A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2006. / This thesis seeks to close some lacunae that exists in the historiography of Natal and Zululand. Whereas the activities of the colonials are well documented and widely read, the actions and responses of the Zulu people to colonial expansion in Natal and Zululand have been neglected or only given a cursory glance. The impact of colonialism that resulted in the loss of land and a livelihood among the Zulu, could only be articulated with the necessary sensitivity by the Zulu people themselves. This, therefore, is an attempt to give audience to the Zulu voice. The study focuses on the period 1850 - 1887 which was characterized by a steady immigration, infiltration and penetration of the British into the traditional, social and political life of the Zulu people in Natal and Zululand. The elephant trails charted the way of the traders and hunters into the heart of Zululand and missionaries followed in their footsteps. The initial attempts at evangelization met with fervent resistance from the Zulu, simply because it contrasted with Zulu custom and was too alien to be readily comprehended and accepted by the Zulu, who still owed sole allegiance to their king. Nevertheless, colonial land policies and the establishment of Christian mission reserves led to the rise of an African peasantry which adapted to the white man's ways and flourished. The colonials introduced the "Shepstone system" which crammed the Zulu Into barren reserves and restricted their ownership of land in Natal Colony. This resulted in the steady decline of the peasantry as a recognizable social class. The dominant forces of capitalism and the promulgation of laws prohibiting Zulu freedom of movement eventually destroyed the African peasantry. The destruction of the homestead economy and the loss of land and cattle gave rise to a new class of poor people among the Zulu of Natal Colony. Meanwhile, in Zululand, signs of underdevelopment were already evident during the 1870*s. Federation schemes pursued by the British, with the desire to dominate the southern African region, coupled the suspicions that King Cetshwayo was planning to attack Natal, culminated in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Despite Cetshwayo's plea for peace, the British invaded Zululand with the sole purpose of destroying the Zulu dynasty, which they viewed as an obstacle to British overlordship. British victory in the war led to Wolseley's clumsy settlement which unleashed a terribly bloody civil war that left Zululand devastated and the Zulu dynasty permanently weakened. Then came, rather too late, the annexation of Zululand by Britain in 1887.

No description available.

Thesis--Columbia University. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Columbia University. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ball State University, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 08, 2009).

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Geography. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).

Résumé non fourni par l'auteur. / The author didn't give a summary.

The aim of this study is to determine what factors are most important in controlling the number of bacterial colonies found in twent represntative Denton County (Texas) soils during the growing season.

An algorithm is presented that is capable of producing Pareto-optimal solutions for multi-objective infrastructure routing problems: the Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimization (MOACO). This algorithm offers a constructive search technique to develop solutions to different types of infrastructure routing problems on an open grid framework. The algorithm proposes unique functions such as graph pruning and path straightening to enhance both speed and performance. It also possesses features to solve issues unique to infrastructure routing not found in existing MOACO algorithms, such as problems with multiple end points or multiple possible start points. A literature review covering existing MOACO algorithms and the Ant Colony algorithms they are derived from is presented. Two case studies are developed to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm under different infrastructure routing scenarios. In the first case study the algorithm is implemented into the Ice Road Planning module within the North Slope Decision Support System (NSDSS). Using this ice road planning module a case study is developed of the White Hills Ice road to test the performance of the algorithm versus an as-built road. In the second case study, the algorithm is applied to a raw water transmission routing problem in the Region C planning zone of Texas. For both case studies the algorithm produces a set of results which are similar to the preliminary designs. By successfully applying the algorithm to two separate case studies the suitability of the algorithm to different types of infrastructure routing problems is demonstrated.

This thesis presents a novel algorithm called ant colony optimization with dual pheromone tables (ACODPT) for improving the quality of ant colony optimization (ACO). The proposed algorithm works by adding a so-called ¡§negative¡¨ pheromone table to ACO to avoid the problem of ACO easily falling into local optima. By using the ¡§negative¡¨ pheromone table to eliminate the most impossible path to search for the new solution, the probability of selecting the remaining paths is increased, and so is the quality. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, ACODPT is compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms in solving the clustering problem. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can eventually prevent ACO from falling into local optima in the early iterations, thus providing a better result than the other algorithms in many cases.