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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

FOUNDATIONAL WORK FOR A NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM IN ORGAN DONOR CARE

D'Aragon, Frederick January 2016 (has links)
This thesis is divided in three chapters: (i) introduction to organ donation, (ii) rationale, implementation and design of a pilot observational study currently underway and (iii) justification for use of a waived consent model for observational research studies on organ donor care. Organ donation is a complex event that remains a mystery to most health care providers. The first chapter reports knowledge gaps in clinical management of deceased organ donors across Canada and summarizes ongoing trials in organ donor care. The persistent deficit in transplantable organs along with the limited scientific evidence to guide the clinical management of the organ donor justify the need for a national research program in organ donor care. There are logistical and methodological challenges unique to the design and conduct of research on deceased donors. To identify potential stakeholders involved in the process of organ donation and to provide an accurate description of usual management of deceased donor and assess its variability, we developed and initiated a prospective observational study called DONATE. The second chapter of this thesis described the pilot phase of this study. It contains the following sections: i) objectives of the study ii) the screening process, iii) data collection, iv) clinical outcomes, v) methods of measurement, vi) analysis plan and vii) strategies used to minimize the biases inherent to observational studies. The normative goal of obtaining informed consent from participants may not be appropriate for an observational study in organ donor care. The third chapter summarizes the justification for use of a waived consent model for observational studies of organ donation medicine. In this chapter, I discuss regulatory, ethical and logistical issues relevant to use of a waived consent model in organ donation research. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Organ donation saves lives and it is the most effective therapy available to treat end stage organ failure of a number of organs. Unfortunately, there is a growing gap between the number of donors and the number of patients waiting for transplantation. This thesis summarizes the foundational work of a national research program in deceased donor management. It describes the study design of a 4 centre prospective observational study in deceased donor management with outcome assessment on corresponding organ-recipients. This thesis also contains a justification for waiving the procurement of consent to research on organ donor management. Finally, it will inform investigators of future national multicentre observational studies on design and implementation issues related to donor management, in order to improve care provided to donors and outcomes of recipients while reducing the gap between transplant needs and organ supply.
22

Longitudinal association between mental health and future antibiotic prescriptions in healthy adults: Results from the LOHAS / LOHASコホートにおける健康成人において、心の健康とその後の抗菌薬処方の関連をみた縦断的研究

Tochitani, Kentaro 23 May 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第24093号 / 社医博第124号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 村井 俊哉, 教授 中川 一路 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM
23

Derivation and validation of clinical prediction model of postoperative clinically important hypotension in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

Yang, Stephen January 2020 (has links)
Introduction Postoperative medical complications are often preceded by a period with hypotension. Postoperative hypotension is poorly described in the literature. Data are needed to determine the incidence and risk factors for the development of postoperative clinically important hypotension after noncardiac surgery. Methods The incidence of postoperative clinically important hypotension was examined in a cohort of 40,004 patients enrolled in the VISION (Vascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery Patients Cohort Evaluation) Study. Eligible patients were ≥45 years of age, underwent an in-patient noncardiac surgery procedure, and required a general or regional anesthetic. I undertook a multivariable logistic regression model to determine the predictors for postoperative clinically important hypotension. Model validation was performed using calibration and discrimination. Results Of the 40,004 patients included, 20,442 patients were selected for the derivation cohort, and 19,562 patients were selected for the validation cohort. The incidence of clinically important hypotension in the entire cohort was 12.4% (4,959 patients) [95% confidence interval 12.1-12.8]. Using 41 variables related to baseline characteristics, preoperative hemodynamics, laboratory characteristics, and type of surgery, I developed a model to predict the risk of clinically important postoperative hypotension (bias-corrected C-statistics: 0.73) The prediction model was slightly improved by adding intraoperative variables (bias-corrected C-statistics: 0.75). A simplified prediction model using the following variables: high-risk surgery, preoperative systolic blood pressure <130 mm Hg, preoperative heart rate >100 beats per minute, and open surgery, also predicted clinically important hypotension, albeit with less accuracy (bias-corrected C-statistics 0.68). Conclusion Our clinical prediction model can accurately predict patients’ risk of postoperative clinically important hypotension after noncardiac surgery. This model can help identify which patients should have enhanced monitoring after surgery and patients to include in clinical trials evaluating interventions to prevent postoperative clinically important hypotension. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / In patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, numerous patients will develop postoperative clinically important hypotension. This may lead to complications including death, stroke, and myocardial infarction. I performed a large observational study to examine which risk factors would predict clinically important postoperative hypotension. Once we have identified these risk factors, we will use them to conduct randomized trials in patients at risk of clinically important hypotension to determine if we can prevent major postoperative complications.
24

Development and validation of a prediction model for rehospitalization among people with schizophrenia discharged from acute inpatient care / 統合失調症患者における急性期病棟退院後の再入院を予測するモデルの開発と検証

Sato, Akira 25 March 2024 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25182号 / 医博第5068号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 今中 雄一, 教授 西浦 博, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
25

Using latent class analysis to develop a model of the relationship between socioeconomic position and ethnicity: cross-sectional analyses from a multi-ethnic birth cohort study

Fairley, L., Cabieses, B., Small, Neil A., Petherick, E.S., Lawlor, D.A., Pickett, K.E., Wright, J. 31 July 2014 (has links)
No / Almost all studies in health research control or investigate socioeconomic position (SEP) as exposure or confounder. Different measures of SEP capture different aspects of the underlying construct, so efficient methodologies to combine them are needed. SEP and ethnicity are strongly associated, however not all measures of SEP may be appropriate for all ethnic groups. Methods We used latent class analysis (LCA) to define subgroups of women with similar SEP profiles using 19 measures of SEP. Data from 11,326 women were used, from eight different ethnic groups but with the majority from White British (40%) or Pakistani (45%) s, who were recruited during pregnancy to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. Results Five distinct SEP subclasses were identified in the LCA: (i) "Least socioeconomically deprived and most educated" (20%); (ii) "Employed and not materially deprived" (19%); (iii) "Employed and no access to money" (16%); (iv) "Benefits and not materially deprived" (29%) and (v) "Most economically deprived" (16%). Based on the magnitude of the point estimates, the strongest associations were that compared to White British women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were more likely to belong to groups: (iv) "benefits and not materially deprived" (relative risk ratio (95% CI): 5.24 (4.44, 6.19) and 3.44 (2.37, 5.00), respectively) or (v) most deprived group (2.36 (1.96, 2.84) and 3.35 (2.21, 5.06) respectively) compared to the least deprived class. White Other women were more than twice as likely to be in the (iv) "benefits and not materially deprived group" compared to White British women and all ethnic groups, other than the Mixed group, were less likely to be in the (iii) "employed and not materially deprived" group than White British women. Conclusions LCA allows different aspects of an individual’s SEP to be considered in one multidimensional indicator, which can then be integrated in epidemiological analyses. Ethnicity is strongly associated with these identified subgroups. Findings from this study suggest a careful use of SEP measures in health research, especially when looking at different ethnic groups. Further replication of these findings is needed in other populations.
26

Retinal associations of diabetes and vascular disease

Jeganathan, V. Swetha January 2009 (has links)
Background: Diabetes mellitus and vascular diseases have a significant impact on the eye. / Aim: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and racial/ethnic differences of major eye conditions, particularly retinal conditions, associated with diabetes and vascular diseases. / Scope: To date, the majority of studies have examined the association of retinal vascular calibre and diabetes in predominantly white Caucasian populations. Further elucidation of ethnic differences in effects of hyperglycaemia on early microvascular disease is relevant, particularly amongst Asians where diabetes is likely to see the largest increase in prevalence over the next decade. We therefore examined these findings from three Asian population-based studies, the Singapore Malay Eye Study (n=3280), Singapore Prospective Cohort Study and Singapore Cardiovascular Cohort Study 2 (n=3748). / Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the Singapore Malay Eye Study was 35%, and associated with longer duration of diabetes, poorer glycemic and blood pressure control. More importantly, 9.0% had vision-threatening retinopathy, and retinopathy was found in 6.0% of people without diabetes. Retinal vascular calibre changes were incriminated in diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Wider venular calibre was independently associated with early age-related macular degeneration. We also found a novel association between peripheral artery disease and glaucoma, stronger in persons with diabetes, independent of vascular risk factors, supporting the vascular theory of glaucoma. / Implications: Subtle changes in retina, including retinal vascular calibre may be early markers of widespread microvascular changes in diabetes, resulting from chronic hyperglycaemia and other pathogenic processes. These results will have broad implications for understanding the impact of both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in the Asia Pacific region and targeting relevant therapeutic interventions.
27

The association between binge drinking and birth outcomes: results from the Born in Bradford cohort study

Cooper, D. L., Petherick, E. S., Wright, J. January 2013 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Various human and animal studies suggest that peak alcohol exposure during a binge episode, rather than total alcohol exposure, may determine fetal development. Research about the impact of binge drinking on birth outcomes is sparse and inconclusive. Data from the Born in Bradford cohort study were used to explore the impact of binge drinking on birth outcomes. METHODS: Interview-administered questionnaire data about the lifestyle and social characteristics of 10 851 pregnancies were linked to maternity and birth data. The impact of self-reported binge drinking (5 units: 40 g of pure alcohol) on two birth outcomes (small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth (<37 weeks)) was assessed using multivariate logistic regression models, while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: The percentage of women classified as binge drinkers fell from 24.5% before pregnancy to 9% during the first trimester and 3.1% during the second trimester. There was a significant association between SGA birth and binge drinking (all categories combined; OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.47, p=0.01). No association was observed between moderate drinking and either birth outcome, or between binge drinking and preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA birth. No association was found between any level of alcohol consumption and premature birth. This work supports previous research showing no association between SGA and low-alcohol exposure but adds to evidence of a dose-response relationship with significant risks observed at binge drinking levels.
28

Blood pressure in very old age : determinants, adverse outcomes, and heterogeneity / Blodtryck vid mycket hög ålder : förklarande faktorer, risksamband och betydelsen av hälsoskillnader

Weidung, Bodil January 2016 (has links)
Background: High blood pressure (BP) is the leading risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. However, risks associated with high BP in very old age (≥ 80 or ≥ 85 years) are not entirely understood, as the majority of scientific studies have been performed with younger populations and existing scientific knowledge about very old individuals is sometimes contradictory. Results of previous studies of very old individuals suggest that the associations of BP with mortality and stroke differ with levels of physical and cognitive function. More studies that are representative of very old individuals, including individuals with multimorbidity, that are of adequate size, involve proper adjustment, and investigate non-linear associations, are needed to investigate these issues. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decline is common among very old individuals and has been shown to precede adverse events. Previous studies have shown that SBP change is associated with baseline SBP, age, and health-related factors, but determinants of SBP change have not been investigated using comprehensive, multivariate models. The three main aims of this thesis were to investigate, in a sample of individuals aged ≥ 85 years, 1) determinants of SBP change, 2) the association of BP with mortality risk and whether this association differs with respect to gait speed and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and 3) the association of BP with stroke risk and whether this association differs with respect to the Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index and/or MMSE score. Methods: The studies conducted for this thesis were based on data from the population-based Umeå 85+/Gerontological regional database study, which provided cross-sectional and longitudinal data on socioeconomic factors, medical conditions, drug prescriptions, and health-related assessments from 2000 to 2015. Participants were aged 85, 90, and ≥ 95 years, and lived in Västerbotten, Sweden, and Österbotten/Pohjanmaa, Finland. Follow-up assessments were conducted after 5 years. Mortality data were collected after 2 and 5 years, and stroke data were collected after 5 years, from death certificates, medical records, population registers, and the inpatient diagnosis register. Comprehensive multivariate models were developed to investigate determinants of SBP change using multiple linear regression, and to investigate associations of mortality and stroke risks with BP using Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Results: Average (± standard deviation) baseline SBP was 146 ± 23 mm Hg, and average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 74 ± 11 mm Hg. Within 5 years, 61% of participants had died and 10% had had incident strokes. Among participants followed for 5 years, the average annual SBP decline was 2.6 ± 5.4 mm Hg. In a multivariate model, SBP decline was associated with later investigation year (p = .009), higher baseline SBP (p &lt; .001), baseline antidepressant drug use (p = .011), incident acute myocardial infarction during follow-up (p = .003), use of a new diuretic drug during follow-up (p = .044), and declining Barthel ADL index scores during follow-up (p &lt; .001). In an age- and sex-adjusted analysis of the total sample, mortality risk was decreased in higher (vs. lower) BP categories (SBP ≥ 165 vs. ≤ 125 mm Hg: hazard ratio [HR] .50, p &lt; .001; DBP 70–74 vs. 75–80 mm Hg: HR 1.32, p = .031). In a comprehensively adjusted analysis of the total sample, SBP was not associated significantly with mortality risk. The associations of SBP with mortality in the gait speed &lt; .5 m/s subcohort corresponded with those found in the total sample. In comprehensively adjusted analyses in the gait speed ≥ .5 m/s subcohort, mortality risk increased independently with higher (vs. lower) BP (SBP ≥ 165 vs. 126–139 mm Hg: HR 2.13, p = .048; DBP &gt; 80 vs. 75–80 mm Hg: HR 1.76, p = .026). In comprehensively adjusted analyses in the MMSE score subcohorts, SBP was associated significantly with mortality risk only in the 0–10 MMSE score subcohort; high and low SBP categories were associated independently with increased mortality risk, compared with an intermediary SBP category (SBP ≥ 165 vs. 126–139 mm Hg; HR 4.54, p = .007; SBP ≤ 125 vs. 126–139 mm Hg: HR 2.23, p = .023). Higher BP was associated significantly with increased stroke risk in multivariate models (SBP per 10 mm Hg increment: HR 1.19, p &lt; .001; DBP per 10 mm Hg increment: HR 1.26, p = .013). SBP was not associated with stroke risk in participants with SBP &lt; 140 mm Hg. Interaction effects on the association with mortality were significant between SBP and gait speed (age- and sex-adjusted model: p = .031) but not between SBP and MMSE score. No interaction in the association with stroke was found between any BP measure and Barthel ADL index or MMSE score. Conclusion: The decline in BP in very old age may be explained by health-related factors. Low BP may be a risk marker for short life expectancy, due to morbidity, in the general very old population and among very old individuals with low gait speeds. High BP seems to be an independent risk factor for mortality only in certain groups, which may be distinguished by high gait speed or very severe cognitive impairment. High SBP and DBP seem to increase stroke risk in very old age. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the risks of adverse outcomes in very old individuals with different BP levels, the importance of comorbidity for these risks, and the etiology of SBP change. / Bakgrund: Högt blodtryck är den största bidragande orsaken till sjukdom och död i världen. Man har ännu inte fastslagit om högt blodtryck ökar risken för sjukdom och död även i mycket hög ålder, vilket kan definieras som 80 år och äldre. Detta beror bland annat på att endast en liten andel av forskningen hittills har fokuserat på den här åldersgruppen. Mycket gamla människor skiljer sig från yngre på olika sätt som skulle kunna påverka riskerna med högt blodtryck. Till exempel är det vanligare med sjukdomar och att ha många samtidiga sjukdomstillstånd bland mycket gamla människor än i yngre åldersgrupper. Då andelen mycket gamla människor i befolkningen ökar kraftigt får dessa frågor allt större betydelse. Det är vanligt med sjunkande blodtryck i mycket hög ålder, något som verkar föregå sjukdom och död. Tidigare studier har funnit att sjunkande blodtryck skulle kunna bero på ökande sjuklighet, högre ålder och högre begynnelseblodtryck. Man vet ännu inte vilka enskilda faktorer som bäst förklarar blodtrycksförändringen i mycket hög ålder, oberoende av andra faktorer. Tidigare studier har visat att lägre blodtryck kan vara förenat med en ökad risk för tidig död bland mycket gamla människor. Det är oklart om risken för tidig död bättre kan förklaras av andra faktorer, s.k. störfaktorer. Störfaktorer kan till exempel vara sjukdomar som både påverkar blodtrycket och risken. Fynd från tidigare studier av personer som är minst 65 år tyder på att sambandet mellan blodtryck och död kan skilja sig mellan grupper med hög eller låg gånghastighet, vilket används som ett ungefärligt mått på hälso-tillståndet. Detta skulle även kunna ha betydelse för mycket gamla människor eftersom deras hälsotillstånd kan skilja sig mycket mellan individer. Man har också utrett huruvida sambandet mellan blodtryck och död skiljer sig mellan grupper med och utan kognitiv svikt, som till exempel kan bero på demenssjukdom, men inte kommit fram till entydiga resultat. Ett fåtal studier har utrett strokerisken med högt blodtryck i mycket hög ålder. På grund av motsägelsefulla resultat är det ännu oklart om högt blodtryck ökar risken för stroke bland mycket gamla människor. Man har sett tecken på att sambandet mellan blodtryck och strokerisk skulle kunna skilja sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med och utan kognitiv svikt, samt mellan grupper med och utan hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Dagliga aktiviteter innefattar bland annat att tvätta sig, klä sig, gå på toaletten, äta och resa sig från en stol. Frågeställningar: I den här avhandlingen undersöktes huvudsakligen tre frågeställningar. Den första var vilka faktorer som påverkar hur blodtrycks-nivåerna förändras över tid i mycket hög ålder. Den andra frågeställningen var om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för tidig död i mycket hög ålder och huruvida risken skiljer sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med olika gånghastighet eller olika grader av kognitiv svikt. Den tredje frågeställningen var om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för stroke i mycket hög ålder och om risken skiljer sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med och utan kognitiv svikt eller hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Även skillnader mellan gånghastighets-grupper testades. Metod: Avhandlingen bygger på befolkningsmaterialet Umeå85+/Gerontologisk regional databas (GERDA). Umeå85+/GERDA innehåller information från individer i åldrarna 85, 90 och 95 år och äldre, boende i Västerbotten, Sverige och Österbotten/Pohjanmaa, Finland. Informationen är insamlad vart femte år under perioden 2000-2015. Umeå85+/GERDA innehåller information om socioekonomiska faktorer, sjukdomar och läkemedel. Informationen inhämtades med hjälp av ett standardiserat frågeformulär som deltagarna besvarade under ett hembesök, samt med hjälp av journaler, boendepersonal och anhöriga. Det gjordes även hälsorelaterade mätningar och tester under hembesöken, bl.a. av blodtryck och gånghastighet i vanlig takt. Skattningsskalorna Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) och Barthel Activities in daily living (ADL) index användes för att skatta kognitiv funktion respektive hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Deltagarna delades in i två gånghastighetsgrupper. Personer med högre gånghastighet (minst 0,5 m/s) utgjorde en grupp. I den andra gruppen var personer med lägre gånghastighet (under 0,5 m/s) och de som inte klarade av att genomföra testet på grund av bestående begränsningar av gångfunktionen. Deltagarna grupperades också med avseende på olika grader av kognitiv svikt. Gruppindelningen baserades på MMSE-poäng; mycket svår kognitiv svikt (0-10 poäng), svår kognitiv svikt (11-17 poäng) och mild kognitiv svikt (18-23 poäng). Deltagare utan kognitiv svikt utgjorde en egen grupp (24-30 poäng). Deltagarna delades även in i grupper med och utan hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter, baserat på Barthel ADL index (under 20 respektive 20). Blodtrycksförändring observerades över tiden mellan två Umeå85+/GERDA-insamlingar, vilket var 5 år. Dödsdatum och datum för stroke inhämtades från dödsbevis, befolkningsregister, journaler och sjukvårdens diagnoskodsregister i upp till 5 år. Frågeställningarna utreddes med hjälp av statistiska metoder, baserat på materialet från Umeå85+/GERDA. Sambanden prövades med avseende på störfaktorer och skillnader mellan grupper. Resultat: Förändringar av det systoliska blodtrycket undersöktes bland 297 deltagare. I genomsnitt sjönk blodtrycket med 2,6 mm Hg per år. För nästan två tredjedelar (62%) av deltagarna sjönk blodtrycket med minst 5 mm Hg på 5 år. Ungefär en fjärdedel (26%) hade minst 5 mm Hg stigande blodtryck på 5 år. Ett antal faktorer var förenade med förändring av det systoliska blodtrycket över 5 år, oberoende av varandra. Sjunkande systoliskt blodtryck var förenat med ett högre begynnelseblodtryck, senare undersökningsår, att ha antidepressiv behandling, att få en hjärtinfarkt, att påbörja läkemedels-behandling med diuretika eller få ökat hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Man vet ännu inte vad som är orsak och verkan i dessa samband. Frågeställningen om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för tidig död undersöktes i ett urval av 806 deltagare. Inom 5 år avled nästan två tredjedelar (61%) av deltagarna. Risken för tidig död var mindre bland deltagare med högre blodtryck, jämfört med dem som hade lägre blodtryck. Största skillnaden uppmättes mellan deltagare med minst 165 mm Hg i systoliskt blodtryck, där risken var halverad, jämfört med dem som hade 125 mm Hg eller lägre. Detta samband verkar bero på störfaktorer, främst sjukdomar, som både orsakar lågt blodtryck och den ökade risken för tidig död. Gånghastighetsgrupperna utgjordes av 312 deltagare med högre gånghastighet och 433 med lägre gånghastighet, varav 136 inte kunde genomföra mätningen på grund av bestående begränsning av gångfunktionen. Sambandet mellan blodtryck och risken att dö inom 5 år verkade skilja sig mellan gånghastighetsgrupperna. Gruppen med lägre gånghastighet uppvisade samma samband som hela urvalet och hade ökad risk för tidig död med lägre blodtryck. Även här verkade sambandet förklaras av störfaktorer. Personer med högre gånghastighet uppvisade ett annat samband, där högre systoliskt blodtryck på minst 165 mm Hg var förenat med en fördubblad risk för tidig död, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. Högre diastoliskt blodtryck på över 80 mm Hg var också förenat med ökad risk för tidig död, jämfört med 75-80 mm Hg. Sambandet berodde inte på störfaktorer. Grupperna med svår, måttlig och mild kognitiv svikt innehöll 118, 166 och 289 deltagare vardera. Gruppen utan kognitiv svikt innehöll 542 deltagare. Dessa grupper verkade också skilja sig något med avseende på sambandet mellan blodtryck och risken för tidig död, men skillnaderna var inte statistiskt säkerställda. Särskilt gruppen med mycket svår kognitiv svikt uppvisade ett annorlunda samband mellan systoliskt blodtryck och risken för tidig död, jämfört med övriga deltagare. Bland dessa deltagare var risken för tidig död mer än fyrdubblad med höga blodtryck på minst 165 mm Hg, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. De med blodtryck 125 mm Hg eller lägre hade dubbelt så hög risk för tidig död, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. Dessa samband var oberoende av störfaktorer. Frågeställningen om strokerisk med högt blodtryck utreddes i ett urval av 955 deltagare. Inom 5 år fick 94 deltagare en stroke, vilket motsvarar en av tio. Högre blodtryck var förenat med ökad risk för stroke, jämfört med lägre blodtryck. Risken att få en stroke inom 5 år var fördubblad bland deltagare med högt systolisk blodtryck på minst 160 mm Hg, jämfört med under 140 mm Hg, eller med höga diastoliska blodtryck på minst 90 mm Hg, jämfört med under 90 mm Hg. Sambanden var oberoende av en mängd andra riskfaktorer. Strokerisken med högt blodtryck verkade inte påverkas av gånghastigheten, den kognitiva nivån, eller hjälpbehovet i dagliga aktiviteter. Slutsatser: Blodtrycket verkar sjunka hos de flesta i mycket hög ålder. Sjunkande systoliskt blodtryck kan till stor del förklaras av högre begynnelseblodtryck, senare undersökningsår, att ha antidepressiv läkemedelsbehandling, att få en hjärtinfarkt, att påbörja läkemedels-behandling med diuretika eller få ökat hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Lågt blodtryck verkar i mycket hög ålder vara ett tecken på olika underliggande sjukdomsprocesser, som ökar risken att dö inom 5 år. Detta samband verkar särskilt gälla personer med lägre gånghastighet, vilket kan vara ett tecken på sämre hälsa. Högt blodtryck verkar endast vara förenat med ökad risk för tidig död i särskilda grupper, som kan utmärkas av högre gånghastighet eller mycket svår kognitiv svikt. Även lågt systoliskt blodtryck kan vara förenat med ökad risk för tidig död bland personer med mycket svår kognitiv svikt. I dessa grupper kan sambandet vara oberoende av störfaktorer. Högre blodtryck verkar vara förenat med ökad risk för stroke i mycket hög ålder, oberoende av en mängd andra sjukdomstillstånd. Det finns sannolikt en gräns för hur lågt blodtryck som är gynnsamt med avseende på strokerisken, men det är ännu inte klarlagt var den gränsen går. Sambandet mellan högt blodtryck och strokerisk verkar inte skilja sig mellan grupper med olika hög gånghastighet, kognitiv nivå, eller hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Dessa fynd kan bidra till en bättre förståelse för blodtrycksförändring, risker med högt och lågt blodtryck i mycket hög ålder samt hälsotillståndets betydelse för dessa risker.
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Prevalence a incidence užívání alkoholu, tabáku a konopných drog u kohortů žáků 6., 7. a 8. třídy základní školy / Prevalence and incidence of alcohol tobacco and cannabis use in the cohort of primary school students in 6th, 7th and 8th grade

Jurystová, Lucie January 2012 (has links)
Background The period of adolescence is typical for first experiments and initiation of substance use. The onset of experiments emerges between 11 and 15 years of age according to different authors. Although many adolescents end with experiments, there is still a group of those who proceed to regular use. Frequent, regular and especially heavy substance use represents various risks in many aspects of individual's life. According to various studies earlier onset of substance use may predict serious difficulties in adult stages of life. Important and currently widely discussed question is differences in substance use between boys and girls. Aims To identify the age of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use onset according to gender. To find out prevalence of use among boys and girls. To find out whether incidence of substance use is higher during school year or summer holidays. Methods The ESPAD questionnaire was used for data collection, which was realized in the period of 34 months from August 2007 until June 2010. Indicators were defined for categories of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and experience with cannabis. For clarification of the given hypothesis statistical analyses in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 were used - descriptive statistics, contingency tables, Fisher's F-test and (Student)...
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Life-course influences on occurrence and outcome for stroke and coronary heart disease

Bergh, Cecilia January 2017 (has links)
Although typical clinical onset does not occur until adulthood, cardiovascular disease (CVD) may have a long natural history with accumulation of risks beginning in early life and continuing through childhood and into adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, it is important to adopt a life-course approach to explore accumulation of risks, as well as identifying age-defined windows of susceptibility, from early life to disease onset. This thesis examines characteristics in adolescence and adulthood linked with subsequent risk of CVD. One area is concerned with physical and psychological characteristics in adolescence, which reflects inherited and acquired elements from childhood, and their association with occurrence and outcome of subsequent stroke and coronary heart disease many years later. The second area focuses on severe infections and subsequent delayed risk of CVD. Data from several Swedish registers were used to provide information on a general population-based cohort of men. Some 284 198 males, born in Sweden from 1952 to 1956 and included in the Swedish Military Conscription Register, form the basis of the study cohort for this thesis. Our results indicate that characteristics already present in adolescence may have an important role in determining long-term cardiovascular health. Stress resilience in adolescence was associated with an increased risk of stroke and CHD, working in part through other CVD factors, in particular physical fitness. Stress resilience, unhealthy BMI and elevated blood pressure in adolescence were also associated with aspects of stroke severity among survivors of a first stroke. We demonstrated an association for severe infections (hospital admission for sepsis and pneumonia) in adulthood with subsequent delayed risk of CVD, independent of risk factors from adolescence. Persistent systemic inflammatory activity which could follow infection, and that might persist long after infections resolve, represents a possible mechanism. Interventions to protect against CVD should begin by adolescence; and there may be a period of heightened susceptibility in the years following severe infection when additional monitoring and interventions for CVD may be of value.

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