Existem muitos estudos sobre determinantes da interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno (AM), tendo sido identificados fatores socioeconômicos, culturais, demográficos e biológicos. Porém, não há estudos sobre os fatores envolvidos na manutenção do AM por dois anos ou mais, como recomenda a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os fatores associados à manutenção do aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais em crianças nascidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre junho e novembro de 2003. Estudo de coorte, parte prospectivo e parte retrospectivo, em que foram acompanhadas 151 crianças, do nascimento até a idade entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, do nascimento aos seis meses de idade da criança, e a segunda, quando a criança tinha entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. Na primeira etapa, foram obtidas informações na maternidade por meio de entrevista com as mães, aos 7 e 30 dias nos domicílios e aos 60, 120 e 180 dias por telefone ou nos domicílios, na impossibilidade de contato telefônico. Para a segunda etapa, as mães foram contatadas por telefone e convidadas para uma entrevista, com foco na prática do aleitamento materno e aspectos relacionados ao desmame de suas crianças. Para testar as associações entre o desfecho (aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais) e variáveis de interesse, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson seguindo modelo hierárquico. O grau de associação foi estimado por meio de risco relativo (RR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). A idade mediana das crianças na época da entrevista foi de 49 meses, com variação entre 40 e 64 meses. Cerca de um terço das crianças (n 49) foi amamentado por dois anos ou mais. A duração mediana do aleitamento materno foi de 11,5 meses, ou 345 dias. Nove crianças (6%) permaneciam sendo amamentadas na época da entrevista. Mostraram-se associados de forma positiva com o desfecho: permanência da mãe em casa com a criança nos primeiros seis meses de vida (RR=2,13; IC95% 1,12-4,05), não uso de chupeta (RR=2,45; IC95% 1,58-3,81), época da introdução de outro leite na dieta da criança (RR=1,001; IC95% 1,001 -1,002 por dia sem sua introdução) e de chás e/ou água (RR=1,005; IC 95% 1,001-1,009 a cada dia de adiamento de sua introdução). Coabitação com o pai da criança mostrou associação negativa com o desfecho (RR=0,61; IC95% 0,37-0,99). De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, para aumentar o número de mulheres que cumprem com a recomendação da OMS de AM por dois anos ou mais seria importante, além de desestimular o uso da chupeta e da introdução precoce de outro leite e de água e/ou chá na dieta da criança, incluir a figura paterna nas intervenções e dar maior atenção para as mulheres que ainda não gozam do direito da licença maternidade de seis meses. / Many studies have assessed the determinants of early discontinuation of breastfeeding (BF), and socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and biological factors have been identified as such. However, no studies have focused on the factors involved in continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The present study sought to identify the factors associated with continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer in children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between June and November 2003. In this combined prospective and retrospective cohort study, 151 children were followed from birth to the age of 3 to 5 years. Data were collected in two stages: the first, from birth to the age of 6 months; the second, sometime between the third and fifth year of life. During the first stage, information was obtained from mothers in the maternity ward (after delivery), at home (at 7 and 30 days), and by telephone—or again at home, when attempts at telephone interviews failed—at 60, 120, and 180 days. For the second stage of data collection, mothers were reached by telephone and invited to attend an interview focusing on breastfeeding practices and weaning. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test for association between the study endpoint (breastfeeding for two years or longer) and the variables of interest. The degree of association was estimated by means of relative risks (RR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The median age of the child at the time of the interview was 49 months (range, 40–64 months). Roughly one-third of children (n=49) were breastfed for two years or longer. The median duration of breastfeeding was 11.5 months (345 days). Nine children (6%) still breastfed at the time of the interview. The following factors were positively associated with the study endpoint: stay-at-home mothering during the first 6 months of life of the child (RR 2.13; 95%CI, 1.12 to 4.05), non-use of pacifier/dummy (RR 2.45; 95%CI, 1.58 to 3.81), and timing of introduction of non-breast milk (RR 1.001; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.002 for each day introduction of non-breast milk was delayed) and tea and/or water (RR 1.005; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.009 for each day introduction of non-milk fluids was delayed). Cohabitation with the child’s father was negatively associated with the study endpoint (RR 0.61; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.99). The results of this study suggest that, in order to increase the number of women who comply with the WHO recommendation of breastfeeding their children for two years or longer, it would be important not only to discourage use of pacifiers/dummies and early introduction of non-breast milk, water, or tea to the child’s diet, but also to include the child’s father figure in breastfeeding-related interventions and place greater emphasis on women who have yet to gain the right to 6-month maternity leave.

Existem muitos estudos sobre determinantes da interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno (AM), tendo sido identificados fatores socioeconômicos, culturais, demográficos e biológicos. Porém, não há estudos sobre os fatores envolvidos na manutenção do AM por dois anos ou mais, como recomenda a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os fatores associados à manutenção do aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais em crianças nascidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre junho e novembro de 2003. Estudo de coorte, parte prospectivo e parte retrospectivo, em que foram acompanhadas 151 crianças, do nascimento até a idade entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, do nascimento aos seis meses de idade da criança, e a segunda, quando a criança tinha entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. Na primeira etapa, foram obtidas informações na maternidade por meio de entrevista com as mães, aos 7 e 30 dias nos domicílios e aos 60, 120 e 180 dias por telefone ou nos domicílios, na impossibilidade de contato telefônico. Para a segunda etapa, as mães foram contatadas por telefone e convidadas para uma entrevista, com foco na prática do aleitamento materno e aspectos relacionados ao desmame de suas crianças. Para testar as associações entre o desfecho (aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais) e variáveis de interesse, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson seguindo modelo hierárquico. O grau de associação foi estimado por meio de risco relativo (RR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). A idade mediana das crianças na época da entrevista foi de 49 meses, com variação entre 40 e 64 meses. Cerca de um terço das crianças (n 49) foi amamentado por dois anos ou mais. A duração mediana do aleitamento materno foi de 11,5 meses, ou 345 dias. Nove crianças (6%) permaneciam sendo amamentadas na época da entrevista. Mostraram-se associados de forma positiva com o desfecho: permanência da mãe em casa com a criança nos primeiros seis meses de vida (RR=2,13; IC95% 1,12-4,05), não uso de chupeta (RR=2,45; IC95% 1,58-3,81), época da introdução de outro leite na dieta da criança (RR=1,001; IC95% 1,001 -1,002 por dia sem sua introdução) e de chás e/ou água (RR=1,005; IC 95% 1,001-1,009 a cada dia de adiamento de sua introdução). Coabitação com o pai da criança mostrou associação negativa com o desfecho (RR=0,61; IC95% 0,37-0,99). De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, para aumentar o número de mulheres que cumprem com a recomendação da OMS de AM por dois anos ou mais seria importante, além de desestimular o uso da chupeta e da introdução precoce de outro leite e de água e/ou chá na dieta da criança, incluir a figura paterna nas intervenções e dar maior atenção para as mulheres que ainda não gozam do direito da licença maternidade de seis meses. / Many studies have assessed the determinants of early discontinuation of breastfeeding (BF), and socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and biological factors have been identified as such. However, no studies have focused on the factors involved in continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The present study sought to identify the factors associated with continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer in children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between June and November 2003. In this combined prospective and retrospective cohort study, 151 children were followed from birth to the age of 3 to 5 years. Data were collected in two stages: the first, from birth to the age of 6 months; the second, sometime between the third and fifth year of life. During the first stage, information was obtained from mothers in the maternity ward (after delivery), at home (at 7 and 30 days), and by telephone—or again at home, when attempts at telephone interviews failed—at 60, 120, and 180 days. For the second stage of data collection, mothers were reached by telephone and invited to attend an interview focusing on breastfeeding practices and weaning. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test for association between the study endpoint (breastfeeding for two years or longer) and the variables of interest. The degree of association was estimated by means of relative risks (RR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The median age of the child at the time of the interview was 49 months (range, 40–64 months). Roughly one-third of children (n=49) were breastfed for two years or longer. The median duration of breastfeeding was 11.5 months (345 days). Nine children (6%) still breastfed at the time of the interview. The following factors were positively associated with the study endpoint: stay-at-home mothering during the first 6 months of life of the child (RR 2.13; 95%CI, 1.12 to 4.05), non-use of pacifier/dummy (RR 2.45; 95%CI, 1.58 to 3.81), and timing of introduction of non-breast milk (RR 1.001; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.002 for each day introduction of non-breast milk was delayed) and tea and/or water (RR 1.005; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.009 for each day introduction of non-milk fluids was delayed). Cohabitation with the child’s father was negatively associated with the study endpoint (RR 0.61; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.99). The results of this study suggest that, in order to increase the number of women who comply with the WHO recommendation of breastfeeding their children for two years or longer, it would be important not only to discourage use of pacifiers/dummies and early introduction of non-breast milk, water, or tea to the child’s diet, but also to include the child’s father figure in breastfeeding-related interventions and place greater emphasis on women who have yet to gain the right to 6-month maternity leave.

O impacto positivo do aleitamento materno (AM) na saúde de mulheres e crianças em curto e longo prazo, tanto em países de média e baixa renda como em países de alta renda, é amplamente reconhecido. Apesar disso, os índices de AM estão longe de ser considerados bons, tanto em nível mundial quanto no Brasil. Com base em alguns estudos, mães adolescentes são consideradas população de risco para não amamentação ou interrupção precoce dessa prática, configurando-se em um grupo prioritário para a promoção, proteção e apoio ao AM. Nesse sentido, estratégias devem levar em consideração as peculiaridades da amamentação em mães adolescentes, bem como os determinantes do abandono precoce ou da manutenção da amamentação por diferentes períodos nesse grupo. No entanto, faltam estudos abordando esse tema, o que justifica a realização do presente estudo, que teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados à manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses em uma coorte de mães adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte aninhado em um ensaio clínico randomizado realizado com 323 mães adolescentes residentes no município de Porto Alegre (RS), que deram à luz no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, e cujo recém-nascido era saudável, com peso superior a 2.500 g. Informações sobre vários aspectos da alimentação da criança foram obtidas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses e bimestralmente dos 6 aos 12 meses, por contato telefônico ou visita domiciliar. Quando as crianças tinham entre 4 e 7 anos de vida, as mães foram novamente entrevistadas. Os fatores associados com a manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses foram avaliados por meio de regressão multivariável de Poisson com variância robusta, seguindo uma abordagem hierarquizada. A manutenção do AM por no mínimo 6, 12 ou 24 meses ocorreu em 68,4, 47,3 e 31,9% da amostra, respectivamente. Apenas um fator se associou à manutenção da amamentação nos três períodos estudados: o fato de a criança não usar chupeta aumentou a probabilidade de manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses. Apoio da avó materna e duração do AME mostraram-se associados com a manutenção do AM por 6 e 12 meses. Os demais fatores se associaram à manutenção do AM por apenas um dos períodos: por 6 meses ou mais, cor da pele da mãe parda ou negra; por 12 meses ou mais, criança do sexo feminino e apoio do companheiro; e por 24 meses ou mais, maior idade paterna e multiparidade. Conclui-se que os fatores associados com a manutenção do AM podem variar dependendo da duração considerada, com destaque para não uso de chupeta, apoio da avó materna e duração do AME. Os achados deste estudo podem contribuir para o desafio de aumentar a duração do AM em mães adolescentes por meio de estratégias que contemplem os fatores aqui identificados. / The positive impact of breastfeeding (BF) on child and maternal health, in both the short and long terms, and in both developing and developed countries, is widely recognized. Nevertheless, BF practices in international and Brazilian settings are far from reaching optimal levels. Previous studies have demonstrated that adolescent mothers present a higher risk of not BF, or of interrupting BF early, and therefore these mothers should be prioritized in interventions aiming to promote, protect, and support BF. In this sense, interventions should take into consideration the peculiarities of BF among adolescent mothers and also the determining factors of early BF interruption or BF maintenance for different periods of time in this group. However, few studies have addressed this topic, thus justifying the conduction of the present study, whose aim was to identify factors associated with the maintenance of BF for 6, 12, and 24 months in a cohort of adolescent mothers. This cohort study is nested in a randomized clinical trial that involved 323 adolescent mothers residing in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Mothers were recruited at the maternity ward of a teaching hospital (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre) and were included if they gave birth to a healthy infant weighing 2,500 g or more. Data on different aspects of infant feeding were collected monthly in the first 6 months via telephone interviews, and bimonthly between 6 and 12 months via either telephone interviews or home visits. When the children were 4-7 years old, the mothers were interviewed again in person. Factors associated with BF maintenance at 6, 12, and 24 months were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression analysis with a hierarchical approach. BF maintenance for at least 6, 12, and 24 months was observed in 68.4, 47.3, and 31.9% of the sample, respectively. Only one factor was associated with BF maintenance at all three time points assessed: infant not using a pacifier increased the chance of BF maintenance for 6, 12 and 24 months. Support from the infant’s maternal grandmother and exclusive BF duration were associated with maintenance of BF for 6 and 12 months. Other factors evaluated were associated with BF maintenance at only one of the time points assessed: at 6 months, non-white maternal skin color; at 12 months, female infant and partner’s support of BF; and at 24 months, older paternal age and multiparity. In conclusion, the factors associated with BF maintenance may vary according to the time period assessed, with emphasis on not using a pacifier, having the support of the infant’s maternal grandmother, and exclusive BF duration. The present findings can contribute to the challenge of increasing BF duration among adolescent mothers via the implementation of strategies that take into consideration the associated factors here identified.

O impacto positivo do aleitamento materno (AM) na saúde de mulheres e crianças em curto e longo prazo, tanto em países de média e baixa renda como em países de alta renda, é amplamente reconhecido. Apesar disso, os índices de AM estão longe de ser considerados bons, tanto em nível mundial quanto no Brasil. Com base em alguns estudos, mães adolescentes são consideradas população de risco para não amamentação ou interrupção precoce dessa prática, configurando-se em um grupo prioritário para a promoção, proteção e apoio ao AM. Nesse sentido, estratégias devem levar em consideração as peculiaridades da amamentação em mães adolescentes, bem como os determinantes do abandono precoce ou da manutenção da amamentação por diferentes períodos nesse grupo. No entanto, faltam estudos abordando esse tema, o que justifica a realização do presente estudo, que teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados à manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses em uma coorte de mães adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte aninhado em um ensaio clínico randomizado realizado com 323 mães adolescentes residentes no município de Porto Alegre (RS), que deram à luz no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, e cujo recém-nascido era saudável, com peso superior a 2.500 g. Informações sobre vários aspectos da alimentação da criança foram obtidas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses e bimestralmente dos 6 aos 12 meses, por contato telefônico ou visita domiciliar. Quando as crianças tinham entre 4 e 7 anos de vida, as mães foram novamente entrevistadas. Os fatores associados com a manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses foram avaliados por meio de regressão multivariável de Poisson com variância robusta, seguindo uma abordagem hierarquizada. A manutenção do AM por no mínimo 6, 12 ou 24 meses ocorreu em 68,4, 47,3 e 31,9% da amostra, respectivamente. Apenas um fator se associou à manutenção da amamentação nos três períodos estudados: o fato de a criança não usar chupeta aumentou a probabilidade de manutenção do AM por 6, 12 e 24 meses. Apoio da avó materna e duração do AME mostraram-se associados com a manutenção do AM por 6 e 12 meses. Os demais fatores se associaram à manutenção do AM por apenas um dos períodos: por 6 meses ou mais, cor da pele da mãe parda ou negra; por 12 meses ou mais, criança do sexo feminino e apoio do companheiro; e por 24 meses ou mais, maior idade paterna e multiparidade. Conclui-se que os fatores associados com a manutenção do AM podem variar dependendo da duração considerada, com destaque para não uso de chupeta, apoio da avó materna e duração do AME. Os achados deste estudo podem contribuir para o desafio de aumentar a duração do AM em mães adolescentes por meio de estratégias que contemplem os fatores aqui identificados. / The positive impact of breastfeeding (BF) on child and maternal health, in both the short and long terms, and in both developing and developed countries, is widely recognized. Nevertheless, BF practices in international and Brazilian settings are far from reaching optimal levels. Previous studies have demonstrated that adolescent mothers present a higher risk of not BF, or of interrupting BF early, and therefore these mothers should be prioritized in interventions aiming to promote, protect, and support BF. In this sense, interventions should take into consideration the peculiarities of BF among adolescent mothers and also the determining factors of early BF interruption or BF maintenance for different periods of time in this group. However, few studies have addressed this topic, thus justifying the conduction of the present study, whose aim was to identify factors associated with the maintenance of BF for 6, 12, and 24 months in a cohort of adolescent mothers. This cohort study is nested in a randomized clinical trial that involved 323 adolescent mothers residing in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Mothers were recruited at the maternity ward of a teaching hospital (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre) and were included if they gave birth to a healthy infant weighing 2,500 g or more. Data on different aspects of infant feeding were collected monthly in the first 6 months via telephone interviews, and bimonthly between 6 and 12 months via either telephone interviews or home visits. When the children were 4-7 years old, the mothers were interviewed again in person. Factors associated with BF maintenance at 6, 12, and 24 months were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression analysis with a hierarchical approach. BF maintenance for at least 6, 12, and 24 months was observed in 68.4, 47.3, and 31.9% of the sample, respectively. Only one factor was associated with BF maintenance at all three time points assessed: infant not using a pacifier increased the chance of BF maintenance for 6, 12 and 24 months. Support from the infant’s maternal grandmother and exclusive BF duration were associated with maintenance of BF for 6 and 12 months. Other factors evaluated were associated with BF maintenance at only one of the time points assessed: at 6 months, non-white maternal skin color; at 12 months, female infant and partner’s support of BF; and at 24 months, older paternal age and multiparity. In conclusion, the factors associated with BF maintenance may vary according to the time period assessed, with emphasis on not using a pacifier, having the support of the infant’s maternal grandmother, and exclusive BF duration. The present findings can contribute to the challenge of increasing BF duration among adolescent mothers via the implementation of strategies that take into consideration the associated factors here identified.

Existem muitos estudos sobre determinantes da interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno (AM), tendo sido identificados fatores socioeconômicos, culturais, demográficos e biológicos. Porém, não há estudos sobre os fatores envolvidos na manutenção do AM por dois anos ou mais, como recomenda a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os fatores associados à manutenção do aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais em crianças nascidas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre junho e novembro de 2003. Estudo de coorte, parte prospectivo e parte retrospectivo, em que foram acompanhadas 151 crianças, do nascimento até a idade entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada em duas etapas: a primeira, do nascimento aos seis meses de idade da criança, e a segunda, quando a criança tinha entre 3 e 5 anos de idade. Na primeira etapa, foram obtidas informações na maternidade por meio de entrevista com as mães, aos 7 e 30 dias nos domicílios e aos 60, 120 e 180 dias por telefone ou nos domicílios, na impossibilidade de contato telefônico. Para a segunda etapa, as mães foram contatadas por telefone e convidadas para uma entrevista, com foco na prática do aleitamento materno e aspectos relacionados ao desmame de suas crianças. Para testar as associações entre o desfecho (aleitamento materno por dois anos ou mais) e variáveis de interesse, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson seguindo modelo hierárquico. O grau de associação foi estimado por meio de risco relativo (RR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). A idade mediana das crianças na época da entrevista foi de 49 meses, com variação entre 40 e 64 meses. Cerca de um terço das crianças (n 49) foi amamentado por dois anos ou mais. A duração mediana do aleitamento materno foi de 11,5 meses, ou 345 dias. Nove crianças (6%) permaneciam sendo amamentadas na época da entrevista. Mostraram-se associados de forma positiva com o desfecho: permanência da mãe em casa com a criança nos primeiros seis meses de vida (RR=2,13; IC95% 1,12-4,05), não uso de chupeta (RR=2,45; IC95% 1,58-3,81), época da introdução de outro leite na dieta da criança (RR=1,001; IC95% 1,001 -1,002 por dia sem sua introdução) e de chás e/ou água (RR=1,005; IC 95% 1,001-1,009 a cada dia de adiamento de sua introdução). Coabitação com o pai da criança mostrou associação negativa com o desfecho (RR=0,61; IC95% 0,37-0,99). De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, para aumentar o número de mulheres que cumprem com a recomendação da OMS de AM por dois anos ou mais seria importante, além de desestimular o uso da chupeta e da introdução precoce de outro leite e de água e/ou chá na dieta da criança, incluir a figura paterna nas intervenções e dar maior atenção para as mulheres que ainda não gozam do direito da licença maternidade de seis meses. / Many studies have assessed the determinants of early discontinuation of breastfeeding (BF), and socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and biological factors have been identified as such. However, no studies have focused on the factors involved in continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The present study sought to identify the factors associated with continuation of breastfeeding for two years or longer in children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between June and November 2003. In this combined prospective and retrospective cohort study, 151 children were followed from birth to the age of 3 to 5 years. Data were collected in two stages: the first, from birth to the age of 6 months; the second, sometime between the third and fifth year of life. During the first stage, information was obtained from mothers in the maternity ward (after delivery), at home (at 7 and 30 days), and by telephone—or again at home, when attempts at telephone interviews failed—at 60, 120, and 180 days. For the second stage of data collection, mothers were reached by telephone and invited to attend an interview focusing on breastfeeding practices and weaning. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test for association between the study endpoint (breastfeeding for two years or longer) and the variables of interest. The degree of association was estimated by means of relative risks (RR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The median age of the child at the time of the interview was 49 months (range, 40–64 months). Roughly one-third of children (n=49) were breastfed for two years or longer. The median duration of breastfeeding was 11.5 months (345 days). Nine children (6%) still breastfed at the time of the interview. The following factors were positively associated with the study endpoint: stay-at-home mothering during the first 6 months of life of the child (RR 2.13; 95%CI, 1.12 to 4.05), non-use of pacifier/dummy (RR 2.45; 95%CI, 1.58 to 3.81), and timing of introduction of non-breast milk (RR 1.001; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.002 for each day introduction of non-breast milk was delayed) and tea and/or water (RR 1.005; 95%CI, 1.001 to 1.009 for each day introduction of non-milk fluids was delayed). Cohabitation with the child’s father was negatively associated with the study endpoint (RR 0.61; 95%CI, 0.37 to 0.99). The results of this study suggest that, in order to increase the number of women who comply with the WHO recommendation of breastfeeding their children for two years or longer, it would be important not only to discourage use of pacifiers/dummies and early introduction of non-breast milk, water, or tea to the child’s diet, but also to include the child’s father figure in breastfeeding-related interventions and place greater emphasis on women who have yet to gain the right to 6-month maternity leave.

En raison du vieillissement de la population, les syndromes gériatriques sont devenus un enjeu majeur de santé publique, et le syndrome de fragilité une priorité notamment en France avec le programme PAERPA. La fragilité permet d’identifier des personnes âgées présentant des capacités de résistance diminuées face aux agents agresseurs. Elle a pour conséquence d’accroître chez l’individu le risque de survenu d’évènements de santé défavorables (de dépendance, de chutes, d’hospitalisations, d’entrée en institution et de mortalité). Plusieurs outils de mesure sont développés mais aucune mesure de référence ne fait consensus actuellement même si des progrès considérables ont été réalisés dans ce domaine depuis une dizaine d’années. Les données épidémiologiques sur la prévalence, l’incidence et les conséquences de la fragilité ont été abondamment publiées mais se caractérisent par une grande variabilité. Ces indicateurs sont variables en fonction de l’outil de mesure utilisé, de la population étudiée, de l’examinateur et également de l’évènement de santé que l’on veut prédire. De nombreux facteurs de risque de fragilité ont été également mis en évidence et certains ouvrent des voies crédibles de recherche aidant à la prévention. Une meilleure connaissance de l’épidémiologie du syndrome de fragilité est donc une nécessité incontournable pour apprécier l’importance du phénomène et mettre en place les moyens de le contrôler. Afin de mieux définir la fragilité sur le plan épidémiologique, il est indispensable de bien comprendre la notion d’études pronostiques en épidémiologie et les principaux domaines qui la constituent c’est-à-dire : décrire la population, prédire des évènements de santé, comprendre les liens de causalité et proposer des actions. Il est donc indispensable dans les études épidémiologiques, de définir et d’utiliser avec précision les principaux domaines des études pronostiques décrit ci-dessus. Le risque ici est un passage sans précaution de la prédiction à la compréhension du concept de fragilité qui sont deux domaines différents bien que complémentaires. La définition la plus utilisée de la fragilité reste encore celle proposée par Fried et collaborateurs. Elle est basée sur la prise en compte d’éléments essentiellement physiques. Cette définition a de nombreuses limites lorsque la population cible vit en EHPAD par exemple. D’autres composantes non physiques parmi lesquelles la cognition, les vulnérabilités sociales, les comorbidités sont actuellement débattue pour mieux définir le concept de fragilité et identifier ses biomarqueurs. Cette thèse aborde d’un point de vue épidémiologique la définition du syndrome de fragilité grâce aux données des cohortes PAQUID et 3C (deux études Françaises en population) et la cohorte INCUR (une étude Française en EHPAD). Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse nous permettent d’affirmer que la relation entre la fragilité et la prédiction d’évènements défavorables de santé prend en compte la population cible, l’outil de mesure de la fragilité et l’examinateur. Ce résultats ouvrent donc des perspectives intéressantes pour la recherche sur le syndrome fragilité quelques soit les caractéristiques des populations étudiées. / Now-a-days, geriatric syndromes have become a major public health problem owing to the population aging. In this context, frailty syndrome represents particularly a public health priority in France through PAERPA program. Frailty is defined as an extreme vulnerability of the organism to endogenous and exogenous stressors. This syndrome exposes the individual at higher risk of negative health-related outcomes as well as a transition phase between successful aging and disability. The theoretical concept of frailty is largely agreed, its practical translation still presents some limitations due to the existence of multiple tools and operational definitions. The definition most widely used is the one proposed by Fried and collaborators which essentially includes physical elements. Nonetheless, the inclusion of other non-physical components, in particular cognitive function, social vulnerability state, morbidities is currently debated. Considerable progress has been made in this field over the past ten years. The prevalence and incidence of frailty are reported in several epidemiological studies and are well known, but are quite variable. Many risk factors of frailty have been highlighted, leaving a door open towards prevention. A better knowledge of frailty epidemiology is therefore essential if we are to assess its extent and the means of controlling it. To better define frailty from an epidemiological point of view, it is essential to describe and better understand the different components of epidemiological prognostic studies: describing, prediction of health events, explaining the causal relation and proposing the action. The aim of this thesis was to the study, from an epidemiological point of view, the definition of frailty using the data of three French cohorts: PAQUID, 3C and INCUR. The results are consistent with an association between frailty and negative health-related outcomes. This association depends on the target sample, tools used and investigators.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 乙第13293号 / 論社医博第14号 / 新制||社医||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 秀一, 教授 今中 雄一, 教授 古川 壽亮 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Objective: The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) became operational in 1952; it is located in the western part of Kentucky. We conducted a mortality study for adverse health effects that workers may have suffered while working at the plant, including exposures to chemicals. Materials and Methods: We studied a cohort of 6820 workers at the PGDP for the period 1953 to 2003; there were a total of 1672 deaths to cohort members. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a specific concern for this workforce; exposure to TCE occurred primarily in departments that clean the process equipment. The Life Table Analysis System (LTAS) program developed by NIOSH was used to calculate the standardized mortality ratios for the worker cohort and standardized rate ratio relative to exposure to TCE (the U.S. population is the referent for age-adjustment). LTAS calculated a significantly low overall SMR for these workers of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72-0.79). A further review of three major cancers of interest to Kentucky produced significantly low SMR for trachea, bronchus, lung cancer (0.75, 95% CI: 0.72-0.79) and high SMR for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (1.49, 95% CI: 1.02-2.10). Results: No significant SMR was observed for leukemia and no significant SRRs were observed for any disease. Both the leukemia and lung cancer results were examined and determined to refect regional mortality patterns. However, the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma finding suggests a curious amplification when living cases are included with the mortality experience. Conclusions: Further examination is recommended of this recurrent finding from all three U.S. Gaseous Diffusion plants.

Introduction: Long term care (LTC) residents require complete or extensive support, including 24-hour nursing and personal care. LTC residents contribute a greater number of emergency department (ED) visits when compared to community-dwelling older adults. Little is known about which resident-level characteristics at admission are predictive of LTC resident transfer to the ED. The objective of this thesis was to identify which admission characteristics are associated with ED transfers in Ontario, Canada. Methodology: I conducted a population-level retrospective cohort study using the Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Data Set Version 2.0 (RAI-MDS). The cohort included 56,433 LTC resident admission assessments from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018. Logistic regression and 10-fold cross-validation were used to identify adjusted associations between characteristics routinely collected during LTC admission assessment and ED transfers. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). Outcomes of interest included any ED use, potentially preventable, and low acuity ED transfers. Results: A recent change in medical orders, previous ED visitation, female sex, the presence of an indwelling catheter, and the need for oxygen therapy were informative predictors for any, potentially preventable, and low acuity ED transfers. Deterioration in cognitive status and change in behavior was influential to any ED transfers only. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, indictors of delirium, and change in mood are unique to potentially preventable ED transfers, and antibiotic resistance is unique to low acuity ED transfers. Similar discrimination was reached for any ED use (AUC = 0.630), potentially preventable transfers (AUC = 0.659), and low acuity transfers (AUC = 0.645). Conclusion: The factors associated with ED transfers may be modifiable, and closer attention to these factors may help reduce ED transfers. Although the discriminability of the models was poor, advanced knowledge of informative characteristics can support upstream decision-making for clinicians. Future studies are required to validate these findings, derive risk scales, and demonstrate the utility of this model in health service planning. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Long term care (LTC) provides residents with 24-hour nursing and personal care. When the care or clinical needs of the resident cannot be met in the LTC facility, they may be transferred to the Emergency Department (ED). However, the ED’s are poorly situated to manage the distinct needs of older adults, given the sole focus on medical acuity rather than geriatric complexity. Unwarranted ED transfers are burdensome for LTC residents and increase their risk for adverse health events, such as nosocomial infections, delirium, and injuries. Understanding characteristics associated with ED transfers can help identify which residents may be at a risk of an ED transfer. The objective of this thesis was to identify which LTC resident characteristics at admission are associated with ED transfers in Ontario, Canada. A recent change in medical orders, previous ED visitation, female sex, the presence of an indwelling catheter, and the need for oxygen therapy were informative predictors for ED transfers.