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This thesis argues that the scope of metonymy throughout history remains severely reduced to a process of word substitution and the signifying potential of the trope is limited to lexical representation. The study therefore proposes a semiotic approach to take the trope beyond this limitation and to develop a textual theory to the trope. A background study related to how metonymy is treated in previous studies is therefore necessary. This review of literature covers a long period starting from ancient Greece and going up to the present day. Chapters one and two of this thesis, which give this general background, show that the hypothesis is to a large extent valid. The thesis then examines another related hypothesis which is that metonymy is semiotic in nature and a semiotic approach to metonymy will solve the problem of reductionism in the treatment of this trope. Chapter three is devoted to an examination of this hypothesis. It shows that a semiotic approach to metonymy is not only possible but also crucial. The semiotic approach to metonymy basically concerns the treatment of metonymy as a sign which cuts across three domains of representation. These are the domain of words, the domain of concepts and the domain of things or objects. The last domain is itself treated from a semiotic perspective to stand for the domain of context at large. on the basis of this semiotic approach to metonymy a textual model of metonymic relations in text is constructed. this model is put to the test in chapter four. here the metonymic relations of form for form, form for concept, form for thing, thing for form and concept for form are brought to bear on the formal and semantic connectedness of text. in chapter five the metonymic relations of concept for concept, concept for thing, thing for thing and thing for concept are used to explain how these metonymic relations interact to provide a linkage between language, cognition and context.

Orientador: Antônio Suárez Abreu / Resumo: Partindo do conceito de metáfora de Lakoff e Johnson (1980), que entende essa figura como a projeção de um domínio de origem em um domínio-alvo, e da teoria de Fauconnier e Turner (2002), vinculada esta última à Teoria dos Espaços Mentais, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os domínios de origem das metáforas de alguns contos de Sagarana. O estudo da metáfora tem condições de revelar o grau de verossimilhança dessa obra, pois, nas metáforas criadas por um personagem, o narrador-personagem, os domínios de origem devem circunscrever-se ao universo do sertão. Quando o narrador é onisciente, em terceira pessoa, esse domínio pode ter um escopo muito maior. Trata-se, pois, de verificar até que ponto a metáfora contribui para a verossimilhança na obra de Guimarães Rosa. / Abstract: Departing of the concept of metaphor of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which understands this figure as the projection of a domain of source in a target domain, and of the theory of Fauconnier and Turner, tied this last at Theory of the Mental Spaces, the objective of work is to describe the domains of source of the metaphors of some short stories of Sagarana. The study of this figure has conditions of disclose the degree of probability of this workmanship, therefore, in the metaphors created for a personage, or narrator-personage, the domains of source must circumscribe the universe of the remote interior. When the narrator is omniscient, in third person, this domain can have a target very major. Treat, therefore, of verifying until which point the metaphor contribute for the probability in the workmanship of Guimarães Rosa. / Mestre

Antes que essa dissertação pudesse ser imaginada, já havia um ensaio de dois anos sobre construções de natureza pragmática similar. Referimo-nos às construções meio e meio que. Perguntamo-nos por que indivíduos em situações de alta assertividade lançariam mão de estratégias que soavam tão duvidosas e denunciadoras de incerteza sobre seu estatuto. Esse foi o início do novo percurso com as construções quase e quase que e seu possível processo de gramaticalização. Como professora, o interesse era reconhecer seu estatuto e as formas de abordagem pedagógica de elementos pouco centrais em classes de palavras. Como pesquisadora, o interesse era entender como uma mente fluida deixava escapar essa fluidez de raciocínio por meio de determinadas construções linguísticas. A perspectiva adotada, para esta pesquisa, foi a cognitivofuncional. Realizamos o rastreamento histórico de quase e quase que, recorrendo à composição de uma amostra de obras lexicográficas. Foi assim que identificamos seu traço irrealis, o qual se mostrou essencial para a compreensão das funções assumidas pelas construções em questão e também para entender seu percurso na língua. A hipótese inicial era a de que quase codificaria incerteza, mas as análises conduziram para um novo caminho. Para responder às questões, as quais surgiram ao longo da pesquisa, lidamos com três corpora diversos, além de outras amostras, em momentos oportunos: cartas de leitores e redatores do século XIX; redações dissertativas de candidatos ao vestibular e resumos de teses e dissertações do século XXI. Partimos do pressuposto, neste trabalho, de que cognição, consciência, experiência, cérebro, interação, sociedade e cultura estão intrinsecamente conectados de formas complexas e dinâmicas na linguagem / Before this paper could be imagined, there was already a two-year work on constructions with similar pragmatic nature. We refer to the meio and meio que constructions. We wonder why individuals at high assertiveness would launch to strategies that sounded as telltale doubtful and uncertain about their status. That was the beginning of a new journey with the quase and quase que constructions and its possible grammaticalization process. As a teacher, the interest was to recognize their status and forms of pedagogical approach to some central elements of speech. As a researcher, the interest was to understand how a fluid mind let out this fluidity of thought by means of certain linguistic constructions. The perspective adopted for this study was cognitivefunctional. We conducted the historical tracking of quase and quase que constructions, using the composition of a sample of lexicographical works. That was how we identified their irrealis feature, which proved essential for understanding the functions assumed by the constructions and also to understand its course on language. The initial hypothesis was that quase encoded uncertainty, but analyzes have led to a new path. To answer the questions which arose during the research, we deal with three different corpora, and other samples, at appropriate times: letters from readers and writers of the 19th century; dissertative texts of vestibular candidates and abstracts of theses and dissertations of the 21st century. We assume in this paper that cognition, consciousness, experience, brain, interaction, society and culture are intrinsically connected in complex and dynamic forms in language

This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian). These two directional case inflections are generally used to represent the notion of movement away from. In simple FCs in these languages, the movement away is the subject/Experiencer’s recoiling or desire to distance him-/herself from the fear Source. In this way the grammar of simple FCs of these languages mirrors, or metaphorizes, the reflexive avoidance behavior of the fear response. In the subordinate clause of complex FCs in certain Indo-European languages (such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Old English, Baltic and Slavic languages, French, and Catalan), irrealis mood marking on the verb together with a negative particle that does not affect syntactic negation of the verb syntactically mark the potentiality of the feared event or state represented by the subordinate clause (which has not yet occurred and may not occur) and its undesirability for the subject/Experiencer of the fear verb in the main clause. In this way the negative particle + irrealis mood fear clause metaphorizes on the morphosyntactic level the primary semantic features of the emotion of fear: anticipation of a potential undesired event that the Experiencer seeks to negate. The analysis of complex FCs is followed by a case study proposing the evolution of these constructions in Latin from negative purpose clauses. This dissertation includes previously published material.

Antes que essa dissertação pudesse ser imaginada, já havia um ensaio de dois anos sobre construções de natureza pragmática similar. Referimo-nos às construções meio e meio que. Perguntamo-nos por que indivíduos em situações de alta assertividade lançariam mão de estratégias que soavam tão duvidosas e denunciadoras de incerteza sobre seu estatuto. Esse foi o início do novo percurso com as construções quase e quase que e seu possível processo de gramaticalização. Como professora, o interesse era reconhecer seu estatuto e as formas de abordagem pedagógica de elementos pouco centrais em classes de palavras. Como pesquisadora, o interesse era entender como uma mente fluida deixava escapar essa fluidez de raciocínio por meio de determinadas construções linguísticas. A perspectiva adotada, para esta pesquisa, foi a cognitivofuncional. Realizamos o rastreamento histórico de quase e quase que, recorrendo à composição de uma amostra de obras lexicográficas. Foi assim que identificamos seu traço irrealis, o qual se mostrou essencial para a compreensão das funções assumidas pelas construções em questão e também para entender seu percurso na língua. A hipótese inicial era a de que quase codificaria incerteza, mas as análises conduziram para um novo caminho. Para responder às questões, as quais surgiram ao longo da pesquisa, lidamos com três corpora diversos, além de outras amostras, em momentos oportunos: cartas de leitores e redatores do século XIX; redações dissertativas de candidatos ao vestibular e resumos de teses e dissertações do século XXI. Partimos do pressuposto, neste trabalho, de que cognição, consciência, experiência, cérebro, interação, sociedade e cultura estão intrinsecamente conectados de formas complexas e dinâmicas na linguagem / Before this paper could be imagined, there was already a two-year work on constructions with similar pragmatic nature. We refer to the meio and meio que constructions. We wonder why individuals at high assertiveness would launch to strategies that sounded as telltale doubtful and uncertain about their status. That was the beginning of a new journey with the quase and quase que constructions and its possible grammaticalization process. As a teacher, the interest was to recognize their status and forms of pedagogical approach to some central elements of speech. As a researcher, the interest was to understand how a fluid mind let out this fluidity of thought by means of certain linguistic constructions. The perspective adopted for this study was cognitivefunctional. We conducted the historical tracking of quase and quase que constructions, using the composition of a sample of lexicographical works. That was how we identified their irrealis feature, which proved essential for understanding the functions assumed by the constructions and also to understand its course on language. The initial hypothesis was that quase encoded uncertainty, but analyzes have led to a new path. To answer the questions which arose during the research, we deal with three different corpora, and other samples, at appropriate times: letters from readers and writers of the 19th century; dissertative texts of vestibular candidates and abstracts of theses and dissertations of the 21st century. We assume in this paper that cognition, consciousness, experience, brain, interaction, society and culture are intrinsically connected in complex and dynamic forms in language

The Japanese language has a colour term, 'ao' (or 'aoi'), which is usually referred to in bilingual dictionaries as being the equivalent of English 'blue'. Very often, however, it is used to describe things which English speakers would describe as being green. Granny Smith apples are 'ao', so are all Westerners' eyes, regardless of whether they would be described as being 'blue' or 'green' in English. The sky and the sea are prototypically 'ao', but this term is also used to describe lawns, forests, traffic lights and unripe tomatoes. What, then, do Japanese native speakers (henceforth JNS) understand by this term? How do its semantic boundaries relate to those of the term 'midori' (`green')? What is the JNS understanding of the foreign loan words 'guriin' (green) and 'buruu' (blue)? This study pursues these questions seeking to delineate the semantic boundaries of the colour term 'ao'.

The primary intent of this thesis is to explore new avenues in semantic theory and how they might affect understanding of a selection of Biblical Hebrew vocabulary, namely that of cooking. As such, the method used here is equally important as the results discovered. The underlying theory for this method finds it source in Cognitive Grammar and its use of profile-base-domain relations. These relations are illustrative of how the human mind perceives word meanings. Every aspect of meaning is to be understood against the backdrop of a greater context. All of these layers, furthermore, are set against the largest backdrop – encyclopaedic knowledge. This is the entire set of knowledge that a language user has about his or her world, any part of which may be drawn upon for any utterance. This theory has been employed very little in biblical studies. Where it has been employed, it has been done in a way that is largely inaccessible for the non-linguist. It is the intention of this thesis to put this cognitive theory to work in a way that could be repeated faithfully by others. For the present, this is demonstrated by looking at cooking vocabulary in Biblical Hebrew. Cooking vocabulary provides two benefits for this kind of research. First, it is relatively straightforward to coordinate cooking words with lived reality, and therefore to encyclopaedic knowledge. Second, it grants access to the lives of ordinary people living in ancient Palestine, something that has often been overlooked by archaeology in the past, in favour of, for example, palace, cultic, and military life. To this end, this thesis explores the daily reality of ancient Hebrew speakers, particularly in the area of food preparation. This fills out what we can know of encyclopaedic knowledge. Following this is the exploration of cooking lexemes as found in the Hebrew Bible. They are analysed according to the profile-base-domain relations mentioned above, and are divided into their representative concepts. These concepts are then gathered up and grouped in meaningful ways, for example, according to their schematicity – which concepts are more generic or specific and may stand in for another. The concepts associated with אפה are schematically higher than עוג , for example, and therefore any instance of the latter can fill out the meaning of the former. עשׂה , for its part, is maximally schematic, and therefore the information from any other cooking lexeme may be applied to the possible meaning of .עשׂה Lastly, this knowledge is put to use in exegeting biblical texts where food is concerned. Here it is argued, among many other things, that the different descriptions of cooking the Passover in the Hebrew Bible are indeed at variance, which can be illustrated by the fact that בשׁל must relate to liquid cooking and is not simply a generic cooking verb. This and many other insights here serve to demonstrate the value for biblical studies of adopting a cognitive approach to word meaning.

Orientador: Anise de Abreu Gonçalves D'Orange Ferreira / Banca: Edvanda Bonavina da Rosa / Banca: Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Silva / Resumo: Este trabalho de pesquisa foi elaborado em continuação àquele realizado em Iniciação Científica, financiado pela FAPESP, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Edvanda Bonavina da Rosa, em que foram analisados exemplos de verbos gregos na voz média, extraídos das narrativas mitológicas da figura heroica de Héracles, presentes na obra Biblioteca, de Apolodoro. Nessa pesquisa, optamos por fazer uma pequena revisão teórica sobre trabalhos que tratassem sobre a medialidade, não somente do grego, mas também em outras línguas, como o português, a fim de traçar análises comparadas entre elas. Coletados os exemplos, a escolha teórica para analisá-los foram as classificações dos verbos gregos na voz média estabelecidas por Allan (2003), a partir de critérios semântico-cognitivos, os quais buscam definir o escopo do emprego da medial nos textos helênicos, definindo as nuances de seu uso, as formas mais e menos recorrentes, levantando as hipóteses que tratassem das dificuldades de delimitar, diante de seu variado leque de emprego, as principais características dessa forma verbal. Neste trabalho de mestrado, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Anise Abreu Gonçalves D'Orange Ferreira e financiado pelo CNPQ, aprofundamos no estudo sobre a voz média do grego antigo, elaborando um capítulo teórico dedicado a esse tema, em que buscamos encontrar as intersecções existentes nos diferentes estudos sobre a medial, estabelecendo seus principais traços, sistematizando as variações possíveis de sua ocorrência, além de tentar tornar mais claras as fronteiras que a separam das outras vozes: ativa e passiva. Para tanto, tomamos por base a teoria funcional-cognitivista, afim de expandir as abordagens linguísticas que tangem os estudos clássicos. Ademais, ampliamos nosso corpus de análise, selecionando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was elaborated as a sequence of my undergraduate research, supported by FAPESP, under the orientation of Profa. Dra. Edvanda Bonavina da Rosa, in which we analyzed examples from Greek middle verbs from the mythological narratives of Library, written by Apolodoro. On this former work, we decided to make a small theoretical review about the works on ancient Greek middle voice, as well as on other languages, like Portuguese, in order to establish comparative analysis between them. once collected the examples, we have chosen Allan's (2003) groups of middle verbs to classify the occurrences we found, to define its scope, the most used forms and to formulate hypothesis to make reflections upon the attempt to delimitate Greek's middle voice within its all variable uses. On this master degree's dissertation, under Profa. Dra. Anise Abreu Gonçalves D'Orange Ferreira's orientation, supported by CNPQ, we went deep on our studies about Greek's middle voice, elaborating a theoretical chapter to this subject, trying to find the intersections among middle voice's works, defining its primary aspects, organizing its different uses and furthermore making clearer the boundaries that separate the middle voice from the active and the passive. To do so, we chose cognitive linguistics as our theoretical basis, in order to expand linguistic works on classical studies. Besides, we have amplified our corpus, selecting Books I, II and III from Apolodoro Library, which gathers Greek mythological passages, since the beginning of the universe, until Medea's return to Athens. On this passages, we extracted middle verbs to utilize our selected criteria. About this selection, we make a corpus approach, in other words, we use softwares to improve our research, in both efficiency and speed, as well as to become possible more plausible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The subject matter of this study is animal names in the Hebrew Bible. Centring on a corpus-linguistic analysis of every word for an animal or type of animal used within the text, it sheds light on the methods and paradigms of categorisation used by the ancient Hebrews and thus on previously unknown aspects of their worldview. The discipline of cognitive linguistics, in particular the prototype theory of categories, is used to interpret the various types and levels of animal classification; a theory on spatiality as the main basis for classification is developed, and new light is shed on a wrongly undervalued theory of cleanness/uncleanness. This theoretical work is also applied to certain texts to prove its usefulness in helping with the translation and interpretation of problematic words and passages. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Ancient Languages / DLitt / Unrestricted