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Object based attention in visual word processingRevie, Gavin F. January 2015 (has links)
This thesis focusses on whether words are treated like visual objects by the human attentional system. Previous research has shown an attentional phenomenon that is associated specifically with objects: this is known as “object based attention” (e.g. Egly, Driver & Rafal, 1994). This is where drawing a participant’s attention (cuing) to any part of a visual object facilitates target detection at non-cued locations within that object. That is, the cue elevates visual attention across the whole object. The primary objective of this thesis was to demonstrate this effect using words instead of objects. The main finding of this thesis is that this effect can indeed be found within English words – but only when they are presented in their canonical horizontal orientation. The effect is also highly sensitive to the type of cue and target used. Cues which draw attention to the “wholeness” of the word appear to amplify the object based effect. A secondary finding of this thesis is that under certain circumstances participants apply some form of attentional mapping to words which respects the direction of reading. Participants are faster (or experience less cost) when prompted to move their attention in accord with reading direction than against. This effect only occurs when the word stimuli are used repeatedly during the course of the experiment. The final finding of this thesis is that both the object based attentional effect and the reading direction effect described above can be found using either real words or a non-lexical stimulus: specifically symbol strings. This strongly implies that these phenomena are not exclusively associated with word stimuli, but are instead associated with lower level visual processing. Nonetheless, it is considered highly likely that these processes are involved in the day to day process of reading.
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Primeiras fases da alfabetização: como a intervenção em consciência fonêmica ajuda as crianças na aprendizagem inicial da leitura / First steps in literacy: the intervention in phonemic awareness helps children in learning of readingSiccherino, Luciene Aparecida Felipe 17 May 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Previous studies have shown that intervention in phonemic awareness associated with letter-name knowledge is very important for learning to read because of the letter name is heard in the pronunciation of many words and representing the phonemes in a systematic way in the spelling of words the graphemes give to the phoneme some materiality. The present study investigated whether the instruction in phonemic awareness with correspondence activities between letters and phonemes, the formation of pseudowords, and pseudowords segmentation using moveable alphabet and the support of pictures of phonemic articulation, facilitate and accelerate the reading and the writing of words. Participated in this study 43 children from kindergarten in a private school located in the ABC Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection consisted in five stages: Selection of participants; Pretest; Intervention Program, Post-test 1 (applied one day after the intervention sessions); Post-test 2 (applied seven days after the intervention sessions). The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group and a control group. Children in the intervention group participated of educational activities in correspondences between letters and phonemes, teaching of pseudowords and pseudowords segmentation in phonemes. Children from the control group did not participate of the intervention activities and remained in classrooms with the regular activities of the school. Results indicated that systematic instruction of the correspondence between letters and phonemes, the formation of pseudowords and pseudowords segmentation was highly significant to develop ability of reading and writing pseudowords and real words. Based on the theory of Ehri (2005) the children were in the pre-alphabetic phase at baseline. Following the intervention activities the children in the intervention group (IG) had a significant progress in reading and writing, which allowed their movement to complete alphabetic phase, during post-test 1 and phase during post-test 2. Conversely, some children in the control group (CG) remained in the pre-alphabetic post-test 1 and post-test 2 while other children begin to moving to the partial alphabetic phase. It was possible to observe a strong correlation between the ability of phonemic segmentation and the reading and the writing of pseudowords and real words / Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a intervenção em consciência fonêmica associada ao conhecimento do nome das letras do alfabeto tem grande importância para a aprendizagem da leitura porque o nome da letra é escutado na pronúncia de muitas palavras e ao representarem os fonemas de forma sistemática na grafia das palavras, os grafemas dão ao fonema certa materialidade. O presente estudo verificou se a instrução em consciência fonêmica com atividades de correspondência entre as letras e os fonemas, a formação de pseudopalavras, e a segmentação de pseudopalavras utilizando letras móveis e imagens de articulação fonêmica como apoio, facilitam e aceleram a leitura e a escrita de palavras. Participaram deste estudo 43 crianças da educação infantil de uma escola da rede privada localizada na região do ABC Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi composta por cinco momentos: Seleção dos participantes; Pré-teste; Programa de Intervenção; Pós-teste 1 (aplicado um dia após as sessões de intervenção; Pós-teste 2 (aplicado sete dias após as sessões de intervenção). Foram formados dois grupos de forma aleatória: um grupo de intervenção e um grupo controle. As crianças do grupo de intervenção participaram de atividades de ensino sobre as correspondências entre fonemas e letras, a formação de pseudopalavras e a segmentação de pseudopalavras em fonemas. As crianças do grupo controle não participaram das atividades de intervenção e permaneceram nas salas de aula com as atividades regulares da escola. Os resultados indicaram que a instrução sistemática da correspondência entre fonemas e letras, a formação de pseudopalavras e a segmentação de pseudopalavras em fonemas foi altamente significativa para desenvolver a habilidade de leitura e escrita de pseudopalavras e de palavras reais. Com base na teoria de Ehri (2005) as crianças estavam na fase pré-alfabética no início do estudo. Após as atividades de intervenção as crianças do grupo de intervenção (GI) tiveram um avanço significativo em leitura e escrita, o que permitiu o movimento delas para a fase alfabética completa, no pós-teste 1 e no pós-teste 2. Em contrapartida, algumas crianças do grupo controle (GC) permaneceram na fase pré-alfabética no pós-teste 1 e no pós-teste 2 e outras começaram a mover-se para a fase alfabética parcial. Foi possível observar forte correlação entre a habilidade de segmentação fonêmica e a leitura e escrita de pseudopalavras e palavras reais
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