Thesis. 1977. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : p. 60. / M.Arch.A.S.

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The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA) has in its collection eleven ancient West Mexican ceramic sculptures. Given that the VMFA's West Mexican Ceramic figure collection has not been included in any extensive study, this thesis serves to provide a critical analysis of these figures through a formal and stylistic approach. These analyses are preceded by a brief history of the West Mexican cultures and highlight the artistic similarities and differences between each region. The primary regions under discussion are Colima, Nayarit, and Jalisco which correspond to modern geopolitical boundaries. Primary sources for these discussions are the figures themselves, while various published catalogues serve as comparative sources. Where applicable, iconographical theories are introduced and discussed in conjunction with the formal and stylistic analysis.

This research evaluates the degree of political integration in Colima during the Late Classic/Epiclassic period (550-1000 CE) and the historical depth of three 16th-century regional polities through an examination of the political strategies embedded in pottery technology. Pottery samples covering three regional polities (Provincia del Colimotl, Valle de Tecomán, Provincia de Tepetitango) and corresponding to four geographical micro-regions (Colima Valley, Salado River basin, Tecomán coastal plain, western coast) were analysed. In this research, polities are conceptualised as webs of authoritative relationships, which are created and contested by political strategies. Pottery produced in the same polity should therefore be in the same network of authoritative relationships. Political strategies are uncovered by identifying the technological patterns, material and socio-technological constraints of production, sourcing-distribution patterns, organisation of production, and social contexts of the consumption of pottery. Compositional and fabric variability was assessed through the archaeometric characterisation of 215 pottery samples from 17 different sites distributed throughout the research area. The statistical analysis of the geochemical results revealed 10 compositional groups; an eleventh group was identified through petrographic analysis. Pottery and raw clay (14 samples) compositional data, together with the analysis of distribution patterns and the local geology, permitted the identification of the location (at the micro-regional level or less) of clay sources for seven of the compositional groups. The room left for technological choices/styles was determined through reconstruction of the pottery production sequence within its contextual factors. The results indicate that pottery production was not centralised, even at the micro-regional level. Potters from the four geographical micro-regions used different clay sources to produce both distinctive wares and some shared types. However, with the probable exception of the Colima Valley, at least a couple clay sources were simultaneously exploited in each micro-region. In some instances, this reflects product specialisation; in others, it indicates production of the same pottery types by competing workshops. Though the two geographical micro-regions in the Provincia del Colimotl did not escape the micro-regional pattern of the use of local resources and manufacture of distinctive wares, they do offer the only example of pottery-related, deliberate economic interdependence in this study. The pottery was produced by independent specialists who made use of distribution networks restricted to the limits of each polity. However, the red-on-cream jars made in the Salado River basin were widely distributed throughout all of the regional polities. It is argued that these jars were obtained at the Salado River basin during communal feasts that involved the consumption of pulque. The results indicate the historical depth of the known 16th-centruy regional polities. Despite providing evidence for close interregional interactions and shared ideological beliefs and social practices within the whole Colima region, pottery analysis offers no solid proof that Colima functioned as a single polity during the Late Classic/Epiclassic period.

Cette recherche doctorale a été réalisée dans le cadre d’un projet de sauvetage archéologique à Villa de Álvarez, dans l’état de Colima (Mexique). Dans la zone géographique à l’étude, plusieurs traces indiquant la présence de contextes funéraires ont été relevées par le passé, mais aucun de ces sites n’a fait l’objet d’un rapport archéologique. L’état de Colima est connu pour ses tombes à puits (tumbas de tiro), ses céramiques de manufacture typique, ainsi que pour les fameux « chiens de Colima ». Malgré la relation entre ces objets et les contextes funéraires, peu d’études se sont attardées à comprendre la composante biologique de ces contextes, c’est-à-dire les êtres humains. Ainsi, la richesse du projet de sauvetage archéologique nous a donné l’opportunité de structurer un projet de recherche de thèse doctorale beaucoup plus profond en ce qui concerne un des sujets les plus importants de cette région mésoaméricaine : les traditions funéraires. C’est de cette façon, à la lumière des résultats particuliers obtenus sur le site du Tropel, que nous avons décidé de travailler les liens culturels existants entre ce dernier, la région de Colima, l’Ouest mésoaméricain et l’aire culturelle dans son ensemble. La campagne de fouille ainsi menée a permis la récupération de vingt-six individus de différents sexes et âges. Au moins quatre périodes d’occupation ont été enregistrées sur le site. La présence humaine sur le site s’étend donc de 339AD à 682 AD (datations au radiocarbone sur trois individus du site El Tropel), ce qui correspond à la phase archéologique Comala à Colima. L’abondance d’artefacts de cette phase dans les quatre strates culturelles du site a permis de réaliser une datation relative en relation avec l’apparition et la fréquence de céramiques d’autres phases culturelles connues : Ortices, Colima, Armería y Chanal. Concernant les pratiques funéraires, la fouille a permis de constater le traitement des cadavres avant, pendant et après l’enterrement des défunts. Bien que des contextes funéraires similaires aient déjà été mentionnés dans la région, aucun d’entre eux n’a pu être identifié clairement. Ces traitements funéraires démontrent l’existence chez les anciens habitants de Colima d’une transmission des connaissances concernant l’anatomie, les processus de décomposition des cadavres, et même possiblement d’un culte des os humains. Une étude ostéologique a été menée sur les squelettes afin de documenter les aspects démographiques, pathologiques, sociaux et économiques de la population du site. Parmi les éléments les plus significatifs de l’étude, il est possible de mentionner la présence de certaines pathologies peu connues dans cette région de la Mésoamérique telles que la syphilis et la tuberculose. Des déformations crâniennes ont aussi été observées, ainsi que la présence d’un déformateur crânien en céramique. De plus, de nombreuses données ont été relevées concernant la présence d’os wormiens sur les crânes déformés artificiellement. Finalement, des analyses d’isotopes stables ont été pratiquées sur des os des individus, ainsi que sur des os de chiens et de cerfs retrouvés sur le site, afin de mieux connaître l’alimentation et la vie des communautés anciennes de la région. / This doctoral research was conducted in the frame of an archaeological project salvage in the Colima state, Mexico. The rescue took place in an archaeological site located in the municipality of Villa de Álvarez, Colima. This region had been excavated before and the presence of funerary contexts was attested, nevertheless no archaeological records were reported for these projects. The Colima region is known for the presence of shaft tombs, for its prehispanic pottery industry and for the so called “perros de Colima”. Curiously, although these elements are intimately related to funeral contexts, there are very few archaeological studies dedicated to the biological component of funerary practices, the human beings. The field research project gave us the possibility to go deeper in a wider dissertation project in which the main subject was the funerary traditions, one of the most emblematic subjects in this Mesoamerican region. The main goal of this dissertation structure was to establish the value of findings from el Tropel through its cultural links with the local region, the West Mesoamerica and the whole cultural area. Twenty-six individuals of different sexes and ages were recovered during the excavations. At least four different periods of occupation were registered in this place. The identified cultural phases let us know that the continual occupation of this site goes from 339 AD to 682 AD (C14 dates were obtained from the bones of three individuals from el Tropel), these dates correspond to the Comala phase. The large amount of archaeological materials from this phase in four cultural strata gave us the basis to understand a relative dating which keeps relation with the appearance and frequency of four other cultural phases characterized by their ceramics: Ortices, Colima, Armería and Chanal. Within the funeral practices we registered the existence of funerary treatments that were practiced before, during, and after the burial of the deceased. These practices had not been identified although similar funeral contexts had been already been reported in this archaeological region. The funeral treatments analyses demonstrated the transmission of knowledge concerning the human anatomy, the cadaveric processes and probably a tradition of special cult to the bones. We practiced also an osteological study of the twenty-six individuals to get demographic, pathological, social and economical data. Among the most out-standing aspects about health, we registered the presence of some pathologies little known for this Mesoamerican region, syphilis and tuberculosis. For the biocultural customs we identified the practice of cranial intentional deformation and also the presence of a “cranial deformation machine” made of ceramics. From this practice we also observed the relationship between cranial deformation and wormian bones formation within the sutural lines. This work includes the analyses of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes made over the bones of humans, dogs and deers from el Tropel, and the results answered some basic important questions about consumption patterns, economy, social life and food habits. / Este trabajo de investigación doctoral fue realizado en el marco de un proyecto de salvamento arqueológico llevado a cabo en el centro del municipio de Villa de Álvarez, en el estado de Colima, México. El salvamento se realizó en un sitio arqueológico conocido como “el Tropel”. En la zona de investigación se tenían noticias de la presencia de múltiples áreas funerarias de las cuales no existen informes arqueológicos. El estado de Colima es conocido por ser una de las regiones en las que se han encontrado tumbas de tiro, por su cerámica de extraordinaria manufactura y por los llamados perros de Colima. Curiosamente a pesar de que estos elementos están relacionados con contextos funerarios existen muy pocos estudios que enfoquen su atención en el componente biológico de estos, los seres humanos. El proyecto de investigación de campo dio las posibilidades para plantear un proyecto mucho más extenso que dio la oportunidad de profundizar en uno de los temas más relevantes en esta región mesoamericana: las tradiciones funerarias. Fue así que a la luz de los hallazgos particulares del sitio del Tropel se pudieron establecer los lazos que unen a un pequeño sitio arqueológico con la complejidad cultural que supone Mesoamérica. Como resultado de la temporada de excavación fueron recuperados 26 individuos de diferentes sexos y edades. Al menos dos diferentes periodos de ocupación fueron registrados en este sitio. El rango de tiempo que abarca la ocupación del sitio va desde el 339 dC hasta el 682 dC, (fechas C14 procedentes de los huesos de tres individuos del sitio el Tropel) estas fechas corresponden a la fase Colima, en la arqueología de Colima. Los contextos funerarios excavados pudieron ser fechados relativamente gracias a la presencia de ofrendas en forma de vajilla realizada en cerámica cuyo tipo fue identificado como Colima. En cuanto a las prácticas funerarias pudo registrarse la existencia de tratamientos funerarios antes, durante y después del enterramiento de los difuntos. Estas prácticas no habían sido identificadas aunque similares contextos funerarios ya habían sido reportados en la región. Los tratamientos funerarios demuestran que existió una transmisión de conocimientos en torno a la anatomía, los procesos de descomposición de los cadáveres y desde luego, es posible también, a un culto especial a los huesos. Un estudio de osteología fue realizada en los esqueletos para conocer aspectos demográficos, de salud-enfermedad, sociales y económicos. En cuanto a costumbres bioculturales se registró la práctica de la deformación craneal y además la presencia de un deformador craneal manufacturado en cerámica. Así mismo se registraron datos acerca de la preeminencia de huesos wormianos en cráneos deformados artificialmente. En los huesos de los individuos así como de perros y venados fueron practicados análisis de isótopos estables cuyos resultados responden una serie de preguntas acerca de la alimentación y la vida de las antiguas comunidades que habitaron la región.

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