Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 2005. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: B, page: 4507. Adviser: Amy M. Wisniewski.

<p> The purpose of this grounded theory study was to develop a construct that describes the motivations of physicians to lead multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinics (MPCCs). Medical leaders play a key role in increasing the number of MPCCs, which are not yet widely available to patients in the United States. Understanding what motivates these physicians to lead is an important dimension of developing, recruiting, and retaining MPCC leaders. </p><p> This study collected qualitative, empirical data from 12 MPCC medical leaders located throughout the United States. Utilizing theoretical sampling and constant comparison, the data derived from face-to-face interviews were used to create a new construct of MPCC medical leaders' motives called <i> Leader-Stage Motivation</i> (LSM). </p><p> In the LSM construct a physician experiences 11 motivational factors while leading a multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic. These 11 factors are grouped into 5 motivational patterns: mentored self-efficacy, purpose-driven goal, multidisciplinary relatedness, time-moderated challenge, and achievement-driven goal. Each of these 5 patterns is directly related to the leader's role during 3 stages of MPCC development: leader-creator, leader-sustainer, and leader-renewer. </p><p> The LSM construct is distinct from other leadership motivation theories such as leadership motive pattern (McClelland, 1975), role motivation theory (Miner, 1978) and motivation to lead (Chan &amp; Drasgow, 2001). Unlike these previous theories LSM establishes a relationship between the leader's motivations and changing leadership roles during the life cycle of an organization. The LSM construct also provides a new model of leadership motivation that is specific to medical leaders. </p><p> This study contributes to leadership motivation research by modeling physicians' motivations to lead in one type of multidisciplinary, patient-centered environment. The LSM construct gives health care providers a development, recruitment, and retention framework for future multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic medical leaders. Results of this study may also contribute more broadly to an understanding of what motivates physicians to lead their peers. </p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 2004. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 65-02, Section: B, page: 1069. Adviser: Amy M. Wisniewski.

Thesis (Psy.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2004. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 65-01, Section: B, page: 0458. Chair: Ron Dumont. Available also in print.

<p> Meta-cognitive reactions to emotions involve the manner in which individuals cognitively appraise and emotionally respond to the provocation of their feelings (e.g., viewing sadness as weakness, becoming embarrassed that one is sad). The manner in which an individual meta-cognitively responds to his or her emotions may be an important consideration in disorders characterized by emotional pathology, such as mood and anxiety disorders. Previous research has linked negative beliefs regarding emotions and discomfort with one's feelings to anxiety and depressive pathology. The current study examined meta-cognitive reactions to sadness, anger, and anxiety, as assessed by self-report and structured interview, in relation to self-reported symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in college students. Study findings indicated that individuals with higher levels of symptoms of psychopathology (i.e., individuals in the MDD and GAD analogue groups) were less comfortable with their negative emotions, viewed their negative emotions as more problematic, were more fearful of the provocation of their negative emotions, and viewed themselves as less able to effectively cope with their negative emotions, as compared to relatively healthy individuals. Additionally, an exploratory analysis found a trend for individuals in the GAD analogue group to be more fearful of anxiety than individuals in the MDD analogue group. Finally, fear of negative emotions was found to moderate the relationship between worry and GAD symptoms, as well as the relationship between brooding and MDD symptoms, such that higher levels of fear of negative emotions strengthened these relationships. The manner in which individuals cognitively appraise and emotionally respond to their feelings is a relatively understudied area of research that has meaningful implications for the understanding and treatment of MDD and GAD. Further research is needed to elucidate distinctive emotional processes in MDD and GAD, including meta-cognitive reactions to emotions, in order to refine our understanding of the nature of these two disorders and inform cognitive-behavioral interventions that can specifically target important areas of emotional dysfunction and distress.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1998. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 59-10, Section: B, page: 5592. Chairperson: Neil A. Massoth. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [99]-111).

There are robust sex differences in brain anatomy, function, as well as neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease risk (1-6), with women approximately twice as likely to suffer from a depressive illness as well as Alzheimer’s Disease. Disruptions in ovarian hormones likely play a role in such disproportionate disease prevalence, given that ovarian hormones serve as key regulators of brain functional and structural plasticity and undergo major fluctuations across the female lifespan (7-9). From a clinical perspective, there is a wellreported increase in depression susceptibility and initial evidence for cognitive impairment or decline during hormonal transition states, such as the postpartum period and perimenopause (9-14). What remains unknown, however, is the underlying mechanism of how fluctuations in ovarian hormones interact with other biological factors to influence brain structure, function, and chemistry. While this line of research has translational relevance for over half the population, neuroscience is notably guilty of female participant exclusion in research studies, with the male brain implicitly treated as the default model and only a minority of basic and clinical neuroscience studies including a female sample (15-18). Female underrepresentation in neuroscience directly limits opportunities for basic scientific discovery; and without basic knowledge of the biological underpinnings of sex differences, we cannot address critical sexdriven differences in pathology. Thus, my doctoral thesis aims to deliberately investigate the influence of sex and ovarian hormones on brain states in health as well as in vulnerability to depression and cognitive impairment:Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... i List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................iii 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Lifespan approach: Sex, hormones, and metabolic risk factors for cognitive health .......3 1.2 Reproductive years: Healthy models of ovarian hormones, serotonin, and the brain ......4 1.2.1 Ovarian hormones and brain structure across the menstrual cycle ........................4 1.2.2 Serotonergic modulation and brain function in oral contraceptive users .................6 1.3 Neuropsychiatric risk models: Reproductive subtypes of depression ...............................8 1.3.1 Hormonal transition states and brain chemistry measured by PET imaging ...........8 1.3.2 Serotonin transporter binding across the menstrual cycle in PMDD patients .......10 2 PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................12 2.1 Publication 1: Association of estradiol and visceral fat with structural brain networks and memory performance in adults .................................................................................13 2.2 Publication 2: Longitudinal 7T MRI reveals volumetric changes in subregions of human medial temporal lobe to sex hormone fluctuations ..............................................28 2.3 Publication 3: One-week escitalopram intake alters the excitation-inhibition balance in the healthy female brain ...............................................................................................51 2.4 Publication 4: Using positron emission tomography to investigate hormone-mediated neurochemical changes across the female lifespan: implications for depression ..........65 2.5 Publication 5: Increase in serotonin transporter binding across the menstrual cycle in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a case-control longitudinal neuro- receptor ligand PET imaging study ..................................................................................82 3 SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................100 References ..............................................................................................................................107 Supplementary Publications ...................................................................................................114 Author Contributions to Publication 1 .....................................................................................184 Author Contributions to Publication 2 .....................................................................................186 Author Contributions to Publication 3 .....................................................................................188 Author Contributions to Publication 4 .....................................................................................190 Author Contributions to Publication 5 .....................................................................................191 Declaration of Authenticity ......................................................................................................193 Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................................................194 List of Publications ................................................................................................................195 List of Talks and Posters ......................................................................................................196

Contexte. La démence est un problème de santé publique important. Toutefois, les stratégies actuelles en matière de santé publique ne tiennent pas compte des approches visant à renforcer les facteurs de protection pour en réduire le fardeau. Cela peut s’expliquer par le fait que le renforcement des facteurs de protection est un domaine de connaissance émergent. Son vocabulaire et ses notions de base sont encore en phase d’exploration et de définition. Parmi les termes et les notions à développer, citons la « santé positive » comme résultat du renforcement des facteurs de protection et les « atouts de santé », en tant que déterminant positif de la santé. Le développement de ces termes en promotion de la santé et leur adaptation pour les études sur la santé du cerveau contribueront à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes permettant aux aînés de préserver leur santé cognitive, et donc ouvriront les portes à de nouvelles stratégies pour réduire le fardeau associé aux démences. L’objectif. Cette thèse vise à proposer un modèle pour l’étude de la santé cognitive des personnes âgées et à le tester dans une large base de données populationnelle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons i) dérivé la signification du terme de santé positive en examinant systématiquement la façon dont le concept est défini/utilisé par différents auteurs dans des publications sur la promotion de la santé ; ii) révisé les modèles existants de déterminants « positifs » de la santé (« modèles d’atouts de santé ») et proposer un nouveau modèle d’atouts de santé ; iii) discuté l’utilité du modèle pour la recherche sur la santé cognitive des personnes âgées, et iv) évalué l’apport indépendant des atouts de santé dans la probabilité d’une santé cognitive positive chez les personnes âgées, à l’aide du model développé. Méthodes. Un examen de la portée a été effectué pour atteindre les objectifs 1 et 2 ; une revue narrative a été réalisée pour atteindre les objectifs 3. L’analyse secondaire des données de l’étude de cohorte longitudinale « Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe », vagues 5 et 7, a été réalisée pour atteindre l’objectif 4. Dans cette étude, les déterminants positifs avaient un effet indépendant sur la santé cognitive si i) leurs variables étaient statistiquement significatives dans le modèle entièrement ajusté et ii) ces variables améliorent significativement l’ajustement de la qualité du modèle. Résultats. 1) Aucun consensus sur la définition de la santé positive n’a été trouvé dans la littérature. Parmi les définitions proposées, il y a « bien-être », « extrêmement bonne santé », « résilience » et « capacités ». Nous avons proposé de définir la santé positive comme une réserve en capacités, permettant une plus grande résistance face aux agents pathologiques/adversités et un plus grand bien-être en leur absence. 2) Dans la littérature, des déterminants de la santé positive sont regroupés autour de traits individuels ou de caractéristiques environnementales. Nous avons proposé un nouveau cadre pour les atouts de santé. Dans ce cadre, les caractéristiques individuelles, les actions (orientées vers l’autodéveloppement ou le développement communautaire), les environnements (physique and social) et le soutien social (informel et institutionnalisé) sont interconnectés. Chaque composante précédente contribue à la suivante et à une santé positive. 3) L’état actuel des connaissances sur la santé cognitive permet l’opérationnalisation de la définition de la santé positive cognitive ainsi que du modèle des atouts de la santé. 4) Les variables de trois des quatre groupes d’atouts de santé (caractéristiques individuelles, actions et environnements) démontrent une contribution indépendante à la probabilité d’une santé cognitive positive chez les personnes âgées. L’inclusion des atouts de santé améliore significativement la qualité de l’ajustement du modèle : le pseudo-R-carré a augmenté de 0,31 à 0,33 ; l’aire sous la courbe ROC a augmenté de 77,8 % à 79,5 %, p<0,0001. Cela signifie que les atouts de santé expliquent davantage la probabilité de santé cognitive positive. Conclusion. L’étude sur les facteurs renforçant la santé cognitive pourrait aux nouvelles opportunités pour la diminution du fardeau de démence. Une validation plus poussée du modèle est nécessaire. Premièrement, des indicateurs plus spécifiques d’atouts de santé doivent être trouvés. Deuxièmement, les relations entre les groupes d’atouts de santé devraient être clarifiées. / Background. Dementia is a significant public health challenge; however, current strategies on public health hardly consider the potential of reinforcing protective factors to diminish its burden. A possible reason for this is that reinforcing protective factors represent an emerging field of knowledge. Its vocabulary and basic notions are still under development. Among the terms and notions needing further discussion are “positive health” as the outcome of these reinforcing protective factors and “health assets” as positive health determinants. Advances in the development of these terms in health promotion and their further adaptation to the realm of studies on cognitive health will contribute to a better understanding of how older adults maintain it, which, in turn, could open the doors to new strategies aimed at reducing the burden of dementia. Objective. This dissertation proposes a model for studying cognitive health in older adults and testing it in a large populational database. To achieve this objective, i) we derived the meaning of the term positive health by systematically reviewing how the concept is defined/used by different authors of publications in health promotion; ii) we revised existing models of “positive” determinants of health (“health assets models”) and proposed a new model of health assets; iii) discussed the utility of the model for research on cognitive health of older adults, and iv) we assessed the independent input of health assets into the probability of positive cognitive health among older adults, using developed model. Methods. A scoping review was conducted to achieve objectives 1 and 2, and a narrative review was conducted to achieve objective 3. Secondary analyses of the longitudinal cohort data “Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe” data, waves 5 and 7, were performed to achieve objective 4. In this study, determinants were considered as having an independent effect on cognitive health if i) their variables were statistically significant in the fully adjusted model and ii) these variables significantly improved the model’s fit quality. Results. 1) No consensus on the definition of positive health was found in the literature. Among proposed definitions, there were “well-being,” “extremely good health,” “resilience,” and “capacities.” We proposed to define positive health as a reserve in capacities, enabling higher resistance in the face of pathologic agents/adversities and increased well-being in their absence. 2) In the literature, the determinants of positive health are grouped around individual traits or environmental characteristics. We proposed a new health assets framework. In it, individual characteristics, actions (directed to self-development or community development), environments (physical and social), and social support (informal and institutionalized) are interconnected. Each component contributes to the others and positive health. 3) The current state of knowledge on cognitive health allows operationalizing the definition of cognitive positive health and the elements of the health assets model. 4) Variables of three out of four groups of health assets (individual characteristics, actions, and environments) had independent relationships with the probability of cognitive health in older adults. Including health assets significantly improves the model’s fit statistics: pseudo-R-square increased from 0.31 to 0.33; area under ROC rose from 77.8% to 79.5%, p <0.0001. It means that positive health assets bring additional information on the probability of positive cognitive health in older adults. Conclusion. Studying health assets could open the doors to strategies to reduce the burden of dementia. Further validation of the model is required. Firstly, more specific indicators of health assets need to be found. Secondly, the relationships between health asset groups should be clarified.