This project analyzed gender and color-specific differences in event-related potentials (ERPs). Previous studies have shown that males process color differently than females. In a recent study, sex differences were found in ERPs during a visual object recognition task. There were higher EEG amplitudes in females (especially P300) than males. Significant sex and color-specific differences have been found in diseases involving altered dopamine (DA) machinery. Thus, we analyzed differences between ERPs in males vs females during a color task. We also compared the color-specific differences in ERPs between males and females. Males and females participated in EEG recording sessions for 2 color studies during a color-go-no-go task, where two studies examined the gender and color-specific differences in ERPs, respectively. Data from 32 males and 24 females and 21 females and 31 males, respectively, in two color studies demonstrated significant sex-specific differences in ERPs during a color-go-no-go task. Males consistently showed higher EEG amplitudes (particularly P300) than females, which is contradictory to what we demonstrated previously in the object recognition task, indicating different color processing systems in males and females. Regarding color-specific differences, no significant differences were found in P300s between the three colors red, green and blue in males and females when each color was the relevant stimulus, suggesting that color is not a marker for inducing ERPs in normal subjects. These studies will provide the impetus to compare patients having altered DA mechanisms such as in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's, or chemical addiction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of different times and temperatures of coffee exposures on the color stability of three types of dental composites (DC). METHODS: Three types of DC were used to fabricate standardized discs (n=288; n=96/DC): microfill (Durafill VS), microhybrid (Z100TM), and nanofill (Estelite OMEGA) of shade A2. Each disc was 2mm in thickness and 9mm in diameter. After being light cured with a Quarts tungsten halogen (QTH) unit at the energy level recommended for each DC, discs were polished using sand paper under water irrigation. All samples were initially stored in an incubator in distilled water for 24-hours at 37 65ºC and each DC group was further divided into 6 subgroups (n=16/per group): 65ºC coffee, 37ºC coffee, 4ºC coffee, 65ºC distilled water, 37ºC distilled water, 4ºC distilled water (control group with water media). Baseline color was measured by spectrophotometer (Easy VITA shade compact) with color changes (ΔE*) recorded after 1-day, 3.5-days, and 7-days. The statistical analysis revealed no interactions between DC, temperature, and time of incubation and the main effects were examined using one-way ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test or a Bonferroni adjustment (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Mean (ΔE*) observed with coffee exposures for the microfill DC (11.58±6.37) was statistically significant higher than for the nanofill DC (10.64±6.77; p<0.001), and mean (ΔE*) for the nanofill DC was significantly higher than for the microhybrid DC (9.26±5.83; p<0.001). For all DC, mean (ΔE*) observed with coffee exposure at 65ºC (18.33±4.32) was significantly higher than at 37°C (7.03±2.05; p<0.001), and mean (ΔE*) at 37ºC was significantly higher than at 4ºC (6.11±2.67; p<0.001). Mean (ΔE*) after coffee exposure for 1 day (8.64±5.35) was significantly lower than for 3.5-days (11.07±6.50; p<0.001) and 7-days (11.76±6.84; p<0.001); while no difference was observed between 3.5-days and 7-days of incubation (p=0.0769). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicated that exposure time, temperature, and composite type affect the color stability of DC, with higher temperature affecting the color stability more than lower temperatures. Also, color stability was affected more by increasing the exposure time.

The colors of the glumes on wheat have been described as being white, yellow, brown, or black. The white actually ranges from cream or pale straw-yellow to dark yellow. Some varieties have white or yellow glumes with brown or black nerves.

Business professionals have always been intrigued on how to increase purchases through advertisements. Digital advertisements are a new medium in which businesses can utilize to connect with consumers. In this study, participants (n = 126) were presented advertisements on a Qualtrics survey that manipulated color (warm and cool) and font size (large and small) across three product types (electronics, food, and automobiles) to examine the effects of Purchase Intention. There were no significant main effects or interactions of color and font size on Purchase Intention throughout each product type. However, color and font size impacted other factors (Perception, Memory, and Appeal) in the study and showcased significant findings in Electronic and Automobile advertisement product types. These results have implications for the effectiveness of advertising in digital mediums, the power of personally tailoring advertisements to individual consumers, and ultimately converting prospective window shoppers to paying customers.

Tait showed in 1878 that the Four Color Theorem is equivalent to being able to three-color the edges of any planar, three-regular, two-edge connected graph. Not surprisingly, this equivalent problem proved to be equally difficult. We consider the problem of fractional colorings, which resemble ordinary colorings but allow for some degree of cheating. Happily, it is known that every planar three-regular, two-edge connected graph is fractionally three-edge colorable. Is there an analogue to Tait’s Theorem which would allow us to derive the Fractional Four Color Theorem from this edge-coloring result?

[pt] Os hospitais estão entre as maiores e mais complexas instalações da sociedade contemporânea, pois além da arquitetura, dos tipos, e da quantidade de serviços oferecidos, tem-se a dinâmica da medicina que impõe constantes mudanças no campus hospitalar. E também devem ser mencionados os estados de estresse físico e psicológico que dificultam a relação do humano com seu entorno. A partir do entendimento de que esse cenário que se forma ao redor do indivíduo é fruto da articulação entre todos os seus elementos e de inter-relações desses com a cor e com os sujeitos, esta pesquisa focou a participação da cromática do ambiente na orientação espacial dos usuários de uma unidade hospitalar. Foi realizado um estudo de caso, utilizando o método Índice de visibilidade (VI) para analisar o layout e a sinalização do hospital, além de questionários com os usuários e entrevistas com funcionários e arquitetos da instituição. Buscou-se verificar como a informação cromática contida nos elementos do ambiente é percebida e, mais precisamente, em que medida é utilizada como informação norteadora das rotas que configuram as atividades vinculadas aos deslocamentos dos usuários do ambiente em questão. Os dados obtidos evidenciam que o projeto cromático se planejado no sentido de conferir organização espacial auxilia aos indivíduos a obter senso de lugar, fundamental em seus deslocamentos. Sob o olhar da ergonomia foram formuladas recomendações que visam contribuir com o trabalho dos arquitetos e designers para a projetação de ambientes, cada vez mais, adequados às necessidades reais de seus usuários. / [en] Hospitals are among the biggest and more complex installations in our contemporary society, because, besides its architecture, types and offered services, it has the medicine dynamic that imposes continuous chances in the hospital campus. And also we must mention that are the physical and psychological mood that difficult the relationship between the human being and the environment. From understanding this scenario that takes place relating the human and his articulation among elements and inter-relationship between color and subjects, this research focused on the chromatic participation in wayfinding in a hospital environment . It was carried out a case study, using tools as visibility index (VI) to analyze layout and signaling system of the hospital, user´s questionnaires and interviews with employees and architects of that institution. It was aimed to verify how the chromatic information in the elements are perceived and more precisely, how it is used as information for routes that configure activities of the users in this space. Obtained data point out that the chromatic design - if well planned - could help individuals to has sense of pertinence, important for displacements. Some recommendations from ergonomic point of view that could contribute with architects and designers work when designing environments, more adequate to real necessities of its users.

My artistic practice creates relationships between the abstract and the personal. I define the abstract in the context of my studio work as a material exploration of color and form. The personal encompasses autobiography in relation to my sense of time and place. In this text, I use my concept of oceanic tides (considered as a temporal and spatial shift between states) to chart my activities as an artist. These activities include making objects that change in character over time, and durational work including performance and video. Interwoven throughout Tides are narrative passages based on my personal experiences, including witnessing the total eclipse of the sun, a purple garden, a coincidence, and the death of a friend.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to improve the understanding of Sexual Objectification (SO) of gay African American males in the bondage, discipline, sadism, masochism (BDSM) community. Although many studies have been conducted on SO of women and other minority populations, there is a lack of research on the lived experience of gay African American males participating in the BDSM community. The theoretical framework for this study was Fredrickson and Roberts's objectification theory, with a conceptual framework focused on SO that gay African American males experienced while participating in the BDSM community. The research questions were designed to elicit the participants' experiences about their participation in the BDSM community. Ten gay African American males, selected through purposive sampling, described their reasons for participating in the BDSM community, what the participants gained from participating in the BDSM community, how they experienced SO, how they handled these experiences, and how these experiences changed them. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed by hand. The data were analyzed in 3 stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding techniques. Five themes emerged from the interviews: community, gained knowledge and freedom, verbal objectification, avoidance, and mistrust. This study contributes to the existing body of literature and promotes social change by fostering dialog about objectification. Through this dialog, behavioral patterns and cultural norms can be altered over time by increasing awareness about objectification and its effects on people. This study provided gay African American males a voice to discuss a phenomenon that impacts their lives.

There are no previous studies validating the accuracy and repeatability of ClearMatch photographic shade analysis system. The purpose of this study was to compare the shade matches performed by a photographic shade analysis system (ClearMatch) with conventional visual shade matching method under simulated clinical conditions. Three shade matching methods were used to match twelve shade tabs under simulated clinical conditions using a Vita Classical shade guide: conventional visual shade matching using 3 human raters (VM – Visual method), photographic shade analysis system (CM - ClearMatch) using two different ways of normalizing the image (CM-A2 and CM-ref respectively). Shade matching for all methods was completed at two separate sessions. The Kappa statistic was used to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater agreement. CIELAB values of the shade results were used to produce scatter plots as well as to calculate the color difference (delta E) between VM and CM groups. There was no inter-rater agreement between VM and CM-A2 (k=0.000 and k=0.015 for the first and second sessions respectively) while VM and CM-ref showed weak agreement (k=0.244 and k=0.091 respectively). Intra-rater agreement was strong in all groups VM, CM-A2 and CM-ref (0.705, 0.803 and 0.681 respectively). CM-A2 had 2 (8.3%) shade matches with a delta E of less than 2.6 (clinically imperceptible), while CM-ref had 12 (50.0%) imperceptible matches. CM-A2 had an additional 16 (66.6%) shade matches with delta E of less than 5.5 (clinically acceptable), while CM-ref had 23 (95.8%) additional acceptable matches. There was poor agreement in exact shade matches between conventional visual shade matching method and the photographic shade analysis system. The repeatability of the photographic shade analysis system was shown to be comparable to conventional visual shade matching. Using conventional shade matching as the gold standard, the capability of this photographic shade analysis system to accurately shade match has not been achieved.

The objective in wheat hybridization primarily is to obtain new varieties which are of a greater agronomic value than existing varieties. Frequently, however, crosses which obviously will not produce superior commercial types are made and studied in order to obtain genetic information which may be useful to the breeder. This latter phase of breeding, i.e., the accumulation of genetic information, provides the basis for this study.