Resumo: Com os avanços humanos observados desde os tempos pré-históricos houve uma crescente necessidade de se obter cada vez mais energia, de modo a sustentar o desenvolvimento das civilizações e de seus meios de produção. Atualmente grande parte do consumo energético mundial é proveniente de fontes não renováveis de energia, ou seja, fontes energéticas cuja formação pela natureza ocorre num tempo muito maior do que a velocidade com que são consumidas, tornando-se passíveis de se esgotarem, além das substâncias indesejáveis e dos impactos ambientais decorrentes de sua utilização. O presente trabalho enfoca a aplicação de uma forma renovável de energia na utilização em pequenas comunidades ou propriedades rurais. O objetivo geral é a obtenção de um produto de valor energético originado da biomassa que possa suprir as necessidades energéticas do local considerado (granja de frangos de corte), com o emprego de um processo de transformação adequado. Para efetuar o aproveitamento da energia contida na biomassa em benefício do local onde ela é disponível, duas tecnologias são apresentadas e comparadas quanto a aplicabilidade nas condições locais, realizando-se uma análise sobre a quantidade e forma de energia produzidas, a quantidade e forma de energia necessárias no local, a possibilidade do emprego de um sistema de cogeração para satisfazer tais condições, os custos do investimento e o tempo de retorno do capital. / Abstract: With the human advances observed since the pre-historic ages have grown the needing of more and more quantities of energy to feed the development of the civilizations and their production ways. Nowadays, a big part of the world energetic demand is obtained from unrenewable energy sources, that means sources of energy formed naturally during a time so much longer than their consumption velocity, being possible to become exhausted, moreover undesirable products are generated and environmental impacts are caused by their utilization. The present work studies an aplication of a renewable source of energy in small villages or properties. The general objective is the obtainment of an energetic product from the biomass, to supply the local energy needings (broiler chicken farm), employing an adequate transformation process. To make the biomass energy profit, looking for the benefit of the place where the biomass is available, two technologies of are presented and compared as regards the quantity and kind of produced energy, the quantity and kind of necessary energy in the place, the possibility of the utilization of a cogeneration system to satisfy the local conditions, the costs of the investment and the pay-back period. / Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho / Coorientador: José Luz Silveira / Mestre

Resumo: Neste trabalho analisa-se a viabilidade técnica e econômica da instalação de sistemas de cogeração, com emprego de turbinas a gás e dois diferentes tipos de trocadores de calor: um utilizando vidro e o outro convencional. Os sistemas são aplicados em uma indústria de transformação de cevada em malte, de médio porte, localizada no Vale do Paraíba. Para cada tipo de tecnologia empregada, seja por operação em paridade elétrica ou térmica, seleciona-se diferentes turbinas comercialmente disponíveis no mercado. Os resultados demonstram que existe viabilidade técnica e econômica para o emprego desta tecnologia na referida indústria. O período de amortização do capital investido é relativamente pequeno em relação à vida útil dos equipamentos empregados. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Cogeração, Gás Natural, Conservação de Energia, Turbina a Gás. / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to analyses the technical and economic feasibility to install cogeneration systems, using gas turbine associated with two different kinds of heat exchanger: the first utilize glass heat exchanger and second utilize conventional heat exchanger. These systems are being applied in medium sized barley transformation industry into malt located in “Vale do Paraíba”. To each kind of technology, is made a comparison in cogeneration operating in electric parity or thermal parity. Different turbines commercially available are chosen. The results show that there are technical and economic feasibility to make use of this technology in the industry in question. The pay-back period of investment is determinate as a function of annual interest rate, electricity tariff and fuel price. Key Words: Cogeneration, natural gas, energy conservation, Gas turbines. / Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho / Coorientador: José Luz Silveira / Banca: Julio Santana Antunes / Banca: Messias Borges Silva / Mestre

Orientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Resumo: Neste trabalho é definido um cenário de transição entre o uso da energia proveniente de combustíveis fósseis e a utilização ainda restrita de certas fontes renováveis, como as biomassas, em especial, uma vez que o emprego de recursos hídricos e eólicos é dependente da sua disponibilidade, e tecnologias de aproveitamento da energia solar ainda demandam aperfeiçoamentos tecnológicos. Durante essa transição cabe otimizar os ciclos tradicionais que consomem óleo diesel e gás natural, visando diminuir o impacto nas reservas e no meio ambiente, aumentando o tempo disponível para a mudança, caso seja necessário. Após uma descrição dos ciclos avançados mais conhecidos é analisado de forma mais detalhada a utilização do ciclo com injeção de vapor (STIG) utilizando gás natural, em duas plantas processadoras de gás natural, incluindo uma comparação com o ciclo Rankine e Brayton convencionais. Esta análise é principalmente focado em Unidades de Compressão de gás natural, visto a grande ênfase que vêm sendo dada à sua utilização, trazendo como conseqüência a necessidade da extensão das redes de gasodutos. Os ciclos são analisados operando nas condições de projeto e com carga parcial ou sobrecarga, motivo pelo qual são formulados modelos termodinâmicos que são apresentados integrados a programas computacionais, considerando a maior quantidade de informações que permitam uma simulação próxima da realidade. Na simulação são considerados os custos de combustíveis e equipamentos, manutenção e, de forma simplificada, os ganhos potenciais provenientes da venda de créditos de carbono. Os objetivos propostos neste trabalho incluem a criação de modelos termodinâmicos para os ciclos estudados e sua simulação, considerando a operação com carga parcial, disponibilizando os dados utilizados de forma organizada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso completo). / Abstract: This work considers a transition scenario from fossil combustible energy and the restrict usage of renewable sources, specially biomass, just because water and eolic sources depend on their availability, and solar energy usage depends on technological improvements . During this transition, it is important to optimize traditional cycles that use diesel oil and natural gas, for minimizing the impact on natural reserves and environment, increasing the existing time schedule for changes, if necessary. After describing some advanced cycles, this study evaluates in more detail the usage of steam injection cycle (STIG) burning natural gas, applicable to two natural gas production plant, considering the comparison between Rankine and Brayton conventional cycles. This analysis is focused mainly in natural gas Compression Units due to the great emphasis that it has nowadays, with the necessity of increasing the gas pipeline. In this thesis, the cycles are analyzed considering the project part-load and over-load conditions, explaining why there are thermodynamic modeling to be integrated to computer programs to generate informations for a simulation closer to the real operational condition. In the simulation fuel and equipment prices, maintenance costs and, in a simple way, the potential return of investments coming from carbon dioxide credits sales were considered. Proposal goals from this study include new thermodynamic modelling applicable to the studied cycles and its simulation, considering partial load operation, offering the sparse technical and economic data in an organized way. After ending the study it was possible to conclude that the part load operation must be considered and that the oil and gas installation have a potential in energy savings. / Doutor

O bambu e uma graminea lenhosa, renovavel, perene e com boa produtividade de biomassa por hectare. Pode ser cultivada praticamente em todo o territorio brasileiro, que esta quase todo localizado em regioes tropicais e chuvosas, oferecendo excelentes condicoes para a producao e o uso energetico da biomassa de bambu em larga escala. O setor de papel e celulose apresenta boas perspectivas na producao de papel de fibras longas utilizando bambu, no entanto, apenas duas empresas brasileiras utilizam esse tipo de biomassa em grande escala no Brasil: O Grupo Penha queima o bambu em caldeira e utiliza o vapor no processo de reciclagem de papel e O Grupo Joao Santos utiliza a biomassa como materia prima na fabricacao de papel e celulose. No entanto, em ambos os casos a biomassa nao e utilizada em sistema de cogeracao de eletricidade, considerada uma tecnologia eficiente de conversao. O objetivo dessa tese e estudar os aspetos tecnicos, economicos e ambientais da implantacao de um sistema de cogeracao de eletricidade utilizando biomassa de bambu. Sao estudadas as caracteristicas agronomicas e as particularidades da implantacao de cultivos comerciais de bambu voltado a fins energeticos. Visando determinar o Poder Calorifico (PCS) de cinco diferentes especies consideradas adaptadas ao clima brasileiro e conhecidas como boas produtoras de biomassa por hectare, foram realizado ensaios em laboratorio empregando a bomba calorimetrica, possibilitando identificar variacoes do poder calorifico entre as especies estudadas. Considerando o dado referente aos processos das empresas e pesquisa em literatura, os resultados apontam que e tecnicamente possivel cogerar eletricidade de modo eficiente, queimando 17 toneladas de bambu por hora e gerar 3.5 MW. No entanto, o sistema nao apresenta viabilidade economica em funcao do modelo de atual adotado pelas empresas no manejo de seus cultivos. Em relacao aos aspectos ambientais, por ser uma planta perene, capaz de produzir biomassa anualmente sem replantio, pode ser uma excelente opcao para estocar carbono. / Bamboo is a grass, woody perennial with good biomass productivity per hectare. Bamboo can be grown virtually anywhere in the Brazilian territory and almost all existing plantations are located in tropical and rainy areas, offering excellent conditions for the production and use of biomass energy in large scale. Two Brazilian companies already utilize bamboo biomass in large scale in Brazil. The Penha Group, in Bahia, burns bamboo in boilers and uses the steam in the process for recycling paper. Joao Santos Group uses bamboo as raw material in the manufacture of pulp and paper. However in any case there is the use of this biomass for energy cogeneration, which is the most efficient technology for energy conversion. Therefore, this thesis analyses the use of bamboo as fuel for electricity cogeneration in Brazil considering the technical aspects, as well as the corresponding economic and environmental system deployment. Also, to study the development of the productive chain of bamboo in large scale in Brazil, specifically targeted for energy purposes, this paper presents the survey of data concerning the different production systems adopted by companies, both in the cultivation and processing of biomass. Based in these results it is analyzed an efficient cogeneration system using bamboo as fuel on large scale. Obtained results show that the power to be produced in an efficient cogeneration system (60 bar, 490 oC), from 17 tones of bamboo per hour, is 3,5 MW but, with the existing bamboo production models, there is no economic feasibility, as discussed in the paper. Regarding environmental aspects, it must be noted that the bamboo is as perennial plant, able to produce biomass annually without replanting, and so appears to be an excellent carbon sink.

Nowadays, in the field of energy production, particular attention must be paid to improving efficiency, reducing pollutants and fuel flexibility. To reach those goals, cogenerative systems represent an appealing solution. One of the most promising cogenerative systems available nowadays is the micro turbine, which provides reasonable electrical efficiency of about 30%, multi-fuel capability, low emission levels and heat recovery potential, and need minimum maintenance. Among the several options, micro gas turbines (mGT) are particularly interesting. Beside theuse of natural gas, other fuels like landfill gas, ethanol, industrial waste off-gases and other bio-based gases can be used. Moreover, it is possible to further improve the efficiencies and reduce the emissions for mGTs by paying particular attention at the design of the combustion chamber. To this goal, flameless combustion could be an interesting solution. Flameless combustion is able to provide high combustion efficiency with low NOx and soot emissions. The increasing interest in flameless combustion is motivated by its large fuel flexibility, representing a promising technology for low-calorific value fuels, high-calorific industrial wastes as well as in presence of hydrogen. Moreover, flameless combustion is very stableand noiseless, so it is suited for gas turbine applications where conventional operations may lead to significant thermo-acoustic instabilities (“humming”) and stresses. Flameless combustion needs the reactants to be preheated above their self-ignition temperature and enough inert combustion products to be entrained in the reaction region, in order to dilute the flame. As a result, the temperature field is more uniform than in traditional combustion systems, and it does not show high temperature peaks. Hence, NOx formation is suppressed as well as soot formation,due to the lean conditions, low temperatures and the large CO2 concentration in the exhausts.mGTs operating in flameless combustion regime represent a promising technology for the combined production of heat and power with increased efficiency, reduced pollutants emission and high fuel flexibility. The objective of the present Thesis is the design of a combustion chamber for amGT for residential applications. The design is performed employing CFD-tools. Thus, it is necessary to develop a reliable numerical model to use in the design process. Therefore, the first step of the Thesis consists in a series of validation studies, with the goal of selecting the most appropriate and reliable models to describe flameless combustion. The validation will be carried on three differenttest cases, which have different nominal powers and employ different gaseous fuels. The second part of the Thesis focuses on the design and optimization of the combustion chamber. Finally, the third part shows the experimental investigation of the aforementioned chamber.The study of those three cases shows that, to correctly predict the behavior of those systems, it is necessary to take into account both mixing and chemical kinetics. The best results have been obtained with the Eddy Dissipation Concept model, coupled with detailed kinetic schemes. As far as the NOx emissions are concerned, it is fundamental to include all the formation routes, i.e. thermal, prompt, via N2O and NNH route, to estimate properly the NOx production in flameless conditions.The aforementioned models have been used for the design and optimization of a combustion chamber for a mGT operating in flameless combustion regime. Both the design and the optimization have been carried out by means of CFD simulations and both are goal-oriented, meaning that they are carried out with the purpose of improving one or more performance indicators of the chamber, such as pollutants emissions, efficiency or pressure losses. The configuration that satisfies the criteria on the performance indicators has been built and investigated experimentally. The combustion chamber is stable and performs well in terms of emissions for a wide range of air inlet temperature and air-fuel equivalence ratio, lambda, values. Except for the condition closer to the stoichiometric one, both CO and NOx emissions are extremely low for all !and air inlet temperatures. Thechamber performs the best at its nominal operating condition, i.e. lambda = 3.5 and air inlet temperature 730 °C, In this case CO is 0 ppm and NOx is 5.6 ppm. The numerical model employed to describe the combustor performs quite well, except for the CO prediction, for all the conditions investigated. The final step of the present work is the application of a different kind of fuel, namely biogas. First the feasibility of such application has been evaluated using CFD calculations, and then the experimental evidence has been discussed. Due to a calibration error on the gas flow meter, it has not been possible to investigate the conditions of the design point (lambda = 3.5). Three other conditions have been examined,characterized by lower values of !closer to the stoichiometric conditions. Despite the relatively high values of NOx emissions due to the lower air excess and to the consequently higher temperatures, the combustion chamber has proven to be fuel flexible. Both ignition and stable combustion can be achieved also when biogas is burnt. Numerical simulations have also been performed; the results are in good agreement with the experimental evidence. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A high demand of both electricity and heat exists in Arizona Chemical (a chemical plant dedicated to the distillation of Crude Tall Oil) for production processes. Due to the rising cost of resources and electricity, more and more companies are trying to decrease the energy expenses to increase their competitiveness in a global market, thus increasing their profit. Some companies look at their energy consumption in order to diminish it or to explore the opportunity to generate their own and cheaper energy. In companies where the production of steam already takes place, cogeneration can be a good solution to palliate the cost of the energy used. This study addresses this issue through three actions such as the characterization of the boiler, a better steam flow measurement grid and the generation of electricity. The first one addresses the state of one of the key parts of steam production, the boiler, through the calculation of its efficiency with two different methods (direct and indirect calculation). These methods require some measurements which were provided afterwards by the company supervisor. This will allow the company to identify the weaknesses of the boiler to be able to improve it in the future. The second one aims to improve the knowledge about the steam system. New flow measurement points were suggested after doing an analysis of the current controlled flows to have a better overview outline of the steam use.The third one studies the generation of electricity with a Rankine cycle. The limitations in the characteristics of the steam were identified and different configurations are proposed in accordance to the restrictions identified. An efficiency of 93% is obtained for the boiler with the direct method and 82.3 % for the indirect one. The difference between them can be explained by the use of datafrom different time frames for both methods. The main contributors to the losses are the ones related to the dry flue gas and the hydrogen in the fuel. In the current status only 40% of the steam flows are identified, a number which is expected to raise with the new measurement points. It was not possible to estimate the effect of the new points due to the desire of the company to not disturb the current production. Due to the fuel price the production of steam for only electricity was not profitable and instead the generation of both electricity and heat from the same steam is proposed. This integrated system is now possible to implement due to its low payback time (2.3 years). This solution can generate 758 kW of electricity and provide the company with 6437 MWh of electricity each year. Then, the effect of the variation of different variables over the performance of the cycle were studied: different electricity prices, steam rate production, fuel cost and the state of the condensate recovery were discussed. The variation of both the condensate recovery and fuel cost did not affect the payback time due to their costs being neutralised by the revenues obtained from them. The variation of the electricity prices and steam production affects the payback but due to the high revenue that is expected it does not hamper the good nature of the investment. The generation of electricity is recommended due to the low payback time obtained. The different variations studied in the system did not change the payback time notably and showed that the investment is highly profitable in all the scenarios considered. The use of two smaller turbines instead of the one chosen (with a maximum rated power of 6 MW while only 758 kW is generated with the proposed solution) should be studied since the turbines would work closer to their maximum efficiency.

Orientadores: Rubens Augusto Camargo Lamparelli, Jansle Vieira Rocha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T22:15:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cervi_WalterRossi_M.pdf: 2636704 bytes, checksum: e86d223a9c8a653b3560380345350de0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Com o aumento das questões ambientais na avaliação do processo produtivo da bioenergia, o setor sucroenergético nacional tem investido boa parte dos seus recursos em parcerias, com foco na pesquisa e desenvolvimento, no intuito de maximizar o uso dos seus produtos e subprodutos. Referente à fase agrícola, o recente processo de mecanização da colheita da cana de açúcar tem motivado uma série de estudos sobre as possibilidades de recuperação da palha no campo para geração de bioeletricidade. Nesse sentido, o estado de São Paulo, em virtude da sua representatividade nacional nessa atividade e da grande demanda por energia, necessita com certa urgência estudos sobre as possibilidades de expansão dessa atividade, através de um planejamento que envolva análises do potencial, projeções de demandas e viabilidade econômica. Nesse quadro, este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a análise do potencial de palha das usinas de bioenergia do estado de São Paulo, bem como uma análise de viabilidade econômica, utilizando para tanto, instrumentos de análise espacial, como os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e dados de Sensoriamento Remoto. O estudo, portanto, foi dividido em dois artigos, onde no primeiro se observou o potencial de cada usina do estado na exploração de palha, e o segundo analisou os potenciais custos de implantação dessa atividade. Para ambos os artigos, algumas premissas tiveram que ser assumidas em virtude da escala de planejamento que foi trabalhado, que influenciaram diretamente na precisão da informação. Contudo, os resultados alcançados no primeiro artigo, sob a ótica de subsídios para políticas públicas energéticas, foram encorajadores, pois forneceram diagnósticos espacializados sobre a alta possibilidade das usinas do estado em explorar a palha para cogeração, uma vez que os resultados mostraram que esse sistema poderia atender boa parte do estado, em cenários a curto e médio prazo. No segundo artigo, os resultados possibilitaram avaliar os custos referentes a cada etapa do processo de cogeração pela palha da cana, para cada usina. Desta forma avaliou-se, com base na metodologia espacial adotada, que na etapa agrícola a rota de recuperação por colheita integral se mostrou economicamente mais vantajosa que a rota de enfardamento; referente ao processo de cogeração, avaliou-se, com base no fator de escala, que as usinas com maior potencial de cogeração pela palha possuem menor investimento específico por KW instalado; e por fim, referente a transmissão, algumas usinas, em virtude da distância até as subestações coletoras necessitam de um maior investimento em transmissão, sendo estas, menos propensas a recuperar a palha para energia / Abstract: The increase of environmental concerns to assess bioenergy supply chain has been played an important role in the Brazilian sugarcane sector, once they are starting to fund partnerships in research and development, in a pursuit to maximize their goods. Regarding the agricultural phase, the recent mechanical harvest has encouraged a plenty of new studies concerning straw recovery from the field for energy purposes. In this perspective, the state of São Paulo, the major player in this scenario, requires planning studies urgently in order to assess the potential availability, the demand side and the economic constraints of the sugarcane straw to energy. At this framework, this study aims to carry out the potential straw to energy assessment of the bioenergy mills from state of São Paulo, as well as an economic analysis, using for that spatial analysis materials such as Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing data. Therefore, the study is divided into two papers, where the first paper analyzed the straw to energy potential while the second paper analyzed the potential costs of straw to energy. For both papers, some assumptions were taken due to the scale of the planning analyzed, which has a major impact on a local level application. However, the results achieved in the first paper were encouraging from the public policies perspective, once they provide good spatial insights about the potential straw to energy in a short and medium term. In the second paper, the results allowed to assess each type of cost in the straw to energy system, at a mill level. Thus, based on the spatial methodology adopted, in the agricultural phase the integral harvest proved to be more profitable than the baling system of straw recovery; regarding the cogeneration process, based on the scale factor, the mills with more straw to energy potential have a low investment per KW installed; and regarding the transmission phase, some mills due to the distance to the nearby electrical substation are less likely to recover straw to energy / Mestrado / Gestão de Sistemas na Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

The topic of this diploma study is to compile an overview of Domestic CHP units. The work is divided into three sections. The first section includes a summary of suitable CHP units. The second portion discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the individual chp units and the last segment describes the TEDOM Micro T8 chp unit, its possible integration in a family house, and its economic analysis.

Residences require electricity for lights, appliances, and space cooling and thermal energy for space and domestic water heating. Total energy systems (TES) which provide both electricity and thermal energy can meet these needs more effectively than conventional systems because thermal energy rejected during the on-site production of electricity can be recovered to meet the heating loads. TESs based on fuel cell systems are particularly attractive because of their high efficiencies, quiet operation, and small size. This research evaluates a TES consisting of a fuel cell sub-system (FCS), an electric heat pump (HP), and a thermal storage tank (TS). A model of a grid-independent, electric load following TES is developed to determine the energy required to meet the hourly average electric and thermal loads of the residence. The TES uses a heat pump to provide space cooling. Electricity for air conditioning, lights, and appliances is provided by the FCS. Space heating and water heating of the residence are provided by the thermal energy available from the FCS. The TES is designed so that, heating requirements that exceed the heat available from the FCS can be satisfied by the HP and an electric water heater. A thermal storage tank is used to store and transfer thermal energy from the FCS to the residence. The results of the research include a comparison of the energy use by the TES to the energy use by conventional residential energy systems; an evaluation of the effects of climatic conditions on system performance and energy use; and a comparison of the life-cycle cost of the TES and conventional residential energy systems. The results indicate that total energy systems can reduce primary energy use by as much as 40 percent, but that to be economically attractive, the FCS cost must be reduced to approximately $500/kWe. / Master of Science

The main objective of this study is to develop a methodology which can be used to assess the economic potential for combined heat and power (CHP) systems to be employed in an effort to offset a portion or all of the conventionally supplied power and thermal energy at industrial manufacturing facilities. A methodology is developed which determines the economic considerations of proposed industrial CHP projects once the system configuration is specified. This methodology is then applied to a number of different industrial facilities in a parametric analysis in order to demonstrate how it can be used to assess the potential for success for CHP at industrial sites for a wide range of manufacturing processes. Many of the methodology inputs, such as facility operational hours, facility thermal load, etc. are then varied in order to determine how they affect the economic considerations of the corresponding project. Conclusions are subsequently made as to how each of these parameters can be indicative of project success before employing the methodology. This study focuses on industrial sites in the Southeast U.S., which historically have relatively low utility usage rates. The Southeast U.S. also lacks adequate policy applicable to CHP systems, such as net metering and interconnection standards rules, when compared to the rest of the country. It is for this reason that the methodology developed in this research assumes that a base load CHP system is the most economically viable CHP option and the current status of policy applicable to CHP at industrial facilities located in the Southeast U.S. is also investigated. The results of the parametric analysis are modified to determine if improved economics can be attained if the associated facilities engage in net metering programs. As a result, suggested net metering rates that can positively affect the economic considerations of industrial CHP projects in the Southeast U.S. are realized. Finally, a simple tool based on the methodology presented in this research was developed and can be used to calculate the project economics of an industrial facility CHP system.