Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-58). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1953. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77).

Columbidae é uma família da Classe Aves, Ordem Columbiformes que inclui os pombos, pombas e rolas e compreende cerca de 300 espécies, distribuída em todos os continentes. Devido a diversidade deste grupo, espécies desta família foram alvos de vários estudos, incluindo citogenéticos. Apesar de que a maioria dos estudos citogenéticos em espécies da família Columbidae foram baseados apenas na citogenética clássica (coloração convencional e bandeamentos cromossômicos), resultados interessantes foram observados, tais como a variação do número diploide e a ocorrência de rearranjos intercromossômicos e intracromossômicos. Estes estudos influenciaram na escolha da família Columbidae para o desenvolvimento desta Tese. Nas últimas décadas houve um grande esforço para reconstruir a filogenia das aves atuais, mas a análise dos cariótipos através de técnicas de citogenética molecular, tais como a pintura cromossômica ainda limita-se a poucas ordens. Considerando que a última revisão dos dados citogenéticos é de 2007, no capítulo I realizamos uma revisão sobre o genoma das Aves, incluindo dados de citogenética clássica e molecular. No capítulo II nós realizamos a caracterização do cariótipo de nove espécies da família Columbidae, sendo que uma delas foi descrita pela primeira vez (Geotrygon violacea) e mapeamos a distribuição de sequências repetitivas (rDNA 18S e microssatélites). No capítulo III realizamos a pintura cromossômica comparative em quatro espécies da família Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui e Leptotila verreauxi). A pintura cromossômica foi realizada utilizando sondas cromossomo-específica de Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) e de Z. auriculata (ZAU). As sondas de ZAU foram desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche relalizado na Universidade de Cambridge (2017). A pintura cromossômica com as sondas de GGA e ZAU demonstraram a conservação da maioria dos macrocromossomos, exceto a fusão entre os cromossomos ancestrais 6 e 7 em L. verreauxi. Entretanto, os sinais de hibridização das sondas de ZAU foram mais intensos do que GGA. As sondas de LAL confirmaram os resultados obtidos com as sondas de GGA e ZAU, mas revelaram também uma complexa reorganização do cromossomo homólogo ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas, involvendo inversões paracêntricas e pericêntricas. Além disso, inversões nos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA2 foram identificadas em C. picui e L. verreauxi. A ocorrência da reorganização dos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas neste capítulo e em espécies da Ordem Passeriformes analisados previamente, corroboram com a recente proposta de divergência das Neoaves (Columbea e Passerea). No capítulo IV realizamos a pintura cromossômica com as sondas de ZAU e GGA na espécie Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes), com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência das sondas desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche. Observamos sinais de hibridização mais intensos para as sondas de ZAU do que GGA, o que diminui o viés na interpretação dos dados. Também identificamos uma extensa reorganização cromossômica na espécie J. jacana, que em comparação com dados da literatura, demonstra que espécies da Ordem Charadriiformes passaram por uma evolução cromossômica exclusiva. Os resultados desta Tese demonstram que distintos rearranjos ocorreram durante a evolução cromossômica das espécies da família Columbidae e também na espécie J. jacana. Além disso, as sondas de ZAU mostraram-se como uma importante ferramente para comparações cromossômicas em espécies de Aves, principalmente Neoaves. / Columbidae is a family of Class Aves, Order Columbiformes that includes the pigeons, doves and rolas and comprises about 300 species, distributed in all the continents. Due to the diversity of this group, species of this family were the targets of several studies, including cytogenetics. Although most cytogenetic studies on species of the Columbidae family were based only on classical cytogenetics (conventional staining and chromosomal banding), interesting results were observed, such as diploid number variation and the occurrence of interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangements. These studies influenced the choice of the Columbidae family for the development of this thesis. In recent decades there has been a great effort to reconstruct the phylogeny of current birds, but the analysis of karyotypes through molecular cytogenetic techniques such as chromosome painting is still limited to a few orders. Considering that the last revision of the cytogenetic data is from 2007, in chapter I we conducted a review on the genome of Birds, including classical and molecular cytogenetic data. In chapter II we performed the karyotype characterization of nine species of the Columbidae family, one of which was described for the first time (Geotrygon violacea) and mapped the distribution of repetitive sequences (18S rDNA and microsatellites). In Chapter III we performed comparative chromosome painting on four species of the family Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui and Leptotila verreauxi). Chromosome painting was performed using chromosome-specific probes from Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) and Z. auriculata (ZAU). The ZAU probes were developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche” at the University of Cambridge (2017). The chromosome painting with GGA and ZAU probes demonstrated the conservation of most of the macrochromosomes except the fusion between the ancestral chromosomes 6 and 7 in L. verreauxi. However, hybridization signals from the ZAU probes were more intense than GGA. LAL probes confirmed the results obtained with the GGA and ZAU probes, but also revealed a complex rearrangement of the chromosome homologous to GGA1 in the four species analyzed, involving paracentric and pericentric inversions. In addition, inversions in chromosomes homologous to GGA2 were identified in C. picui and L. verreauxi. The occurrence of the reorganization of homologous GGA1 chromosomes in the four species analyzed in this chapter and in species of the Passeriformes Order analyzed previously, corroborate with the recent proposal of divergence of the Neoaves (Columbea and Passerea). In chapter IV we performed the chromosome painting with the ZAU and GGA probes in the Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes) species, with the objective of verifying the efficiency of the probes developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche”. We observed more intense hybridization signals for the ZAU probes than GGA, which reduces the bias in the interpretation of the data. We also identified an extensive chromosome reorganization in the J. jacana species, which, in comparison with literature data, shows that species of the Order Charadriiformes underwent a unique chromosomal evolution. The results of this thesis demonstrate that distinct rearrangements occurred during the chromosome evolution of the species of the family Columbidae and also in the species J. jacana. In addition, the ZAU probes proved to be an important tool for chromosome comparisons in species of Birds, especially Neoaves.

Columbidae é uma família da Classe Aves, Ordem Columbiformes que inclui os pombos, pombas e rolas e compreende cerca de 300 espécies, distribuída em todos os continentes. Devido a diversidade deste grupo, espécies desta família foram alvos de vários estudos, incluindo citogenéticos. Apesar de que a maioria dos estudos citogenéticos em espécies da família Columbidae foram baseados apenas na citogenética clássica (coloração convencional e bandeamentos cromossômicos), resultados interessantes foram observados, tais como a variação do número diploide e a ocorrência de rearranjos intercromossômicos e intracromossômicos. Estes estudos influenciaram na escolha da família Columbidae para o desenvolvimento desta Tese. Nas últimas décadas houve um grande esforço para reconstruir a filogenia das aves atuais, mas a análise dos cariótipos através de técnicas de citogenética molecular, tais como a pintura cromossômica ainda limita-se a poucas ordens. Considerando que a última revisão dos dados citogenéticos é de 2007, no capítulo I realizamos uma revisão sobre o genoma das Aves, incluindo dados de citogenética clássica e molecular. No capítulo II nós realizamos a caracterização do cariótipo de nove espécies da família Columbidae, sendo que uma delas foi descrita pela primeira vez (Geotrygon violacea) e mapeamos a distribuição de sequências repetitivas (rDNA 18S e microssatélites). No capítulo III realizamos a pintura cromossômica comparative em quatro espécies da família Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui e Leptotila verreauxi). A pintura cromossômica foi realizada utilizando sondas cromossomo-específica de Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) e de Z. auriculata (ZAU). As sondas de ZAU foram desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche relalizado na Universidade de Cambridge (2017). A pintura cromossômica com as sondas de GGA e ZAU demonstraram a conservação da maioria dos macrocromossomos, exceto a fusão entre os cromossomos ancestrais 6 e 7 em L. verreauxi. Entretanto, os sinais de hibridização das sondas de ZAU foram mais intensos do que GGA. As sondas de LAL confirmaram os resultados obtidos com as sondas de GGA e ZAU, mas revelaram também uma complexa reorganização do cromossomo homólogo ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas, involvendo inversões paracêntricas e pericêntricas. Além disso, inversões nos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA2 foram identificadas em C. picui e L. verreauxi. A ocorrência da reorganização dos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas neste capítulo e em espécies da Ordem Passeriformes analisados previamente, corroboram com a recente proposta de divergência das Neoaves (Columbea e Passerea). No capítulo IV realizamos a pintura cromossômica com as sondas de ZAU e GGA na espécie Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes), com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência das sondas desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche. Observamos sinais de hibridização mais intensos para as sondas de ZAU do que GGA, o que diminui o viés na interpretação dos dados. Também identificamos uma extensa reorganização cromossômica na espécie J. jacana, que em comparação com dados da literatura, demonstra que espécies da Ordem Charadriiformes passaram por uma evolução cromossômica exclusiva. Os resultados desta Tese demonstram que distintos rearranjos ocorreram durante a evolução cromossômica das espécies da família Columbidae e também na espécie J. jacana. Além disso, as sondas de ZAU mostraram-se como uma importante ferramente para comparações cromossômicas em espécies de Aves, principalmente Neoaves. / Columbidae is a family of Class Aves, Order Columbiformes that includes the pigeons, doves and rolas and comprises about 300 species, distributed in all the continents. Due to the diversity of this group, species of this family were the targets of several studies, including cytogenetics. Although most cytogenetic studies on species of the Columbidae family were based only on classical cytogenetics (conventional staining and chromosomal banding), interesting results were observed, such as diploid number variation and the occurrence of interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangements. These studies influenced the choice of the Columbidae family for the development of this thesis. In recent decades there has been a great effort to reconstruct the phylogeny of current birds, but the analysis of karyotypes through molecular cytogenetic techniques such as chromosome painting is still limited to a few orders. Considering that the last revision of the cytogenetic data is from 2007, in chapter I we conducted a review on the genome of Birds, including classical and molecular cytogenetic data. In chapter II we performed the karyotype characterization of nine species of the Columbidae family, one of which was described for the first time (Geotrygon violacea) and mapped the distribution of repetitive sequences (18S rDNA and microsatellites). In Chapter III we performed comparative chromosome painting on four species of the family Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui and Leptotila verreauxi). Chromosome painting was performed using chromosome-specific probes from Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) and Z. auriculata (ZAU). The ZAU probes were developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche” at the University of Cambridge (2017). The chromosome painting with GGA and ZAU probes demonstrated the conservation of most of the macrochromosomes except the fusion between the ancestral chromosomes 6 and 7 in L. verreauxi. However, hybridization signals from the ZAU probes were more intense than GGA. LAL probes confirmed the results obtained with the GGA and ZAU probes, but also revealed a complex rearrangement of the chromosome homologous to GGA1 in the four species analyzed, involving paracentric and pericentric inversions. In addition, inversions in chromosomes homologous to GGA2 were identified in C. picui and L. verreauxi. The occurrence of the reorganization of homologous GGA1 chromosomes in the four species analyzed in this chapter and in species of the Passeriformes Order analyzed previously, corroborate with the recent proposal of divergence of the Neoaves (Columbea and Passerea). In chapter IV we performed the chromosome painting with the ZAU and GGA probes in the Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes) species, with the objective of verifying the efficiency of the probes developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche”. We observed more intense hybridization signals for the ZAU probes than GGA, which reduces the bias in the interpretation of the data. We also identified an extensive chromosome reorganization in the J. jacana species, which, in comparison with literature data, shows that species of the Order Charadriiformes underwent a unique chromosomal evolution. The results of this thesis demonstrate that distinct rearrangements occurred during the chromosome evolution of the species of the family Columbidae and also in the species J. jacana. In addition, the ZAU probes proved to be an important tool for chromosome comparisons in species of Birds, especially Neoaves.

Columbidae é uma família da Classe Aves, Ordem Columbiformes que inclui os pombos, pombas e rolas e compreende cerca de 300 espécies, distribuída em todos os continentes. Devido a diversidade deste grupo, espécies desta família foram alvos de vários estudos, incluindo citogenéticos. Apesar de que a maioria dos estudos citogenéticos em espécies da família Columbidae foram baseados apenas na citogenética clássica (coloração convencional e bandeamentos cromossômicos), resultados interessantes foram observados, tais como a variação do número diploide e a ocorrência de rearranjos intercromossômicos e intracromossômicos. Estes estudos influenciaram na escolha da família Columbidae para o desenvolvimento desta Tese. Nas últimas décadas houve um grande esforço para reconstruir a filogenia das aves atuais, mas a análise dos cariótipos através de técnicas de citogenética molecular, tais como a pintura cromossômica ainda limita-se a poucas ordens. Considerando que a última revisão dos dados citogenéticos é de 2007, no capítulo I realizamos uma revisão sobre o genoma das Aves, incluindo dados de citogenética clássica e molecular. No capítulo II nós realizamos a caracterização do cariótipo de nove espécies da família Columbidae, sendo que uma delas foi descrita pela primeira vez (Geotrygon violacea) e mapeamos a distribuição de sequências repetitivas (rDNA 18S e microssatélites). No capítulo III realizamos a pintura cromossômica comparative em quatro espécies da família Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui e Leptotila verreauxi). A pintura cromossômica foi realizada utilizando sondas cromossomo-específica de Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) e de Z. auriculata (ZAU). As sondas de ZAU foram desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche relalizado na Universidade de Cambridge (2017). A pintura cromossômica com as sondas de GGA e ZAU demonstraram a conservação da maioria dos macrocromossomos, exceto a fusão entre os cromossomos ancestrais 6 e 7 em L. verreauxi. Entretanto, os sinais de hibridização das sondas de ZAU foram mais intensos do que GGA. As sondas de LAL confirmaram os resultados obtidos com as sondas de GGA e ZAU, mas revelaram também uma complexa reorganização do cromossomo homólogo ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas, involvendo inversões paracêntricas e pericêntricas. Além disso, inversões nos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA2 foram identificadas em C. picui e L. verreauxi. A ocorrência da reorganização dos cromossomos homólogos ao GGA1 nas quatro espécies analisadas neste capítulo e em espécies da Ordem Passeriformes analisados previamente, corroboram com a recente proposta de divergência das Neoaves (Columbea e Passerea). No capítulo IV realizamos a pintura cromossômica com as sondas de ZAU e GGA na espécie Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes), com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência das sondas desenvolvidas durante o doutorado sanduíche. Observamos sinais de hibridização mais intensos para as sondas de ZAU do que GGA, o que diminui o viés na interpretação dos dados. Também identificamos uma extensa reorganização cromossômica na espécie J. jacana, que em comparação com dados da literatura, demonstra que espécies da Ordem Charadriiformes passaram por uma evolução cromossômica exclusiva. Os resultados desta Tese demonstram que distintos rearranjos ocorreram durante a evolução cromossômica das espécies da família Columbidae e também na espécie J. jacana. Além disso, as sondas de ZAU mostraram-se como uma importante ferramente para comparações cromossômicas em espécies de Aves, principalmente Neoaves. / Columbidae is a family of Class Aves, Order Columbiformes that includes the pigeons, doves and rolas and comprises about 300 species, distributed in all the continents. Due to the diversity of this group, species of this family were the targets of several studies, including cytogenetics. Although most cytogenetic studies on species of the Columbidae family were based only on classical cytogenetics (conventional staining and chromosomal banding), interesting results were observed, such as diploid number variation and the occurrence of interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangements. These studies influenced the choice of the Columbidae family for the development of this thesis. In recent decades there has been a great effort to reconstruct the phylogeny of current birds, but the analysis of karyotypes through molecular cytogenetic techniques such as chromosome painting is still limited to a few orders. Considering that the last revision of the cytogenetic data is from 2007, in chapter I we conducted a review on the genome of Birds, including classical and molecular cytogenetic data. In chapter II we performed the karyotype characterization of nine species of the Columbidae family, one of which was described for the first time (Geotrygon violacea) and mapped the distribution of repetitive sequences (18S rDNA and microsatellites). In Chapter III we performed comparative chromosome painting on four species of the family Columbidae (Zenaida auriculata, Columba livia, Columbina picui and Leptotila verreauxi). Chromosome painting was performed using chromosome-specific probes from Gallus gallus (GGA), Leucopternis albicollis (LAL) and Z. auriculata (ZAU). The ZAU probes were developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche” at the University of Cambridge (2017). The chromosome painting with GGA and ZAU probes demonstrated the conservation of most of the macrochromosomes except the fusion between the ancestral chromosomes 6 and 7 in L. verreauxi. However, hybridization signals from the ZAU probes were more intense than GGA. LAL probes confirmed the results obtained with the GGA and ZAU probes, but also revealed a complex rearrangement of the chromosome homologous to GGA1 in the four species analyzed, involving paracentric and pericentric inversions. In addition, inversions in chromosomes homologous to GGA2 were identified in C. picui and L. verreauxi. The occurrence of the reorganization of homologous GGA1 chromosomes in the four species analyzed in this chapter and in species of the Passeriformes Order analyzed previously, corroborate with the recent proposal of divergence of the Neoaves (Columbea and Passerea). In chapter IV we performed the chromosome painting with the ZAU and GGA probes in the Jacana jacana (Charadriiformes) species, with the objective of verifying the efficiency of the probes developed during the “Doutorado sanduiche”. We observed more intense hybridization signals for the ZAU probes than GGA, which reduces the bias in the interpretation of the data. We also identified an extensive chromosome reorganization in the J. jacana species, which, in comparison with literature data, shows that species of the Order Charadriiformes underwent a unique chromosomal evolution. The results of this thesis demonstrate that distinct rearrangements occurred during the chromosome evolution of the species of the family Columbidae and also in the species J. jacana. In addition, the ZAU probes proved to be an important tool for chromosome comparisons in species of Birds, especially Neoaves.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Reprinted from the Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1909. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Reprinted from the Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1909. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. Also issued online.

Pigeon's working memory for event duration was investigated using variations of the delayed matching to sample procedure. When a retention interval of variable length was interposed between the sample and comparison stimuli, pigeons responded as though a long-duration sample had been short after retention intervals of 10 sec or greater. This "choose short" effect occurred reliably in each subject, regardless of whether the subject was naive or experienced, whether the sample durations were represented by food-access or light, or whether a two- or three-choice procedure was used. In order to account for these findings, a "subjective shortening" model of memory for event duration was proposed. According to the model, the choose short effect is produced by a discrepancy between a relatively static reference memory of the sample durations and a dynamic working memory of the sample durations that "shortens" over the retention interval. This discrepancy produces the tendency to respond as though the long sample was short, A number of predictions, derived from the subjective shortening model, were confirmed in subsequent experiments. First, after a long retention interval, the point of subjective equality between the short and long samples shifted to a longer duration. Second, stepwise increases in the retention interval produced a temporary choose short effect, whereas stepwise decreases in the retention interval produced a temporary choose long effect. Third, with extended training at a given retention interval, the choose short and choose long effects diminished and overall accuracy improved. These results provided strong support for the subjective shortening model, whereas they could not be interpreted readily within the context of other conceptualizations of working memory processes. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The characteristics of 5’deiodinase (5’D) were studied in the postmitochondrial fraction (PMF) of liver homogenates from adult and developing ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). The 5’D assays were performed in the presence of abundant substrate, reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), cofactor (dithiothreitol) and trace amounts of I¹²⁵-rT3. 5’D activity was measured as I¹²⁵ released from the labelled rT3 during the assay incubation time. The 5’D assay was validated for all ages studied to assure that the initial reaction velocity of the enzyme was measured. Using the validated assay conditions the following characteristics were found in adult doves: the apparent K_m was 0.44 μM rT3, V_max was 255 pmol rT3 degraded/min-mg PMF protein. The 5’D activity was completely inhibited by 1.0 mM PTU and 50% inhibited by the addition of 18.0 μM thyroxine (T4) in the presence of 4.0 μM rT3. Activity was maximal at pH 8.04 and at 37.5 C. The K_m of the enzyme did not change throughout development (1 day prehatch to adult). The 5’D specific activity (rT3 degraded/min-mg PMF protein) was highest during early development (1 day prehatch to 7 days post-hatch), after which it gradually decreased with increasing age. The liver 5’D activity/gram of body weight was highest during the first seven days posthatch. This period of high potential triiodothyronine (T3) production corresponds with the observed period of greatest increase in plasma thyroid hormone concentrations during the first 6-8 days posthatch in ring doves. These results are the first demonstration of initial velocity 5’D activity during development in an altricial bird species and demonstrate a correlation between hepatic 5’D activity and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations during development in ring doves. / Master of Science

Les pigeons et tourterelles (Columbidae) appartiennent à une famille riche en espèces et mondialement distribuée, d’importance majeur sur le plan historique et écologique. Nous avons généré des hypothèses phylogénétiques à partir d’échantillons de musées pour clarifier le processus de diversification de la famille, qui s’est probablement déroulé entre le milieu de l’Eocène et du Miocène. Près de 60% des espèces de columbidés sont présentes sur des îles, et ces entités ont probablement joué un rôle dans la dispersion entre continents. A l’inverse, les taux de spéciation varient selon une distribution normale et l’insularité ne semble pas avoir joué un rôle important dans la diversification. Malgré tout, la diversité maximale est atteinte en Asie du Sud-Est et en Australasie, régions particulièrement riches en îles. La Nouvelle-Guinée, en particulier, héberge une diversité impressionnante. Les columbidés les plus gros, appartenant au genre Goura (pigeons couronnés), sont endémiques de cette île. Nos analyses suggèrent que leur diversification a probablement démarré au sein de la Nouvelle-Guinée il y a environ 5.73 millions d’années. Des événements géologiques tels que l’orogénèse de la cordillère centrale ont probablement joué un rôle important en partageant la distribution de l’aire ancestrale. Des dispersions par-delà des barrières géographiques établies peuvent ensuite avoir permis l’établissement de populations isolées et entrainé leur diversification. / Pigeons and doves (Columbidae) belong to a species-rich worldwide-distributed family and are of major historical and ecological importance. We generated phylogenetic hypotheses from museum samples to clarify the diversification of the family, which probably took place between mid-Eocene and mid-Miocene, where all extant clades were already established. Almost 60% of species are present on islands, and these entities probably played a role in the dispersal through stepping-stones movement between continents. On the other side, speciation rates vary following a normal distribution and islands do not seem to have played an important role in diversification. Nevertheless, the highest Columbidae species-richness is reached in South-East Asia and Australasia, regions especially rich in islands. New Guinea, in particular, hosts an impressive diversity. The biggest Columbidae, belonging to the genus Goura (crowned pigeons), are endemic to this island. Our analyses suggest that their diversification probably started within New Guinea around 5.73 Ma. Geological events such as the cordillera orogeny probably played a major role by splitting ancestral distribution, while more recent dispersals over barriers may have also led to the settlement of isolated populations that promoted diversification. This work allowed the generation of phylogenetic hypotheses, which will allow answering numerous questions regarding Columbidae biogeography and diversification.