were investigated respectively. The tests were conducted in a constant air temperature (cca 24°C) and a constant wind speed (cca 0,05 m.s-1) environment. The major part of the radiative heat flux was eliminated by a low emissivity coating applied to the surface of the nude thermal manikin, and in the case of clothed manikin by a low emissivity two-piece dress. Favorable results were achieved only in the case of the nude manikin measurements. The measurements were performed across 34 zones that logically represent parts of a human body. Experimental work confirms theoretical expectations in the means of a heat transfer. In addition, the results of this work were compared to results of a similar experimental work. The outcomes of this thesis provide essential information in order to create detailed computational models of a thermal environment. Such models require anatomically specific, separate values of convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients.

<p>Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je faktorizacija polinoma dve promenljive sa celobrojnim koeficijentima pomoću njima pridruženih Newton-ovih poligona. Formalizacija potrebnog i dovoljnog uslova za postojanje netrivijalne faktorizacije polinoma dve promenljive sa celobrojnim koeficijentima omogućava konstrukciju efektivnog algoritma za faktorizaciju. Konačno, dobijeni teorijski rezultati su primenjeni na dekodiranje jedne klase Reed &ndash; Solomon kodova, miksa dve kodne reči.</p> / <p>The research subject of the thesis is factorization of bivariate polynomials with integer coefficients via associated Newton polygons. Formalization of the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a non &ndash; trivial factorization of an arbitrary bivariate polynomial with integer coefficients obtains theoretical basis for construction of an effective factorization algorithm. Finally, these theoretical results are applied in decoding special class of Reed &ndash; Solomon codewords, mixture of two codewords.</p>

De nos jours, le respect de l'environnement est une obligation dans le cadre de travaux maritimes. Les caissons en béton verticaux à plaques poreuses sont souvent la solution technique privilégiée pour agrandir les ports existants et / ou améliorer l'agitation des bassins. L'empreinte au sol est réduite et la demande en matériaux de carrière est moins importante par rapport aux digues en enrochement classiques. Récemment, des systèmes alternatifs aux caissons en béton verticaux ont été conçus. Les structures amortisseuses de la houle à enrochements verticalisés sont constituées d'une structure métallique entourant des blocs. Ce type de structure offre des avantages environnementaux, une perméabilité aux courants et une bonne performance hydrodynamique. Ce travail de thèse visait à développer un nouveau code 3D-BEM facile à utiliser et intégrant les écoulements en milieux poreux. Des géométries innovantes sont testées comme des gabions espacés avec une chambre d’expansion ou un mélange de plaques poreuses et de milieux poreux.La description des écoulements dans un milieu poreux est une question complexe. Navier-Stokes moyenné au sens de Reynolds (RANS) est le processus mathématique communément utilisé pour modéliser les écoulements en milieux poreux. Ce dernier est considéré comme un milieu continu homogène. L'équation bien connue de Forchheimer étendue décrit les forces volumiques appliquées à l'écoulement par un milieu poreux à travers des coefficients de résistance et d'inertie. Ces recherches ont été l’occasion d’examiner ces coefficients, notamment celui d'inertie mal connu dans le cas d’un milieu poreux. Il joue un rôle majeur pour les écoulements à très faible KC se produisant dans les couches internes des digues poreuses. Une analyse de la littérature sur les écoulements de milieux poreux a été entreprise. Le code numérique appelé Diffra3D a été développé. Il a ensuite été utilisé pour rechercher des coefficients de résistance de milieux poreux à l'aide de données provenant de trois campagnes expérimentales : un test de sloshing sur hexapode et deux études classiques de transmission/réflexion en canal à houle. Celles-ci ont également été l'occasion de tester et de calibrer le code. De nouvelles géométries de structures poreuses ont ensuite été testées expérimentalement et numériquement.Deux nouvelles valeurs de coefficients de résistance d'un milieu poreux sont proposées pour les écoulements à très faibles KC. Certaines caractéristiques intéressantes concernant le coefficient d'inertie CM d'un milieu poreux sont également développées. Ce sujet de recherche mériterait encore d’être approfondi pour tenter de trouver une ou plusieurs loi(s) empirique(s) décrivant l’évolution du coefficient d'inertie dans ce régime spécifique d’écoulement. Le code Diffra3D fonctionne de façon satisfaisante pour modéliser les écoulements en milieu poreux. Il est cependant limité aux vagues à faibles cambrures. Tout l'enjeu est de bien caractériser le milieu poreux étudié. L'utilisation de Diffra3D a permis de montrer que les structures poreuses verticales innovantes, telles que les gabions espacés, ont entièrement leur place en tant que digues amortisseuses de la houle respectueuses de l'environnement. Elles pourraient être couramment utilisées dans le futur. / Nowadays the respect of the environment is an obligation in maritime works. Vertical concrete caissons with porous plates are often the number one technical solution to enlarge existing ports and/or to improve the agitation of the basins. The footprint is reduced and the demand in quarry materials is less important compared to classical riprap breakwaters. Recently, alternative systems to vertical concrete caissons have been designed. Vertical riprap breakwaters are made of a metal framework enclosing blocks. This kind of structure offers environmental benefits, permeability for currents and a good hydrodynamic performance. This thesis work looks at developing a new 3D-BEM code that is easy to use and integrates porous media. Innovative geometries are tested like spaced gabions with damping chamber or a mix of porous plates and porous media.Describing flows in porous media is an complex issue. Volume averaging method is the common mathematical process used to model porous media flows without drawing every grain of a porous medium. The well-known extended Forchheimer equation describes the volumetric forces applied to the flow by a porous medium through resistance and inertial coefficients. These researches were the occasion to look into this coefficients, especially the one of poorly understood inertia in the case of a porous medium. It plays a major role in very low-KC flows currently occurring in porous breakwaters apart from armour layer.First, a literature review on porous media flows was undertaken. In parallel, the numerical code called Diffra3D was produced. It was then used to look for resistance coefficients of porous media through data coming from three experimental campaigns : one sloshing test on hexapode and two classical reflection-transmission studies in a wave tank. These campaigns were also the occasion to test and calibrate the code. New geometries of porous structures were then tested experimentally and numerically. Two new values of resistance coefficients of a porous medium are proposed. Some interesting features concerning the inertia coefficient CM of a porous medium are also developed. In simulations, we observe that the hydrodynamic behaviour of porous structures in low-KC flows is very sensitive to the coefficient of inertia. This research topic would still deserve further studies in order to find empirical law(s) for the inertia coefficient of a porous medium. The code Diffra3D performs well to model porous media flows. However, it is limited to waves with low steepness. The challenge is to properly characterise the porous medium. This research has shown that innovative porous structures like spaced gabions have proven their place as environmentally-friendly damping breakwaters. They may be commonly used in the future.

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics

<div>To compensate for their sessile existence, plants synthesize and emit a wide diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve important biological functions pertaining to defense, reproduction, and plant-plant signaling. In addition to their importance in plant secondary metabolism, VOCs are used as fragrances, flavoring agents, and therapeutics. Plant metabolic engineering has successfully been implemented towards the design of value-added plants with enhanced defense, improved aroma and flavor, and increased production of specialty chemicals. However, rational design requires rigorous characterization of the mechanisms controlling metabolic fluxes in a network. Thus, the major aims of this dissertation are to study biological and physical mechanisms controlling the synthesis and emission of plant VOCs. This dissertation focuses on (i) modeling 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and (ii) characterization of the biophysical properties of flower cuticles with respect to the emission of VOCs.</div><div><br></div><div>2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a naturally-occurring aromatic volatile with properties that make it a candidate oxygenate for petroleum-derived gasoline. In plants, 2-PE biosynthesis competes with the phenylpropanoid pathway for the common precursor L-phenylalanine (Phe). The phenylpropanoid pathway directs up to 30% of fixed carbon towards the production of lignin, a major constituent of plant cell walls that renders biomass recalcitrant to pretreatment techniques impeding the economical production of biofuels. An initial genetic engineering approach was proposed, whereby a portion of the carbon flux towards lignin production is diverted towards the biosynthesis 2-PE. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing enzymes catalyzing the biosynthetic steps from Phe to 2-PE were generated. Excised stems from transgenic Arabidopsis were supplied 13C6-ring labeled Phe, and isotopic enrichment of downstream metabolites were quantified to calculate fluxes. By combining flux measurements with predictions from a kinetic model of the Phe metabolic network, we hypothesized that 2-PE biosynthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis was limited by endogenous pools of cytosolic Phe. Multiple independent genetic strategies were proposed based on model-guided predictions, such as inducing Phe hyper-accumulation, reduction of the activity of the competing phenylpropanoid pathway, and sequestering the 2-PE biosynthesis pathway in plastids. Combining kinetic modeling with time-course in vivo metabolomics led to successful rational engineering of 2-PE accumulating plants.</div><div><br></div><div>The plant cuticle is the physical interface between the flower and its surrounding environment. Passage of VOCs through the cuticle is driven solely by diffusion and is thus dependent on the cuticle physicochemical properties. Wax compounds in the cuticular matrix self-assemble into a multiphase system of crystalline and amorphous regions, where their relative amounts and arrangements govern VOC diffusion. To investigate the effect of wax composition on the crystallinity and permeability of the cuticle, we characterized the cuticular waxes of Petunia hybrida petals using GC-MS, FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Petal waxes were found to be enriched with long-chain hydrocarbons forming semi-crystalline waxes localized on petal surfaces. A ternary system of wax compounds was proposed as a model for petal cuticles to investigate the effect of wax composition on cuticle crystallinity and permeability. Atomistic simulations of VOC displacement in waxes of varying chemical composition were performed at 298 K and 1 bar under NPT conditions to estimate diffusivities. Wax anisotropy was found to be highly dependent on the elongation of methylene chains, restricting the molecular diffusion path. Changes in crystalline symmetry were found to have measurable effects on VOC diffusion. Simulations of compositional variants of the model cuticle shows that changes in relative crystallinity exert differential control on the dynamics of VOC emissions.</div><div><br></div><div>To directly determine the effect of the cuticle on VOC emissions in petunia flowers, the wax exporter PhABCG12 was silenced using RNA interference, resulting in flowers with thinner cuticles. However, VOC emissions were found to have significantly decreased in transgenic flowers relative to the wild-type control. Dewaxing wild-type and transgenic petunia revealed that the cuticle serves as a site of VOC build-up during emission, and deficient coverage limits the extent to which compounds can accumulate. In addition, the cuticle was found to impart differing levels of mass transfer resistance for certain VOCs, suggesting that the cuticle controls the dynamics of VOC emissions. Taken together, petal cuticles provide an additional layer of regulation in emission of VOCs from plants.</div><div><br></div>

Drei Verteilungskoeffizienten, die für physiologie-basierte Pharmakokinetik (PBPK)-Modelle relevant sind, wurden mit verschiedenen Ansätzen modelliert. Für den Blut/Luft-Verteilungskoeffizienten wurde ein auf linearen Solvatations-Energie-Beziehungen (LSER) beruhendes Literaturmodell angewendet und diskutiert. Mit einer schematischen Aufteilung des Blutkompartiments in Wasser und einen organischen Teil wurde der Blut/Luft-Verteilungskoeffizient mit einer linearen Regression von anderen Verteilungskoeffizienten vorhergesagt. Zusätzlich wurde ein Fragmentmodell entwickelt. Der Fett/Luft-Verteilungskoeffizient wurde mit dem LSER-Ansatz und mit anderen Verteilungskoeffizienten modelliert. Der Koeffizient Fett/Blut wurde aus den ersten beiden errechnet. Da der inverse dimensionslose Henry-Koeffizient Wasser/Luft-Verteilungskoeffizient bei der Blut/Luft-Modellierung zum Einsatz kommt und dieser aus dem Dampfdruck und der Wasserlöslichkeit gewonnen werden kann, wurde der Dampfdruck ebenfalls modelliert.