La mémoire prospective est une fonction cognitive complexe sollicitée quotidiennement en particulier chez les personnes âgées qui sont, par exemple, fréquemment amenées à se souvenir de prendre un traitement médicamenteux. Cette thèse conduite dans une perspective différentielle était guidé par deux objectifs. Le premier était d’identifier les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tendant le déclin lié à l’âge à des tâches de laboratoire et à des tâches naturelles de mémoire prospective. Le second était d’étudier les possibilités d’amélioration de la mémoire prospective chez la personne âgée. Quatre études ont donc été conduites auprès de personnes âgées. Les deux premières études ont permis d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des effets du vieillissement sur la mémoire prospective en mettant en évidence le rôle médiateur de la mémoire rétrospective et du contrôle exécutif dans le déclin lié à l’âge de la mémoire prospective. La troisième étude a notamment montré que les personnes âgées semblent spontanément compenser certaines difficultés de mémoire prospective en ayant recours à des aides mnésiques externes. Ces trois études nous ont permis d’élaborer et de tester l’effet d’un programme d’intervention, visant à améliorer la mémoire prospective, basé sur le renforcement de la mémoire rétrospective, du contrôle exécutif et de certaines connaissances méta-mnésiques. Les résultats n’ont pas mis en évidence d’effet de l’intervention. Ces résultats suggèrent que des interventions individualisées ciblées sur des difficultés spécifiques seraient peut-être plus adaptées que des interventions destinées à améliorer le fonctionnement global de la mémoire prospective de la personne âgée / Prospective memory is a complex cognitive function requested to remember a planned action. For example, this function is particularly important in elderly people to remember taking medication at the appropriate time. Two key objectives were pursued in an interindividual differences approach. The first goal was to have a better understanding of prospective memory in aging people. Thus, we wanted to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying the age-related decline in laboratory and naturalistic prospective memory tasks. The second goal was to estimate how prospective memory can be improved in elderly people. To that end, we performed four studies using samples of aging people. The results of the two first studies indicated that retrospective memory and executive control processes mediate the relation between age and prospective memory. In the third study, the results showed that elderly people compensated spontaneously some of their prospective memory problems using external memory aids. These studies allowed us to develop and to test a cognitive intervention program based on the reinforcement of retrospective memory, executive control processes, and metacognitive knowledge. The results indicated any effect of the intervention program on prospective memory performance. These suggest that individualized cognitive interventions focused on specific prospective memory problems would be more suitable than interventions designed to improve the global functioning of prospective memory in elderly people

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The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effectiveness of individualized, non-individualized, and package cognitive intervention strategies on karate performance. Subjects were 43 male volunteer students enrolled in karate classes at North Texas State University. They were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups including an individualized, non-individualized, package, placebo control, and control condition. The data were collected through performance evaluations which were administered during the fifth, tenth, and fifteenth weeks of classes. The physical performance evaluation consisted of dependent measures including skill, combinations, sparring, flexibility, and muscular endurance.

This study is about the conditions that may serve as prerequisites for the development of self-regulated learning (SRL). In the context of educational psychology, SRL is not only about the formal aspects of managing one's learning, but also the motivational and affective processes that drive learning, as well as the social and political arena which provide the context for learning. In this study, I will propose that personal, social and political factors can combine in complex ways to produce a learning situation which cannot be addressed adequately without addressing its inherent complexity. I examine some current issues in cognition and cognitive intervention and begin by drawing attention to some problematic aspects concerning children's thinking from an educational and psychological point of view. I review the sociopolitical context in which the conceptualisation and implementation of outcomes based education (OBE) and Curriculum 2005 takes place in South Africa and I also discuss some issues pertaining to the study of cognition from a more psychological point of view. I also address issues of complexity by examining how the meaning of the word has changed in response to changing paradigms in science and psychology and suggest that complexity theory is a metaphor that best fits current knowledge about cognition and problem-solving. Since this study is about the accommodation of complexity in cognitive intervention, an important feature of this study concerns a specific characteristic of complex systems, namely chaos. Chaos allows self-organisation in a complex system and is also the main reason why change in a chaotic system is non-linear and unpredictable. It is generally believed that complex systems need to be studied in an unrestricted context if one is to observe those features that lend the system its chaotic character. In the context of the present study, complexity and chaos are hypothesised to be necessary prerequisites for the development of children as self-regulated learners because they form the mechanisms by which cognitive change becomes possible. The research was carried out in two phases. In Phase One of the research, classroom observations were made and the Mediational Behaviour Observation Scale (MBOS) was especially designed for this purpose. Phase Two of the research was carried out in an intervention context by means of a design experiment. Verbatim transcriptions were made of the interaction between the researcher and the learners in nine group sessions which formed part of the design experiment. To enhance the reliability and validity of the data, re-coding and intra-coding consistencies were calculated before the data were analysed. The re-coding consistencies ensured that the subsequent analysis of patterns would enable reliable conclusions to be drawn, whereas the intra-coding consistencies helped to refine the MBOS by indicating which categories may have been flawed, poorly described or impure. As such, the examination of the intra-code consistencies could perhaps be likened to factor analysis which resulted in some codes being merged and others being rejected. These data were used to construct a revised and shortened version of the MBOS. Some of the more important results of the data-analysis on the design experiment indicated that when complexity and chaos are encouraged in cognitive intervention, some of the mediator behaviours that are most likely to be observed are (i) guidance of the way in which learners execute tasks, (ii) attempts to engage learners in group discussions, (iii) modelling or requiring learners to explore tasks systematically, (iv) positive interactions such as acknowledging responses or praising learners, (v) modelling analytical thinking and (vi) probing of learners' responses. / Dissertation (PhD(Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that is due to the dysregulation of glucose in the blood when insulin is not made endogenously. Patients rely on a combination of exogenic insulin, medications, blood glucose monitoring, and healthy lifestyle activities such as dietary control and exercise to manage their blood glucose levels. T1D typically begins its onset during childhood or adolescence, where it may also affect the development of executive function (EF) processes which are also relevant for self-regulation, or goal-directed behavior. This in turn may affect individuals’ adherence to their T1D management regimens, which can result in severe short- and long-term complications. Despite evidence for the plasticity of EF during childhood, previous research has not frequently focused on EF or self-regulation (SR) as a possible mechanism for improving health outcomes in adolescents with T1D. This study focused on the dosage of EF training and its possible effects on both cognitive and health outcomes for 47 adolescents (M= 15.4, SD =1.45) with T1D undergoing a larger adherence intervention. EF was measured by the Digit Span and Go/No-Go tests, while composite measures of T1D treatment adherence were aggregated via separate parent and adolescent reports. It was hypothesized that both cognitive measures and treatment adherence would have a dose-dependent relationship with n-back training. However, no association was found between training dosage and EF outcomes or treatment adherence. The study’s limitations include a relatively small sample size along with low participant compliance for the EF training. It also might be that the relationship between EF, SR, and health behaviors is more nuanced than previously suggested and that there are a variety of reasons why dosage of training was not linked to differential outcomes. As such, further investigation is required to better understand this relationship in the search for effective interventions for health behavior. / M.S. / Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes often demonstrate difficulty following their diabetes management plans. One potential reason for these challenges may be that their self-regulation (the ability to intentionally direct their behavior towards a goal) is still developing. This study examined whether there was a dose-response relationship between a cognitive intervention aimed at increasing cognition/self-regulation as well as adherence to diabetes management regimens. The sample included 47 adolescents whose mean age was 15 years. Overall, no effect of dosage of cognitive training was observed on the adolescents' cognitive performance or diabetes management adherence. Reasons for this finding include the study's small sample size, low participation in the cognitive training, or a more nuanced relationship between self-regulation and health behavior.

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The influence of a six-week perceptual-motor and attentional skills programme, combined with teaching strategies, on the motor proficiency and attentional abilities of children diagnosed with ADHD was investigated. The five case study individuals (ranging for Grade 1- 7) took part in a six-week Purposeful Play Programme. Baseline, pre-test and post-test scores were obtained from the Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Test (ADHDT). All five case study individuals showed a significant improvement on their motor proficiency during retention tests as well as improvements on some of the behavioural soft signs of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. / AFRIKAANDE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van ʼn sesweek perseptueel-motoriese en aandagvaardigheidsprogram, gekombineer met onderrigstrategieë, is op die motoriese vaardighede en aandagvermoëns van kinders gediagnoseer met ATHS, bestudeer. Die vyf gevallestudie individue (tussen Graad 1- 7) het aan „n sesweek Purposeful Play Programme deelgeneem. Die basislyn-, voor- en natoetstellings is verkry vanaf die Bruininks- Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) en Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Test (ADHDT). Al vyf gevallestudie individue het ʼn beduidende verbetering in motoriese vaardigheid getoon tydens retensietoetse asook verbetering in sommige van die gedragstekens van hiperaktiwiteit, impulsiwiteit en afleibaarheid.

Walking outdoors requires one to deal with a wide range of visual and cognitive perturbations, i.e., multiple object tracking and making timely decisions while ignoring irrelevant information, etc. Using dual-task gait paradigm, the purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the age effects of different types of visuospatial cognitive tasks, i.e. designed cognitive game tasks and commercial computer games on gait and cognitive performances in older adults as compared to the younger adults. A standardized dual-task assessment approach, i.e. objectively evaluating both gait and cognitive performances simultaneously, has potential to be the screening tool to detect gait and cognitive impairments in early stages. Further, evaluating the training value of commercial computer games by comparing them with the designed cognitive games with objective outcome measures will help in developing multimodal dual-task intervention platform to treat and prevent age-related physical and cognitive impairments. / October 2016

<p>Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) have a high risk of neurocognitive impairment. No known research, however, has examined the impact of neurocognitive functioning on quality of life in this pediatric population. In addition, limited research has examined neurocognitive interventions for these children. In light of these gaps, two studies were undertaken to (a) examine the relationship between cognitive functioning and quality of life in a sample of children with SCD and (b) investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a computerized working memory training program in this population. Forty-five youth (ages 8-16) with SCD and a caregiver were recruited for the first study. Participants completed measures of cognitive ability, quality of life, and psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that cognitive ability significantly predicted child- and parent-reported quality of life among youth with SCD. In turn, a randomized-controlled trial of a computerized working memory program was undertaken. Eighteen youth with SCD and a caregiver enrolled in this study, and were randomized to a waitlist control or the working memory training condition. Data pertaining to cognitive functioning, psychosocial functioning, and disease characteristics were obtained from participants. The results of this study indicated a high degree of acceptance for this intervention but poor feasibility in practice. Factors related to feasibility were identified. Implications and future directions are discussed.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:41:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Menezes Andrade.pdf: 1277258 bytes, checksum: 5f064bd0e3a15b1f4b9a0edb8c796f8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Many studies have investigated the association between deficits in executive functioning and the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), having been found frequent relationship between both. As a result of these findings, it is increasingly necessary that interventions can be developed in an attempt to improve the impact of symptoms generated by this association in people's lives. Thus, this research had three phases. First, a cognitive assessment was conducted with the subjects, in order to characterize the sample, consisting of 38 children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years old, with diagnosis of ADHD. The instruments were a battery of assessment of executive functions and WISC III Cubes and Vocabulary's subtests. Additionally, parents and teachers responded tests about the behaviors of the participants and, complementary, parents filled out an interview of anamnesis. Second, it was conducted an adaptation of the intervention procedure called "Intervention's Program on Self-Regulation and Executive Functions" (PIA FEx) for the sample of this study. In the third stage, there was the implementation of the intervention's program, with 8 children, with the goal to establish whether the activities would be effective in reducing the impact of executive deficits in tests and scales. In parallel, there was a control group consisting of 10 members that were not inserted in any kind of activity conducted by the researcher. At the end of the intervention was carried out an evaluation post-test with participants of the experimental and control groups, following the same principles of the pre-test, but without the WISC III. The results present some aspects of adaptation of the intervention and show that all the training was conducted in groups, being stimulated mutual collaboration among peers, so that all activities were mediated by this author. To obtain quantitative results were conducted descriptive analyses of the performances in the pre and post-test, and analyses of covariance of group effect on the performances in each measure in the post-test, using the covariants estimated IQ, age and performance in equal measure in the pre-test. The data showed that, in general, the average of the performances of the experimental group in the pre-test were larger than those of the control group. In relation to the effect of the intervention, the proposed procedure was effective in stimulation of selective attention, inhibitory control and auditory component of working memory in GE participants. Although they have been found few significant data for the effect of the intervention, for all tests the GE showed tendency to play better than GC. In this way, it is possible to observe indications of effectiveness of the proposed intervention, although further studies are needed using the same intervention program on samples with ADHD. / Muitos estudos têm investigado a associação entre déficits no funcionamento executivo e o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), tendo sido encontrada frequente relação entre ambos. Em consequência desses achados, faz-se necessário cada vez mais que intervenções possam ser feitas na tentativa melhorar o impacto dos sintomas gerados por essa associação na vida das pessoas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve três etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada uma avaliação cognitiva dos participantes, a fim de caracterizar a amostra, composta por 38 crianças e adolescentes de 7 a 17 anos, com diagnóstico de TDAH. Os instrumentos utilizados foram uma bateria de avaliação das funções executivas e os subtestes Cubos e Vocabulários do WISC III. Adicionalmente, pais e professores responderam a escalas sobre os comportamentos dos participantes e, de forma complementar, os pais responderam ainda a uma entrevista de anamnese. Na segunda etapa, foi efetuada a adaptação do procedimento de intervenção chamado Programa de Intervenção sobre a Autorregulação e Funções Executivas (PIA-FEx) para a amostra deste estudo. Na terceira fase, houve a implementação do programa com a participação de 8 crianças, tendo por objetivo averiguar se as atividades seriam eficazes na redução do impacto dos déficits executivos sobre os desempenhos dos participantes em testes e escalas. Em paralelo, foi mantido um grupo controle formado por 10 integrantes que não foram inseridos em nenhum tipo de atividade conduzida pela pesquisadora. Ao final da intervenção foi realizada uma avaliação pós-teste com os participantes dos grupos controle e experimental, seguindo os mesmos princípios do pré-teste, porém sem a inclusão do WISC III. Os resultados apresentam alguns aspectos da adaptação da intervenção e mostram que todo o treino foi realizado em grupos, sendo estimulada a colaboração mútua entre pares, de modo que todas as atividades foram mediadas pela presente autora. Para obter os resultados quantitativos foram conduzidas análises descritivas dos desempenhos no pré e no pós-teste, além de análises de covariância do efeito de grupo sobre os desempenhos em cada medida no pós-teste, tendo como covariante o QI estimado, a idade e o desempenho na mesma medida no pré-teste. Os dados mostraram que, de forma geral, as médias dos desempenhos do grupo experimental no pré-teste foram maiores que as do grupo controle. Em relação ao efeito da intervenção, o procedimento proposto foi eficaz na estimulação da atenção seletiva, do controle inibitório e do componente auditivo da memória de trabalho nos participantes do GE. Embora tenham sido encontrados poucos dados significativos para o efeito da intervenção, para todos os testes o GE mostrou tendência em desempenhar-se melhor do que o GC. Dessa forma, é possível observar indicativos de eficácia da intervenção proposta, embora sejam necessários mais estudos utilizando o mesmo programa de intervenção em amostras com TDAH.

Les hypersignaux de la substance blanche (HSB) ont été associés à des déficits exécutifs et mnésiques et à une atteinte des circuits corticaux et sous-corticaux frontaux. Leur présence, en plus du dépôt ß-amyloïde chez de nombreux patients avec un MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment ou trouble cognitif léger) augmenterait le risque de conversion vers une maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Un des enjeux importants dans la phase préclinique de la maladie est d'explorer le potentiel des interventions cognitives pour prévenir le déclin cognitif et la progression vers une MA. Alors que les HSB sont de plus en plus considérés comme un des facteurs déterminant l'hétérogénéité des patients MCI, peu d'étude ont pris en compte leur présence dans les interventions cognitives. L'hypothèse qu'une intervention pourrait induire des effets différentiels selon l'existence ou non d'hypersignaux dans le MCI reste inexplorée à notre connaissance, et est au cœur de ce travail de thèse. / White matter hyper signals (WMH) were associated with executive and memory deficits and impairment of the cortical and subcortical frontal circuits. Their presence, in addition to amyloid deposition in many patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), would increase the risk of conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD). An important issues in the preclinical phase of MCI is to explore the potential of cognitive interventions to prevent cognitive decline and progression to AD. While WMH are increasingly considered as one of factors determining the heterogeneity of MCI patients, few studies have take into account their presence in cognitive interventions. The hypothesis that an intervention could induce differential effects according to the existence or not of WMH in MCI remains unexplored to our knowledge, and is at the heart of this work of thesis.