This diploma thesis Media image of collectivization in the Jihlava region from 1951 to 1959 examines the way how local "village newspapers" informed about the course of collectivization process in particular districts of the Jihlava region. Special attention is paid to the formation of agricultural cooperative farms and trials with so-called "village rich men". The theoretical part summarizes the key characteristics of collectivization in Czechoslovakia, also focuses on the specifics of the Jihlava region and is supplemented with memories of a contemporary witness. This part also outlines the form of Czechoslovak media landscape and the media functioning, including the key role of the press as a propaganda tool. Further, it deals with the formation of local village newspapers and their subsequent ten-year development. The purpose of the research part of the thesis is to determine how the newspapers informed about selected topics via quantitative and qualitative method. This combination of approaches allows not only to reveal representation of topics, their frequency and other quantitative indicators, but also provides a relatively detailed insight into the way how newspapers wrote about "village rich men" and the village socialization. The diploma thesis also includes photographs of that period...

Diplomová práce Kolektivizace zemědělství a její promítnutí do krajiny ABSTRACT I searched changes in the cultural landscape structure in the relation with social processes in the time period 1937-2010 in my thesis. The research refers to the second half of 20th century, or more precisely, to the era of collectivization of Czechoslovak agriculture. In consequence of collectivization, the landscape was ecologically devastated and overall the nature of Czech countryside changed. Analysis of the landscape structure has form of case study of cadastral area of Široký Důl. I interpreted landscape changes from historical aerial photos and then analyzed the changes by geographical information systems. The results of those analyses are indicators (landscape metrics), by which I interpreted conditions of landscape in particular time. I confronted the changes in the landscape structure with social processes, which are described in theoretical part of thesis according to background research. Result of my thesis is general story of particular landscape, whose structure changed fundamentally in consequence of collectivization of agriculture. Key words: landscape structure, collectivization, landscape metrics, GIS, cultural landscape, aerial photos, Široký Důl

This study seeks to explore the role of peasant women in resistance to the antireligious campaigns during collectivization and analyze how the interplay of the state and resistors formed a new culture of religion in the countryside. I argue that while the state’s succeeded in controlling most of the public sphere, peasant women, engaging in subversive activities and exploiting the state’s ideology, succeeded in preserving a strong peasant adherence to religion prior to World War II. It was peasant women’s determination and adaptation that thwarted the party’s goal of nation-wide atheism.

1940 m. birželio 14 d. Sovietų Sąjungai jėga užėmus Lietuvą, jau pirmaisiais okupacijos mėnesiais visoje šalyje buvo sistemingai pradėtas diegti sovietinio žemės ūkio mechanizmas. Kaimo sovietizacijos pagrindiniu tikslu tapo privatinės nuosavybės, vienkiemių sunaikinimas, žemės ūkio kolektyvizacijos įgyvendinimas. Tačiau šis procesas buvo sustabdytas, prasidėjus karui tarp SSRS ir Trečiojo Reicho. 1944-1947 m. Lietuvoje, prieš prasidedant kolektyvinių ūkių steigimui, vykdyta agrarinė žemės reforma. Kolūkių kūrimo procesas krašte atnaujintas 1947 m.. Po dviejų metų praktiškai vos ne kiekviename kaime steigtas kolektyvinis ūkis. Dar nepasibaigus kolektyvizacijai, 1950 m. priimtas nutarimas stambinti kolūkius. Apylinkių bei kaimų smulkūs kolektyviniai ūkiai jungėsi į stambesnius. Pakruojo valsčiuje kolektyvinių ūkių steigimo procesas prasidėjo 1948 m. pavasarį, kada Pakruojo apylinkėje, Sigutėnų kaime pradėjo veiklą kolūkis „Aušra“ ir Akmenėlių apylinkėje, Mažeikonių kaime kolūkis „Raudonoji žvaigždė“. 1948 m. Pakruojo valsčiuje įsteigti tik keturi kolūkiai. 1949 m., masinės kolektyvizacijos metu, papildomai susikūrė 32 kolūkiai. 1950 m. birželio 20 d., po teritorinės – administraciniams reformos, Pakruojo valsčius tapo rajonu. Po reformos pastarajam priskirti (Joniškio, Radviliškio, Šiaulių apskričių) kolūkiai. Tokiomis aplinkybėmis Pakruojo rajone 1950 m. veikė 89 kolūkiai. Tuo pat metu, kaip ir visoje šalyje, taip ir Pakruojo rajone pradėti stambinti kolektyviniai ūkiai. 1956... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / After the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Lithuania on June 14, 1940, already in the first months of occupation the new Soviet system of agriculture was started to be systematically implemented in the whole country. The goal of sovietization campaign in Lithuanian villages was the destruction of private property and homesteads and the implementation of collectivization of agriculture. However, this process was interrupted when the war between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich broke out. In the years 1944-1947 before the beginning of collectivization, the agrarian land reform was carried out in Lithuania. The creation of collective farms was resumed in 1947. After two years in practically every village there was a collective farm. Before the collectivization was even completed, in 1950 there was a decision to increase the size of collective farms by merging smaller farms into bigger ones. In the Pakruojis county, the process of collective farm creation was started in the spring of 1948, when in the village of Sigutėnai the first collective farm “Aušra“ („Dawn“) was created and in the village of Mažeikoniai – the collective farm by the name of „Raudonoji žvaigždė“ („The Red tar“) started to operate. In 1948 only four collective farms have been founded in Pakruojis county. In 1949 during the mass collectivization campaign, 32 collective farms were founded. On June 20 after the territorial-administrative reform the Pakruojis county became Pakruojis district. After the reform... [to full text]

A presente pesquisa de doutorado teve o objetivo de analisar o modelo socialista de produção agrícola coletiva implantado através das Cooperativas de Produção Agropecuárias (CPAs), tanto em Cuba, a partir do início da década de 1970, quanto pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), no Brasil, a partir de meados da década de 1980. Nas CPAs a lógica de vida e produção camponesa são transformadas para dar lugar ao trabalho agrícola na lógica socialista. O trabalho antes realizado pela família camponesa, visando a satisfação das suas necessidades, passa a ser realizado pelo trabalhador cooperado, visando o aumento da produção, produtividade e eficiência. A coletivização agrícola é decorrente de um debate histórico no interior do marxismo sobre a necessidade de transformações nas relações de produção e propriedade visando a superação do capitalismo. A perspectiva teórica que a fundamenta é a marxista-leninista, que vê o campesinato como classe em extinção no capitalismo, e sem lugar no socialismo. A principal tese que a sustenta é a superioridade da grande produção agrícola em detrimento da pequena produção camponesa. No Brasil, a pesquisa de campo foi realizada em assentamentos do MST do Estado do Pará, e em Cuba, no município de Vinhales, província de Pinar del Río. Uma contradição semelhante a ambos os casos é que a agricultura coletiva, como grande unidade produtiva, demanda investimentos e recursos permanentes, que nem sempre as cooperativas são capazes de arcar. Com isso há perda de autonomia sobre a produção e os resultados econômicos podem não ser os esperados. Em decorrência, tanto no MST, quanto em Cuba, há um movimento de reflexão sobre as contradições da produção agrícola coletiva, e um considerável retorno dos cooperados à condição camponesa, trazendo à tona novamente o debate sobre o papel do campesinato na construção de um mundo melhor e mais justo. / The doctoral research this aimed to analyze the socialist model of collective agricultural production implemented through the Agricultural Production Cooperatives (CPAs), both in Cuba, from the beginning of the 1970s, and by the Rural Workers Landless Movement ( MST) in Brazil since the mid-1980s CPAs In the logic of life and peasant production are transformed to make way for agricultural labor in the socialist logic. The work done before the peasant family in order to satisfy their needs, is now held by the cooperative worker, aimed at increasing production, productivity and efficiency. The agricultural collectivization is due to a historical debate within Marxism on the need for changes in production and property relations aimed at overcoming of capitalism. The theoretical perspective underlying it is the Marxist-Leninist, you see on the peasantry as a class endangered in capitalism, and no place in socialism. The main thesis that sustains it is the superiority of large agricultural production at the expense of small peasant production. In Brazil, the field survey was conducted in the state of Para MST settlements, and Cuba in the town of Vinales, Pinar del Río. A similar contradiction to both cases is that collective farming, as large manufacturing plant, investment demand and permanent resources that are not always cooperatives are able to afford. Thus, there is a loss of autonomy over production and economic results cannot be expected. As a result, both the MST, as in Cuba, there is a reflection movement on the contradictions of collective farming, and a considerable return of the cooperative to the peasant condition, bringing up again the debate on the role of the peasantry in building a world better and fairer.

A presente pesquisa de doutorado teve o objetivo de analisar o modelo socialista de produção agrícola coletiva implantado através das Cooperativas de Produção Agropecuárias (CPAs), tanto em Cuba, a partir do início da década de 1970, quanto pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), no Brasil, a partir de meados da década de 1980. Nas CPAs a lógica de vida e produção camponesa são transformadas para dar lugar ao trabalho agrícola na lógica socialista. O trabalho antes realizado pela família camponesa, visando a satisfação das suas necessidades, passa a ser realizado pelo trabalhador cooperado, visando o aumento da produção, produtividade e eficiência. A coletivização agrícola é decorrente de um debate histórico no interior do marxismo sobre a necessidade de transformações nas relações de produção e propriedade visando a superação do capitalismo. A perspectiva teórica que a fundamenta é a marxista-leninista, que vê o campesinato como classe em extinção no capitalismo, e sem lugar no socialismo. A principal tese que a sustenta é a superioridade da grande produção agrícola em detrimento da pequena produção camponesa. No Brasil, a pesquisa de campo foi realizada em assentamentos do MST do Estado do Pará, e em Cuba, no município de Vinhales, província de Pinar del Río. Uma contradição semelhante a ambos os casos é que a agricultura coletiva, como grande unidade produtiva, demanda investimentos e recursos permanentes, que nem sempre as cooperativas são capazes de arcar. Com isso há perda de autonomia sobre a produção e os resultados econômicos podem não ser os esperados. Em decorrência, tanto no MST, quanto em Cuba, há um movimento de reflexão sobre as contradições da produção agrícola coletiva, e um considerável retorno dos cooperados à condição camponesa, trazendo à tona novamente o debate sobre o papel do campesinato na construção de um mundo melhor e mais justo. / The doctoral research this aimed to analyze the socialist model of collective agricultural production implemented through the Agricultural Production Cooperatives (CPAs), both in Cuba, from the beginning of the 1970s, and by the Rural Workers Landless Movement ( MST) in Brazil since the mid-1980s CPAs In the logic of life and peasant production are transformed to make way for agricultural labor in the socialist logic. The work done before the peasant family in order to satisfy their needs, is now held by the cooperative worker, aimed at increasing production, productivity and efficiency. The agricultural collectivization is due to a historical debate within Marxism on the need for changes in production and property relations aimed at overcoming of capitalism. The theoretical perspective underlying it is the Marxist-Leninist, you see on the peasantry as a class endangered in capitalism, and no place in socialism. The main thesis that sustains it is the superiority of large agricultural production at the expense of small peasant production. In Brazil, the field survey was conducted in the state of Para MST settlements, and Cuba in the town of Vinales, Pinar del Río. A similar contradiction to both cases is that collective farming, as large manufacturing plant, investment demand and permanent resources that are not always cooperatives are able to afford. Thus, there is a loss of autonomy over production and economic results cannot be expected. As a result, both the MST, as in Cuba, there is a reflection movement on the contradictions of collective farming, and a considerable return of the cooperative to the peasant condition, bringing up again the debate on the role of the peasantry in building a world better and fairer.

The thesis deals with the process of collectivization in the Strakonice district in the years 1948- 1960. In addition to a comprehensive description of collectivization in the Strakonice district, the thesis analyses to which extent could local institutions - national committees, secretariats of the communistic party, prosecutor's offices and courts - influence the course of collectivization in a particular place. This thesis focuses on the study of the psychological background of power relations and asks the question how effective was propaganda in creating the image of "kulaks" as a class enemy. The thesis consists of three chapters: In the first chapter deals with collectivization on a national scale - the roots of this policy, terminology, legal framework, key events and forms of propaganda. In the second chapter characterizes the economic and social aspects of the Strakonice district, the results of the process of collectivization there and the functioning of local institutions. The third chapter is devoted to case studies of five specific model municipalities in the district. The method of analysis and comparison will clarify the specific causes of the course of collectivization in the village. Keywords: Collectivization, Strakonice District, Common Agricultural Cooperative, Czechoslovak...

In the mid and late-19th century, about 15,000 Czechs left for Russia in search of a new life. Most of them settled in the Volhynia Governorate. They bought land, established Czech villages, developed hop growing. In World War I they supported the foundation of the Czechoslovak legions, and many of them also joined the legions. After this war, several hundred Czechs returned to their homeland. In World War II, they rejoined the resistance and formed the foundation of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps. After the war, most of them claimed re-emigration. The Czechs in Volhynia experienced what Soviet communism was like, as well as persecution, collectivization, and also Ukrainian nationalism. However, returning to the homeland was not easy, and their repatriation was accompanied by many difficulties. Many of them disagreed with the incoming communist regime and warned the population of Czechoslovakia against it. A big number of Volhynian Czechs were kept under surveillance and imprisoned by the communist regime. Love for the country and hard work have always been significant in the history of Volhynian Czechs.

Ce mémoire examine le traitement politique des services de garde au Québec, dans son articulation à l'expansion de l'État néolibéral. Nous nous intéressons au rôle attribué à ces services dans la « régulation d'ensemble » de l'économie, à leurs effets sur l'organisation des rapports sociaux de genre et de classe, ainsi qu'aux discours légitimant l'intervention (ou non) de l'État dans ce secteur d'activité. Trois périodes sont examinées : 1) le moment providentiel (1945-1979) ; 2) la période de transition néolibérale (1980-2003) ; 3) le moment néolibéral (2004-2015). Par le biais d'une analyse des publications gouvernementales et de la « littérature grise », nous cherchons ainsi à comprendre les logiques guidant l'élaboration des politiques gouvernementales dans ce domaine. Les principes et les idées dégagées du corpus sont évalués au regard des concepts de défamilialisation, de démarchandisation et de collectivisation. Après avoir soutenu la familialisation des activités domestiques dans l'après-guerre, l'État québécois s'intéresse de plus en plus aux services de garde à partir des années 1980. L'investissement dans ce secteur d'activité connaît ensuite des avancées spectaculaires à la fin des années 1990 avec la création des centres de la petite enfance. Observons qu’au même moment, le gouvernement adopte une série de réformes visant le retour à l'équilibre des finances publiques et la « modernisation » de l'État québécois. On procède alors à des compressions budgétaires importantes dans la plupart des programmes sociaux. Enfin, après avoir rallié la faveur des élu.e.s, la politique de services de garde connaît plusieurs changements au cours des dernières décennies suivantes, menant progressivement à la privatisation de l'offre. Ce changement est principalement observé à travers les phénomènes de fiscalisation des subventions gouvernementales, c'est-à-dire l'investissement dans les programmes fiscaux et l'abandon progressif du principe de prix unique. Ce mémoire vise à contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des débats et des discours entourant les services de garde au Québec depuis l'après-guerre. En retraçant la sociohistoire des services de garde sur le temps long, nous montrons l'influence considérable des discours et des cibles économiques du gouvernement dans l'évolution des politiques publiques rattachées à la petite enfance. / This thesis examines the political treatment of childcare services in the province of Quebec, as it relates to the expansion of the neoliberal state. We focus our attention on the role attributed to these services in the "overall regulation" of the economy, their impact on gender and class relations’ organization, as well as on the rhetoric legitimizing, on the one hand, state intervention in this sector of activity and, on the other hand, its absence thereof. Three periods are examined: 1) the welfare period (1945-1979); 2) the neoliberal transition period (1980-2003); 3) the neoliberal period (2004-2015). Through an analysis of documents (both governmental and from the “grey literature”), we seek to understand the logic guiding the development of government policies in this field. The principles guiding state action in this matter that we have identified are evaluated through the lens of the following concepts: de-familialization, de-commodification and collectivization. After supporting the familialization of domestic activities in the post-war period, the Quebec government became increasingly interested in childcare services in the 1980s. Investment in this sector of activity then experienced spectacular growth at the end of the 1990s with the creation of early childhood centers. At the same time, the government adopted a series of reforms aimed at restoring balance to public finances and the "modernization" of the state. Significant cuts thus followed in most social programs. Finally, after gaining the favor of elected officials, daycare service policy underwent several changes over the following decades, gradually leading to the privatization of services. This change is mainly observed through the taxation of government subsidies, the investment in tax programs and the gradual abandoning of the unique price policy. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the debates and discourses surrounding childcare services in Quebec, in a context of neoliberalization of the state. By studying the social history of childcare services over a long period, we show the influence of government discourse and economic targets on the choice of whether or not to invest in childcare services.

This master's thesis follows the author's previous bachelor thesis Village Hradčany in Podještědí at Contemporary History 1914 -1948. Using terminology and methods of regional history and microhistory it accents exploring contemporary history of whole commune and municipality Hradčany with all of its historical villages. It will deal comprehensively with cultural-historical and political-historical problems and phenomena of the of the second half of the 20th century, beginning with the communist rise of power in 1948 , continuing by demise of traditional rural economy in the fifties. But it will also mention the extinction of commune Hradčany itself and its connecting to the bigger commune of socialist type in seventies and developement of socialist rural society. Due to comparing the local archive sources with sources from other surrounding settlements the work should produce a synthetical historical source, which could be taken as a general picture of history of settlements in the region. The whole work is based primarily on archive and oral-history research, interviews with the oldest settlers, collection of photographic sources and written documents as memories.