Magister Artium - MA / In this paper I attempt to look critically at the literary construction of one particular 'race', namely the 'Coloureds', in Sarah Gertrude Millin's God's Stepchildren. To this end, the paper draws on the historical background of Millin, and investigates the way in which Millin has consciously and strategically formed, as it were, a 'unique' Coloured identity. Furthermore, the paper explores the proximity or tension between author and narrator in the novel. This tension, I suggest, emerges in response to various pressures in the novel which in turn are based upon the author's social, political and economic background. Evidence to this effect is derived from Millin's biography and other sources. What emerges from the paper is that the concepts 'race' and 'Coloured', as they are employed in this novel, are equally elusive. In attempting to piece together a 'race', the novel communicates Millin's aversion to miscegenation, and discloses characteristics of her 'self'. Ironically, I conclude, she falls prey to the same kinds of prejudices that she projects onto her literary subjects.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for M.Tech.: Graphic Design, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Social issues are a very real problem in South Africa. Violent protests in poorer communities around South Africa indicate a need to better understand negative social realities impacting on communities. This research examined the sociocultural context of Wentworth in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, as shown on the map on page x. The focus of this study was the social and community realities; and the significance of photography in the context of examining these. The aim was to use photography as a research tool as well as to document the data collected. From the data a 118-page book, as shown on page viii, was conceptualised, which captures this community’s social context. Further, the study questioned the use of design practice to support social change. Because of the distinctly “Coloured” nature of Wentworth, literature was sought for the definition, history, current dynamics and complexities of Coloured identity. The literature review highlighted ethics and the strategies that should be adhered to when considering the social nature of photography. For this inquiry a qualitative analysis was conducted using the Grounded Theory method. A collaborative, or participatory research approach, was used for data collection, by working closely with families and health, church and non-governmental groups in Wentworth. Qualitative data collection methods used to gather primary data were photographic documentation and interviews. This research produced a number of key findings regarding socio-cultural problems plaguing the community. Findings deemed photography a rich tool for researching the social and for accurately recording everyday life. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that in-depth studies be conducted on individual problems, utilising greater manpower and funding. In addition, that further research and documentation be undertaken in the community.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Anthropology) / This dissertation is an ethnography of the figure of the moffie as a performance of same sex desire amongst gender non-conforming men, as it is celebrated in the 'coloured' ('coloured' is a constructed racial category, similar to 'white' and 'black' designated onto South Africans during the system of legislated racial segregation) townships of Cape Town. In this dissertation I demonstrate that the moffie is central to the lives of gender non-conforming men living in the 'coloured' townships of Cape Town. Through historical and contemporary ethnography, I show how moffie life is a representation of same sex desire amongst men that is highly visible. I reveal how moffie life is socially sanctioned through feminine self-styling, embodied through that of the gay hairdresser, annual gay beauty pageant competitions and Gay Pride events.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / It is a well known fact that the development of entrepreneurs will have a number of benefits for the economy of the country. In addition, entrepreneurship represents an important vehicle to address the challenges of job creation and equity in South Africa. Throughout the world, it has been shown that entrepreneurs are playinga crucial role in expanding the economies in innovative and creative ways. - It is the opinion of policy-makers that with the appropriate enabling environment, South African entrepreneurs can follow the examples of Malaysian and Taiwanese entrepreneurs and make their mark on this economy. It would be very naive to assume that entrepreneurship would solve most of the economic problems of South Africa. However, it could not be denied that it does have an important role to play. Given the historical background of South Africa and the consequences thereof namely. unemployment and low economic growth, it becomes clear that the country not only need more entrepreneurs, but a more positive attitude towards entrepreneurship among all communities. The question arises whether systems are in place to develop positive attitudes amongst all communities, particularly the youth. The Presidents Council's Report (1989) highlighted the inability of the current education system to promote entrepreneurship. It is in the light of the history of South Africa, as discussed above, that this study sets out to investigate the attitudes and methods for developing positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship among school children in the Western Cape. The study also aims to assess the factors that have impacted on their attitudes. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used to get detailed "information on the perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. An exploratory study of available literature and focus group discussions established some key variables that impacted on the attitudes of pupils. In addition, personal and telephonic interviews were conducted with teachers to get their views and opinions on the findings of the survey.

The primary aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using a participatory research approach as a method for determining information needs. Participatory research is a qualitative research methodology that challenges the principles and practices of objective, detached, quantitative research approaches in the social sciences. Three main trends converged to contribute to the emergence of the practice of participatory research namely: dissatisfaction in the development arena with the planning of projects without the involvement of the people themselves; the work of adult educators from which evolved a methodology in which learners gained control over their own learning processes; and the disenchantment of social scientists with traditional positivist research methods that distance researchers from the realities and social environment of the subjects of their research. Dissatisfaction with the use of quantitative methods and techniques, similar to that in the social sciences, occurred in information needs research, which resulted in a call for the development of an alternative set of premises and assumptions. This effected a move away from a view of information use from a system-oriented perspective, towards the use of qualitative methods focusing on the users themselves in determining their information needs. Both Coloureds and women in South Africa have been exposed to hardship and discrimination over many years. A literature review indicated that the planned participatory research project with Coloured women from Eersterust would be feasible. It became apparent that no studies on the information needs of Coloureds in South Africa had been done, and very little research was done dealing with the information needs of women. The literature on participatory research furthermore clearly indicated that the concept had become familiar in a diversity of settings and disciplines outside that of development. For the purposes of this study with women, it was also of significant interest to note the many similarities between participatory research and feminist research. With the practical implementation of the project, the pre-requisites and underlying principles of participatory research were strictly adhered to. Information needs that were identified during the course of the project were compared to needs identified in other similar South African studies. The active involvement of the women in the research project resulted in the identification of reliable and relevant information needs. These results can serve as an example for the increasing use of qualitative techniques in determining information needs, and affirm that participatory research methods can be a valuable alternative in the area of information needs research. / Dissertation (MIS (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Information Science / unrestricted

Many South African psychiatrists, and particularly those working in psychiatric hospitals with Black and Coloured patients, have the firm clinical impression that in many of these patients acute psychotic illness is associated with the abuse of cannabis. Most of the previous work in this field had been done by clinicians of Eastern countries where the use of cannabis has been endemic for thousands of years. However, those workers were handicapped because they lacked both the sophisticated techniques for standardized psychiatric evaluation and the availability of an assay to confirm cannabis use. It was decided to investigate acute psychoses in Cape Coloured males admitted to Valkenberg Hospital with the following aims: i. To identify a cohort of acutely psychotic patients who had recently been using cannabis and to compare them with a matched control group who were free of any drugs. The recently available EMITR immunochemical analytical technique was used for the detection of urinary cannabinoids. To exclude the contribution of other psychotropic agents to the aetiology of the psychoses, gas chromatography was performed to detect ethanol and thin-layer chromatography to screen for other psychotropic agents. ii. To assess the comprehensive mental state of patients on admission and then again after a 7-10 day period the Present State Examination (PSE), a well validated and standardized diagnostic instrument, was used. iii. To determine serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (indicators of muscle damage) in view of the published reports of elevated levels in psychotic patients.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aangesien 'n nasionale register vir maligniteit nie bestaan waarin informasie ten opsigte van kanker onder die verskillende bevolkings groepe van Suid-Afrika nagegaan kan word nie, kan die verspreidings patroon alleenlik bepaal word deur spesifieke projekte. Die resultaat is dat daar nog nie 'n geheelbeeld vir kanker in Suid-Afrika bestaan nie. Wat mondkanker betref, is kennis fragmentaries. Inligting oor die ver spreiding daarvan onder die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep is beperk en net sekere aspekte daarvan is tot hede uitgelig. Die doel van hierdie studie is om mondkanker na te gaan in die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep wat woonagtig is in die Skiereiland van die Kaap die Goeie Hoop. Met hierdie oogmerk, is alle mondkankergevalle wat in die Groote Schuur- en Tygerberg-hospitale behandel is, van 1970 tot 1975, nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan ondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan mondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Ten slotte is die genoemde groepe se mondkankerpatroon vergelyk met dié gevind onder die ander groepe wat in Suid-Afrika bestudeer is, dié in die res van Afrika en ook met dié in die ander kontinente.

Magister Artium - MA / In this paper I attempt to look critically at the literary construction of one particular 'race', namely the 'Coloureds'. In Sarah Gertrude Millin's God's Stepchildren. To this end, the paper draws on the hlstorlcal background of Millin, and investigates the way in which Millin has consciously and strateglcally forrned, as it were, a 'unique' Coloured Identity. Furthermore, the paper explores the proximity or tension between author and narrator in the novel. This tension, i suggest, emerges In response to various pressures In the novel which in tum are based upon the author's social, . political and economic background. Evidence to this effect is derived from Millin's biography and other sources. What emerges from the paper Is that the concepts 'race' and 'Coloured', as they are employed In this novel, are equally elusive. In attempting to piece together a 'race', the novel communicates Millin's aversion to miscegenation, and discloses characteristics of her 'self. Ironically, I conclude, she falls prey to the same kinds of prejudices that she projects onto her literary subjects

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Background: A subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn' s disease is thought to represent a complex interaction between environmental factors, a defective immune system, the gastrointestinal microbiome and genetic' susceptibility; however; the-prevalence of different susceptibility mutations appears to vary between population groups, implying distinctions in disease pathogenesis or risk. Vitamin D, signaling through the vitamin D receptor, appears to have numerous effects on the immune system, and deficiency has been shown to playa role in both the pathogenesis and severity of experimental inflammatory bowel disease. However, the literature surrounding the association between vitamin D concentrations and disease severity in Crohn's disease is limited, and no such literature exists in South Africa. Furthermore, a paucity of data exists on the racial variability of Crohn' s disease phenotype in the Western Cape population of South Africa, as well as environmental factors in childhood associated with future Crohn's disease development. Aims: The three primary aims of the study were to investigate: 1) the racial variability of, Crohn's disease phenotype, defined by the Montreal classification scheme, as well as Crohn's disease behavior, using predefined definitions, stratified as 'complicated' or 'uncomplicated', based on a cross-sectional study design; 2) the association between childhood environmental exposures and the subsequent development of Crohn's disease, with specific emphasis on the timing of exposure, based on a case-control study design; and 3) the association between serum 25(OH)D concentration with Crohn's disease activity, measured by the Harvey Bradshaw Index, based on a cross-sectional study design; in this process, various vitamin D thresholds for predicting a high disease activity score were investigated, and the serum 25(OH)D concentrations were compared with those of the healthy controls to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Design: This was a case control study, as well as two cross-sectional evaluations of the case control study data, of all consecutive Crohn's disease patients (ages 18-70 years) seen between September 2011 and January 2013 during their normally scheduled appointments at Schuur Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital. Control subjects for the study were identified from the same populations giving rise to the Crohn's disease cases. An investigator-administrated questionnaire was used to identify numerous demographic and lifestyle variables, as well as childhood environmental exposures during three age intervals; 0-5, 6-10 and 11-18 years. Clinical variables at diagnosis and time of study enrolment were determined via a review of medical and pharmacy records, as well as clinical examination by the consulting gastroenterologist. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using the SIEMENS ADIVA Centaur® XP Vitamin D Immunoassay [Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA]. Vitamin D status was classified as either 'deficient' or 'sufficient', and was analyzed in 2 ways: ~20 ng/mL versus ~21 ng/mL; and ~29 ng/mL versus ~30 ng/mL, respectively. One year after study completion, a total of 40 (10%) randomly selected participants from the cohort completed the interviewer-administered questionnaire for a second time. A kappa statistic was used in order to measure the agreement between repeated data for the questionnaire. Only data pertaining to the three age intervals (0-5, 6-10 and 11-18 years) was extracted in this process. Results: One hundred and ninety four Crohn's disease patients and 213 controls meeting our inclusion criteria were identified; 35 (18%) and 19 (9%) were White, 152 (78%) and 177 (83%) were Coloured, and 7(4%) and 17 (8%) were South African Black, respectively. No subjects reported being of Asian or Indian ethnicity. Overall, 125 (31%) of the cohort were male. On multiple logistic regression analysis, Coloured Crohn's disease patients were significantly more likely to develop 'complicated' Crohn's disease (60% versus 9%, P = 0.023) during the disease course when compared to White Crohn's disease patients. In addition, significantly more White subjects had successfully discontinued cigarette smoking at study enrolment (31% versus 7% reduction, P = 0.02). No additional interracial differences were found. A low proportion inflammatory bowel diseases family history was observed among the Coloured and Black subjects. When evaluating childhood environmental exposures, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that during the age interval 6-10 years, never having consumed unpasteurized milk [(OR = 6.43; 95% Cl, 3.02-14.81), (K =0.79; 95% Cl, 0.39-1.00)] and never having a donkey, horse, sheep or cow on the property [(OR = 3.10; 95% Cl, 1.42-7.21), (K = 0.84; 95% Cl, 0.12-1.00)], significantly increased the risk of developing future Crohn's disease. During the age interval 11-18 years, an independent risk-association was identified for; never having consumed unpasteurized milk (OR = 2.60; 95% Cl, 1.17-6.10) and second-hand cigarette smoke exposure (OR = 1.93; 95% Cl, 1.13-3.35). For the vitamin Danalysis, 186 Crohn's disease patients and 199 control subjects met the study inclusion criteria. Overall, 113 (29%) of the cohort were male. Forty four percent of the cohort had a deficient vitamin D concentration (::;20 ng/ml.), no participants had severely deficient vitamin D concentrations, and 26% of the cohort had sufficient vitamin D concentrations (:::30 ng/mL). Fifty-three percent of the controls and 34% of the cases had vitamin D concentrations ::;20 ng/mL (P < 0.001). On multiple logistic regression analysis, higher Harvey Bradshaw Index scores and not having taken vitamin D supplementation in the six months prior to enrolment were identified as independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency in Crohn's disease patients; defined either as ::;20 ng/mL, or as ::;29 ng/mL (P < 0.001). Compared to patients with Harvey Bradshaw Index <5, those with Harvey Bradshaw Index 2:8 were 2.5-times more likely to have vitamin D concentrations ::;21 ng/mL (PR = 2.5; 95% Cl, 1.30-6.30). The risk was similar, though not as high, if deficiency was defined as ::;29ng/ml. (PR = 2.0; 95% Cl, 1.20-3.50). Conclusions: Coloured Crohn's disease patients were significantly more likely to develop 'complicated' Crohn's disease over time when compared to White Crohn's disease patients. Limited microbial exposures and exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke during childhood is associated with future development Crohn's diseases. However the inconsistencies between each age interval with regards to the identified risk factors may imply that the effect of different viruses or bacteria on the development of immune structures varies according to the timing of exposure. The finding that lower serum 25(OH)D was associated with moderate to severe Crohn's disease activity suggests that this patient population may benefit from vitamin D supplementation in order to achieve, or maintain a serum 25(OH)D concentration of at least 30 ng/mL.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This ethno a h explores the mean in s of personhood and agency in Maneberg a township located on the Cape Flats, in Cape Town South Africa. The township was a site of relocation for people who were classified coloured during the apartheid era and who were forcibly removed from newly declared white areas in the city in the 1960s I argue that despite the old apartheid state's attempts to reify the meaning of colouredness through racial legislation,\the residents of Manenberg created their own meanings of personhood, agency and community within the bureaucratic, social and economic interstices of the apartheid systems Yet at the same time they also reinstated the very structural processes at the heart of their racial and gendered subjugation. I indicate how the cohesiveness of the Rio Street community in Manenberg, the survival of its residents and their validation as respectable mothers, tough men and good daughters hinged on and effloresced from a moral economy that articulated with the structural location of coloured women in the apartheid economy and racial bureaucracy. I draw upon the writings of Fortes (1969), Giddens (1984) and Karp (1995) to elaborate upon the concept personhood in Manenberg. I show how the local understandings of personhood provide residents with agency, whilst connecting the latter to township history and apartheid social structure, thereby illustrating its limits. The concept personhood captures the duality of existence of Manenberg residents and maps out their negotiation and contestation about personhood and agency. I use Hobart (1990) and Kratz (2000) to indicate that lagency in Manenberg is complex and is situationally determined~Finally I utilise the theoretical insights of Donham (1999) to indicate that Manenberg's social, economic and historical location in the South African context allows for several notions of personhood to prevail in the township. These notions are grounded in the multiple, interconnected, hierarchically ordered, competing cultural and economic systems of production at the local, national and global levels. This complex location of Manenberg residents generates multiple constructs of inequality, power and agency that impinge upon each other and that are reflected in the contestations about personhood in diverse township spaces.