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A variable that is capable of indicating one's cognitive and motor capacities has been the dream of many researchers. Until recently however, no researcher has seriously considered an independent variable that is obvious among all people regardless of race or culture. This variable is eye color. This paper is a review of the experimental literature in this field and covers many areas including sociability, perception, learning, athletic abilities, and a few medical anomalies. Several alternative hypotheses are also offered as reasons for the obtained correlations. These ideas include culture, learning, and environment. Two other hypotheses are also presented to explain why eye color does play an important role in determining one's response to environmental stimuli. These ideas include a genetic and physiological basis. It is the hope of this author that this review may stimulate other researchers to perform more experiments in the area to help determine the amount of influence that they eye color has in individual responses to the environment.

Color Transparency $(CT)$ is a unique prediction of Quantum Chromodynamics $(QCD)$ where the final (and/or initial) state interactions of hadrons with the nuclear medium are suppressed for exclusive processes at high momentum transfers. While this phenomenon has been observed for mesons, there has never been a conclusive observation for baryons. A clear signal of $CT$ for baryons would be the first evidence of baryons fluctuating to a small size in the nucleus, and the onset would show the transition from nucleon-meson picture to quark-gluon degrees of freedom. The experiment $E1206107$, searching for the onset of $CT$ in protons was completed in $Hall ~C$ at Jefferson Laboratory $(JLab)$ using the upgraded $12 ~GeV ~e^{-}$ beam. It used the High Momentum Spectrometer $(HMS)$ and the new Super High Momentum spectrometer $(SHMS)$ in coincidence to measure the $e+^{12}C \longrightarrow e'+p+X$ reaction in quasi-elastic kinematics. Data were collected on a $^{12}C$ target over the range of $Q^2=8-14.3~(GeV/c)^{2}$, covering the region where a previous $p+A \longrightarrow p'+p+X$ experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory $(BNL)$ had observed an enhancement. Proton Transparency (PT) was extracted from these data. A rise in the $PT$ as a function of $Q^2$ (defined as the square of the negative of the 4-momentum transfer by the scattered electron) is predicted to be a signature of the onset of $CT$. Our data showed no significant increase and consistent with the traditional nuclear physics calculation. This \MakeLowercase{\doctype} discusses the theory and implementation of the $CT$ experiment, summarizes the data analysis and presents results on hydrogen normalization and nuclear transparency.

The focus of the study was to evaluate the effect of placing hydrated lime on the surface of asphalt concrete pavement. The study assesses the influence of hydrated lime on both the peak surface temperature as well as the temperature profile of the pavement with depth. The amount of lime that would yield the optimal temperature reductions without placing excess ineffective material was selected. To address the aforementioned goal, eight Superpave mix samples were prepared in the lab and compacted at the design compaction temperature to achieve a relatively consistent percent of air voids. All samples were compacted using a vibratory compactor to simulate real field construction procedures and conditions. To examine the effect of hydrated lime, surface temperatures as well as with-depth temperature measurements were made with an infrared camera, and thermocouples buried into the pavement, respectively. The same tests were performed at a field site with a newly laid down pavement. To minimize variables, the field Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavement was of the same design as that used to prepare the lab samples. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of HMA mixtures used in Ontario; namely Superpave SP12.5FC2 PG64-28, SP12.5FC2 PG70-28, SP19.0, and Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), was assessed. The mechanical properties studied include rutting susceptibility, fatigue resistance, and resilient modulus. Thirty two samples were prepared in the laboratory and compacted at the design compaction temperature and percent air voids. For each mix, two samples were used to test rutting susceptibility, three samples were used to test fatigue resistance, and three samples were used to test the resilient modulus of the mixes. With regards to rutting, the samples were tested in the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) at four different temperatures in order to give a complete rutting versus temperature profile. Three samples of each mix were tested to measure the resilient modulus at different temperatures using the Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT). Lastly, the fatigue resistance for each mix was assessed in the NAT with each of the three samples tested at a different strain to provide a complete picture of the mix behaviour when subjected to fatigue. The stiffness characteristics of the newly laid down in-situ pavement was determined using the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD). Results indicate that placing 100g/m^2 of hydrated lime on the surface of the hot mix asphalt pavement was the optimum surface treatment while avoiding the placement of excess ineffective material. This level of surface treatment led to temperature reductions that significantly improved the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete. Using the increased resilient modulus, consistent with the temperature reductions, it was shown, by carrying out an analysis using KENLAYER, that the design life of a pavement could be increased from approximately 25 to 33 years, from 20 to 30 years and from 12 to 20 years corresponding to cool, intermediate and hot weather conditions, respectively. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Desarrollar un motor gráfico fotorrealista de tiempo real es un gran reto que involucra relevar e implementar un gran número de tecnologías gráficas complejas. También es necesario diagramar y estructurar los diferentes elementos de la plataforma de software a desarrollar con el objetivo de lograr código eficiente, flexible y mantenible. En esta tesis se llevó a cabo un relevamiento de tecnologías para la creación de un pipeline gráfico de superficies fotorrealista en tiempo real, enfocándose en aspectos que se consideraron vitales a la hora de establecer los cimientos del pipeline. Específicamente, este trabajo se enfoca en realizar un análisis de los distintos sistemas de color y el tratamiento que debe efectuarse sobre éstos, en introducir las tecnologías de iluminación global de tiempo real contemporáneas más importantes y en realizar un análisis de los distintos pipelines gráficos de iluminación local disponibles. Además, se diseñó e implementó un framework para la rápida generación de aplicaciones gráficas fotorrealistas. Este proyecto se denominó XNA Final Engine y se encuentra desarrollado sobre una plataforma de software de rápido desarrollo, el lenguaje C# y la API gráfica XNA. En éste se implementó un pipeline de iluminación local deferred lighting, se incorporaron tecnologías de iluminación global en el espacio de pantalla e iluminación ambiental representada con armónicos esféricos y se representó el color en alto rango dinámico, realizando los cálculos de iluminación en el espacio lineal y aplicando mapeos tonales para su correcta reproducción en pantalla. También se realizó una evaluación de la viabilidad de incorporar los fundamentos de la programación orientada a datos y el desarrollo basado en componentes sobre una plataforma de rápido desarrollo. / Developing a real-time photorealistic graphics engine is a challenge that involves the reviewing and implementation of a large number of complex graphics technologies. It is also necessary to outline and structure the different elements of the developed software platform with the aim of achieving efficient, flexible and maintainable source code. The contribution of this thesis is a survey of technologies for the creation of a real-time surface photorealistic graphic pipeline, focusing on aspects which were considered vital in establishing the foundations of the pipeline. Specifically, this document focuses on the analysis of several color systems, the introduction of the most important contemporary real-time global illumination technologies and the exploration of the different local illumination graphics pipelines available. In addition, a framework for the rapid generation of photorealistic graphics applications was designed and implemented. This project was named Final XNA Engine and is built on a platform of rapid development, the C# language and the XNA API. In this engine a local illumination deferred lighting pipeline was implemented, screen-space global illumination technologies and ambient lighting represented as spherical harmonics were incorporated; the color was represented in high dynamic range, lighting calculations were done in linear space and a tone mapping was applied to achieve a correct reproduction of the color on the screen. A feasibility study of incorporating the fundamentals of data-oriented programming and component-based development in a platform of rapid development was also performed.

El color de la sémola y harina de trigo candeal se debe fundamentalmente al contenido de pigmentos carotenoides presentes (CPC) en los granos y a su degradación por enzimas oxidativas como las lipoxigenasas. Esta tesis tuvo como objetivo mapear QTL asociados al contenido de pigmentos carotenoides y color amarillo en trigo candeal y encontrar marcadores moleculares ligados a los mismos. Para ello se utilizó una población de 93 RILs (líneas recombinantes endocriadas) derivadas de la cruza de progenitores contrastantes (UC1113 x Kofa) para estos caracteres. Se determinó el color amarillo (CIE b*) y el CPC en harina integral sobre la población de RILs, los progenitores y 8 cultivares comerciales nacionales. Estos materiales fueron sembrados en tres localidades (ACA-Cabildo, CEI-Barrow e INTA-Balcarce) durante dos campañas consecutivas (2006/07 y 2007/08). El test de ANOVA mostró diferencias entre las RILs para el CIE b* y el CPC en cada ambiente. No se observaron efectos significativos del año y la localidad sobre el CIE b*, aunque las interacciones dobles y triples fueron altamente significativas (p< 0,01). El CPC fue afectado en forma altamente significativa por el genotipo, mientras que el efecto del año y localidad fueron significativos (p< 0,05). Para este carácter no se observó interacción del genotipo con el año, pero la interacción del genotipo con la localidad fue significativa y las interacciones localidad x año y genotipo x año x localidad fueron altamente significativas. La heredabilidad fue alta en todos los casos (h2<0,94). Se detectó un elevado número de QTL asociados al CIE b* y al CPC, ubicados sobre los cromosomas 1BL, 2AS, 4AL (2), 5AS, 5BL, 6AL (3), 7AS, 7AL, 7BS, 7BL. Si bien se expresaron de forma diferente según los ambientes, en su mayoría se localizaron en posiciones estables, flanqueados por los mismos marcadores moleculares. Este es el primer informe de la existencia de un QTL sobre el brazo corto del cromosoma 7A, asociado al CPC y al CIE b*. La presencia del QTL 7BS, región homeóloga, solo fue informada recientemente. Los análisis mostraron que los principales QTL significativos según el mapeo combinado (4AL, 6AL, 7BL) poseen también un efecto de interacción. El QTL encontrado sobre el cromosoma 6A (6AL.2) explicó la mayor parte de la variación fenotípica para ambos caracteres sobre el promedio de los seis ambientes. Los resultados del mapeo para el QTL 7BL apoyan la hipótesis de la presencia de un gen adicional al Psy-B1 (involucrado en la biosíntesis de carotenoides) afectando el CPC en esta región. Los marcadores flanqueantes a las regiones genómicas encontradas en el análisis combinado, sobre los cromosomas 6AL (Barc113-wmc553), 7AS (BQ170462_176-Barc174), 7BS (Barc23a-Barc72) y 7BL (PsyB-cfa2257), mostraron ser de utilidad para seleccionar ambos caracteres, CPC y CIE b*. El número de ambientes requeridos para realizar el mapeo de QTL es un factor importante a tener en cuenta, ya que los mismos genotipos presentan la expresión de genes/QTL diferentes en los distintos ambientes. Las regiones genómicas de mayor efecto asociadas a CIE b* y CPC fueron coincidentes, lo que demuestra un control genético similar para ambos caracteres. / Durum wheat flour and semolina bright yellow color is mostly due to the carotenoid pigment content (CPC) in wheat grains and its degradation by oxidative enzymes such as lipoxygenases. The aim of this research work was to map QTL associated with carotenoid pigments content and bright yellow color in durum wheat and to find linked molecular markers to be used in marker assisted selection. A mapping population of 93 RILs (recombinant inbred lines) derived from a cross between parents contrasting for the traits (UC1113 x Kofa) was used. CIE b* and the CPC were evaluated in flour of a mapping population, in both parents and in eight national commercial cultivars. The experimental design consisted in these 103 plant materials planted in three locations (ACA-Cabildo, CEI-Barrow and INTA-Balcarce) during two consecutive growing seasons (2006/07 y 2007/08). The differences between RILs in each location according to the ANOVA test were highly significant. The combined ANOVA test taking into account RILs, years and locations revealed differences for both variables. For CIE b* values, significant effects were not observed for years and locations; however, double and triple interactions were highly significant (p< 0.01). The CPC showed highly significant differences for genotype effects while these differences were significant for year and location (p< 0.05). For this trait, the genotype x year interaction was no significant but the genotype x location interaction was significant, and the year x location and genotype x year x location interactions were highly significant. High hereditability values were estimated in all cases indicating (h2 <0.94). A high number of QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) related to the CIE b* and CPC were identified, mostly located on chromosomes 1BL, 2AS, 4AL (2), 5AS, 5BL, 6AL (3), 7AS, 7AL, 7BS, 7BL. These QTL were differentially expressed among to the environments but most QTL were stably anchored between the same molecular markers in all the environments. This is the first report on the existence of a QTL associated to the CIE b* and CPC located on chromosome 7AS. The presence of the QTL 7BS, its homeolog region, was recently reported. According to the combined mapping analyses, significant QTL (4AL, 6AL, 7BL) also have interaction effects. The QTL found in chromosome 6AL (6AL.2) explained most of the phenotypic variation for both traits over the average from the six environments. Irrespective of gene Psy-B1, these results suggest the presence of an extra gene on 7BL affecting the CPC. Molecular markers flanking the chromosome regions found in the combined analysis in chromosomes 6AL (Barc113-wmc553), 7AS (BQ170462_176-Barc174), 7BS (Barc23a-Barc72) and 7BL (PsyB-cfa2257), showed to be useful for selecting both traits, CPC and CIE b*. The number of environments required for QTL mapping is a critical factor because the same genotypes showed different gene/QTL expression patterns in different environments. The principal genomic regions related to CIE b* value and CPC are essentially the same.