Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. [94]-108. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar o padrão espectral da canola ao longo do ciclo em função de diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Para isto, foram instalados experimentos nas safras de 2013 e 2014, em área experimental pertencente a EMBRAPA Trigo, em Coxilha, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos cinco doses de adubação nitrogenada: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 de N. O comportamento espectral foi caracterizado por meio de medições com espectrorradiômetro (sensoriamento remoto passivo) e com o sensor Greenseeker (sensoriamento remoto ativo). A partir das medições com espectrorradiômetro, foram calculados os índices de vegetação razão simples (SR), índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), índice de vegetação realçado (EVI), índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo (SAVI) e índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada verde (GNDVI). Também foram obtidos dados de matéria seca da parte aérea, índice de área foliar (IAF), fenologia e rendimento de grãos da canola. Por fim, foram estabelecidas correlações entre os dados espectrais, dados de matéria seca da parte aérea e rendimento de grãos de canola. Os resultados mostraram que a canola apresenta curvas de reflectância com padrão típico de culturas anuais: baixa reflectância no visível e alta no infravermelho, com variações de amplitude ao longo do ciclo associadas às mudanças estruturais do dossel. Os perfis temporais dos índices de vegetação apresentaram dois picos máximos, um antes e outro após o florescimento, o que pode ser usado para distinguir a canola de outras culturas anuais. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura causou variações no IAF e no rendimento de grãos. Já o acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea, nas condições experimentais ocorridas, não variou em função das doses de adubação nitrogenada aplicadas em cobertura. Associado às variações no dossel, as diferentes doses de N causaram diferenças na reflectância do mesmo, as quais foram percebidas, principalmente, nos índices de vegetação SR, GNDVI e NDVI obtido com sensor Greenseeker. Entre as bandas do espectro eletromagnético estudadas, as que melhor se correlacionaram com a quantidade de matéria seca da parte aérea da canola, foram as bandas do vermelho e infravermelho próximo, durante o período vegetativo do ciclo de produção. Os índices com melhores respostas foram SR, EVI e SAVI também no período vegetativo. Para estudos do rendimento de grãos, os índices com melhores respostas foram o SAVI e o GNDVI. / The objective of the research is to characterize the spectral pattern of Canola throughout the cycle by having different levels of nitrogen fertilization. To do so, some experiments are taken from the harvests of 2013 and 2014. These ones belong to an experimental area at EMBRAPA wheat (Brazilian company that researches agriculture) in Coxilha (a city in South of Brazil). Randomized block design is used with four replications and treatments with five doses of nitrogen fertilization: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 of N. The spectral behavior is characterized by measurement with spectroradiometer (passive remote sensing) and the Greenseeker sensor (active remote sensing). From the measurements of spectroradiometer, the simple ratio (SR), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) were calculated. As another way of measurement, shoot dry matter data, leaf area index (LAI), phenology and yield of canola grain were obtained. As results, canola shows reflectance curves with the typical pattern of annual crops: low spectral reflectance and high spectral reflectance in infrared with variations in amplitude over the cycle associated with structural changes of the canopy. The temporal types of vegetation indices have two maximum peaks, one before and one after blossoming, which can be used to distinguish canola than the other annual crops. The nitrogen fertilization coverage causes variations in IAF and grain yield, wherein the highest yield is at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 of N. But the accumulation of shoot dry matter, that occurred in experimental conditions, did not vary according to nitrogen fertilization rates applied in coverage. Different levels of nitrogen cause differences in reflectance of the canopy and these ones are associated with its variations, which are perceived mainly in rates of SR vegetation, GNDVI and NDVI obtained with Greenseeker sensor. Between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum studied, those that the best correlated with the amount of shoot dry matter of canola are the bands of red and near-infrared, during the growing season of the production cycle. Indexes with the best responses are SR, EVI, and SAVI also in the growing season. Considering the yield studies, the indices with the best responses are SAVI and GNDVI that use the method of sum of the index throughout the production cycle.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de valoriser par une caractérisation multi-échelle, les bétons à base de chanvre, de lin et de colza, dont les cultures sont plutôt bien développées au niveau régional et national. De par leur composition, ces matériaux, à base de granulats végétaux associés à une matrice minérale, possèdent une forte sensibilité à l’humidité tout en conservant des performances thermiques intéressantes.Leurs propriétés sont en effet fortement liées à une porosité importante, qui leur confère une grande capacité à adsorber et restituer la vapeur d’eau contenue dans l’ambiance environnante ; cette spécificité vient s’interconnecter avec les échanges de chaleur d’une paroi ou d’un bâtiment. Il est donc indispensable de faire une analyse couplée des phénomènes de transferts thermiques et hygriques, non seulement pour déterminer les besoins en chauffage ou renouvellement d’air d’un local, mais aussi pour appréhender le confort des occupants et la durabilité de la construction.En s’appuyant sur de nombreux essais expérimentaux, les principales caractéristiques des matériaux mis en œuvre sont tout d’abord précisées. Est ensuite analysé plus particulièrement le comportement d’une paroi à l’échelle réelle, placée dans des conditions stationnaires ou variables d’humidité et/ou de température. Les propriétés des matériaux implémentées dans un modèle de simulation numérique (SPARK) permettent par ailleurs, et après validation expérimentale, une approche prédictive du comportement hygrothermique d’une paroi ou de l’enveloppe d’un bâtiment. A travers un modèle simplifié pour un local monozone, l’influence de l’inertie hygrique des matériaux sur le taux d’humidité relative de l’ambiance intérieure est mise en évidence / This thesis aims to enhance the use of bio-based materials such as concretes composed with hemp, flax or straw rapes, whose cultures are quite well developed at regional and national level. Due to their composition, these materials, plant-based aggregates associated with an inorganic matrix, have a high moisture sensitivity while retaining advantageous thermal performance.Their properties are indeed strongly associated with a high porosity, which gives them a great capacity to adsorb and release the water vapor contained in the surrounding atmosphere; this specificity comes interconnect with heat exchange of a wall or building. It is therefore essential to analyze the phenomena of coupled thermal and hygric transfers not only to determine the need for heating or for air exchanges, but also to apprehend occupant comfort and durability of construction.Built on many experimental trials, the main characteristics of the used materials are first specified. Then is specifically analyzed the behavior of a scaled wall, placed under stationary or variable conditions of humidity and / or temperature. Moreover, the properties of the materials provide, after implementation in a simulation model (SPARK) and experimental validation, a predictive approach of the hygrothermal behavior of a wall or a building envelope. Through a simplified model for a single zone room, is highlighted the influence of the hygric inertia of the materials on the relative humidity of the indoor atmosphere

O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar o padrão espectral da canola ao longo do ciclo em função de diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Para isto, foram instalados experimentos nas safras de 2013 e 2014, em área experimental pertencente a EMBRAPA Trigo, em Coxilha, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos cinco doses de adubação nitrogenada: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 de N. O comportamento espectral foi caracterizado por meio de medições com espectrorradiômetro (sensoriamento remoto passivo) e com o sensor Greenseeker (sensoriamento remoto ativo). A partir das medições com espectrorradiômetro, foram calculados os índices de vegetação razão simples (SR), índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), índice de vegetação realçado (EVI), índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo (SAVI) e índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada verde (GNDVI). Também foram obtidos dados de matéria seca da parte aérea, índice de área foliar (IAF), fenologia e rendimento de grãos da canola. Por fim, foram estabelecidas correlações entre os dados espectrais, dados de matéria seca da parte aérea e rendimento de grãos de canola. Os resultados mostraram que a canola apresenta curvas de reflectância com padrão típico de culturas anuais: baixa reflectância no visível e alta no infravermelho, com variações de amplitude ao longo do ciclo associadas às mudanças estruturais do dossel. Os perfis temporais dos índices de vegetação apresentaram dois picos máximos, um antes e outro após o florescimento, o que pode ser usado para distinguir a canola de outras culturas anuais. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura causou variações no IAF e no rendimento de grãos. Já o acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea, nas condições experimentais ocorridas, não variou em função das doses de adubação nitrogenada aplicadas em cobertura. Associado às variações no dossel, as diferentes doses de N causaram diferenças na reflectância do mesmo, as quais foram percebidas, principalmente, nos índices de vegetação SR, GNDVI e NDVI obtido com sensor Greenseeker. Entre as bandas do espectro eletromagnético estudadas, as que melhor se correlacionaram com a quantidade de matéria seca da parte aérea da canola, foram as bandas do vermelho e infravermelho próximo, durante o período vegetativo do ciclo de produção. Os índices com melhores respostas foram SR, EVI e SAVI também no período vegetativo. Para estudos do rendimento de grãos, os índices com melhores respostas foram o SAVI e o GNDVI. / The objective of the research is to characterize the spectral pattern of Canola throughout the cycle by having different levels of nitrogen fertilization. To do so, some experiments are taken from the harvests of 2013 and 2014. These ones belong to an experimental area at EMBRAPA wheat (Brazilian company that researches agriculture) in Coxilha (a city in South of Brazil). Randomized block design is used with four replications and treatments with five doses of nitrogen fertilization: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 of N. The spectral behavior is characterized by measurement with spectroradiometer (passive remote sensing) and the Greenseeker sensor (active remote sensing). From the measurements of spectroradiometer, the simple ratio (SR), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) were calculated. As another way of measurement, shoot dry matter data, leaf area index (LAI), phenology and yield of canola grain were obtained. As results, canola shows reflectance curves with the typical pattern of annual crops: low spectral reflectance and high spectral reflectance in infrared with variations in amplitude over the cycle associated with structural changes of the canopy. The temporal types of vegetation indices have two maximum peaks, one before and one after blossoming, which can be used to distinguish canola than the other annual crops. The nitrogen fertilization coverage causes variations in IAF and grain yield, wherein the highest yield is at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 of N. But the accumulation of shoot dry matter, that occurred in experimental conditions, did not vary according to nitrogen fertilization rates applied in coverage. Different levels of nitrogen cause differences in reflectance of the canopy and these ones are associated with its variations, which are perceived mainly in rates of SR vegetation, GNDVI and NDVI obtained with Greenseeker sensor. Between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum studied, those that the best correlated with the amount of shoot dry matter of canola are the bands of red and near-infrared, during the growing season of the production cycle. Indexes with the best responses are SR, EVI, and SAVI also in the growing season. Considering the yield studies, the indices with the best responses are SAVI and GNDVI that use the method of sum of the index throughout the production cycle.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar o padrão espectral da canola ao longo do ciclo em função de diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Para isto, foram instalados experimentos nas safras de 2013 e 2014, em área experimental pertencente a EMBRAPA Trigo, em Coxilha, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos cinco doses de adubação nitrogenada: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 de N. O comportamento espectral foi caracterizado por meio de medições com espectrorradiômetro (sensoriamento remoto passivo) e com o sensor Greenseeker (sensoriamento remoto ativo). A partir das medições com espectrorradiômetro, foram calculados os índices de vegetação razão simples (SR), índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), índice de vegetação realçado (EVI), índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo (SAVI) e índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada verde (GNDVI). Também foram obtidos dados de matéria seca da parte aérea, índice de área foliar (IAF), fenologia e rendimento de grãos da canola. Por fim, foram estabelecidas correlações entre os dados espectrais, dados de matéria seca da parte aérea e rendimento de grãos de canola. Os resultados mostraram que a canola apresenta curvas de reflectância com padrão típico de culturas anuais: baixa reflectância no visível e alta no infravermelho, com variações de amplitude ao longo do ciclo associadas às mudanças estruturais do dossel. Os perfis temporais dos índices de vegetação apresentaram dois picos máximos, um antes e outro após o florescimento, o que pode ser usado para distinguir a canola de outras culturas anuais. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura causou variações no IAF e no rendimento de grãos. Já o acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea, nas condições experimentais ocorridas, não variou em função das doses de adubação nitrogenada aplicadas em cobertura. Associado às variações no dossel, as diferentes doses de N causaram diferenças na reflectância do mesmo, as quais foram percebidas, principalmente, nos índices de vegetação SR, GNDVI e NDVI obtido com sensor Greenseeker. Entre as bandas do espectro eletromagnético estudadas, as que melhor se correlacionaram com a quantidade de matéria seca da parte aérea da canola, foram as bandas do vermelho e infravermelho próximo, durante o período vegetativo do ciclo de produção. Os índices com melhores respostas foram SR, EVI e SAVI também no período vegetativo. Para estudos do rendimento de grãos, os índices com melhores respostas foram o SAVI e o GNDVI. / The objective of the research is to characterize the spectral pattern of Canola throughout the cycle by having different levels of nitrogen fertilization. To do so, some experiments are taken from the harvests of 2013 and 2014. These ones belong to an experimental area at EMBRAPA wheat (Brazilian company that researches agriculture) in Coxilha (a city in South of Brazil). Randomized block design is used with four replications and treatments with five doses of nitrogen fertilization: 10, 20, 40, 80 160 kg ha-1 of N. The spectral behavior is characterized by measurement with spectroradiometer (passive remote sensing) and the Greenseeker sensor (active remote sensing). From the measurements of spectroradiometer, the simple ratio (SR), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) were calculated. As another way of measurement, shoot dry matter data, leaf area index (LAI), phenology and yield of canola grain were obtained. As results, canola shows reflectance curves with the typical pattern of annual crops: low spectral reflectance and high spectral reflectance in infrared with variations in amplitude over the cycle associated with structural changes of the canopy. The temporal types of vegetation indices have two maximum peaks, one before and one after blossoming, which can be used to distinguish canola than the other annual crops. The nitrogen fertilization coverage causes variations in IAF and grain yield, wherein the highest yield is at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 of N. But the accumulation of shoot dry matter, that occurred in experimental conditions, did not vary according to nitrogen fertilization rates applied in coverage. Different levels of nitrogen cause differences in reflectance of the canopy and these ones are associated with its variations, which are perceived mainly in rates of SR vegetation, GNDVI and NDVI obtained with Greenseeker sensor. Between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum studied, those that the best correlated with the amount of shoot dry matter of canola are the bands of red and near-infrared, during the growing season of the production cycle. Indexes with the best responses are SR, EVI, and SAVI also in the growing season. Considering the yield studies, the indices with the best responses are SAVI and GNDVI that use the method of sum of the index throughout the production cycle.

La recombinaison méiotique est au cœur de l'hérédité Mendélienne, de l'évolution et de l'amélioration des plantes, car elle assure, grâce aux crossovers, une transmission fidèle des chromosomes et le brassage de l’information génétique au fil des générations. Deux voies de formation des crossovers coexistent chez les plantes. La voie principale (voie I) dépend de la protéine MSH4 (et de quelques autres). La voie secondaire ne produit que quelques crossovers (dits de voie II) au cours de la méiose d’une plante de type sauvage ; ils sont indépendants de MSH4 et leur nombre est limité par des protéines telles que FANCM. Si ces deux voies ont été bien décrites chez des espèces diploïdes, ce n’est pas le cas chez des plantes allopolyploïdes, pourtant très fréquentes parmi les plantes cultivées. Il s'agit là d'une lacune importante, car la présence de plusieurs jeux de chromosomes apparentés conduit à augmenter le nombre de partenaires susceptibles de former des crossovers et le nombre de copies de tous les gènes méiotiques, rendant la recombinaison méiotique plus complexe. Cette thèse vise à explorer l'interaction entre les voies de formation des crossovers et la polyploïdie en utilisant des mutants de colza (Brassica napus; AACC) et d’un de ces parents diploïdes (B. rapa; AA) pour deux gènes de la recombinaison méiotique.J'ai tout d'abord testé dans quelle mesure la formation de crossovers entre chromosomes homologues et entre homéologues (chromosomes A et C) est tributaire des voies I et II en évaluant l’effet d’une diminution du nombre de copies fonctionnelles de MSH4 sur le nombre de crossovers. J'ai montré que ce dernier n'est altéré que lorsque les deux copies MSH4 sont inactivées, toute autre combinaison de mutations conduisant au même nombre de crossovers inter-homologues que chez le sauvage. J'ai également montré que la proportion de crossovers de voie II chez des mutants msh4 de colza est bien supérieure à celles observées chez d’autres plantes mutantes pour msh4. Cette observation reste vraie chez des mutants msh4 de B. rapa, suggérant que la proportion accrue de crossovers de voie II n’est pas spécifique au colza, mais probablement une caractéristique des Brassicaceae. Chez des plantes allohaploïdes (AC) de colza, chez lesquelles les crossovers ne peuvent se former qu’entre homéologues, les copies MSH4 ne se compensent plus complétement ; le nombre de crossovers de voie I fluctue au contraire proportionnellement au dosage de MSH4, devenant presque nul lorsque toutes les copies sont inactivées. Mes résultats illustrent deux nouvelles propriétés spécifiques des crossovers entre homéologues: une plus grande sensibilité vis-à-vis du dosage MSH4 pour les crossovers de voie I et une plus faible efficacité des crossovers de voie II.Dans un second temps, j'ai caractérisé cytologiquement des mutants fancm de colza pour vérifier que l'augmentation des crossovers de voie II ne nuit pas à au bon déroulement de sa méiose. Cette question est restée en suspens, les mutants fancm de colza n’étant pas complètement nuls. Cet écueil m'a incité à développer une approche de TILLING par séquençage pour identifier de nouveaux mutants de recombinaison chez le colza. J'ai alors combiné les mutations fancm et msh4 chez B. rapa pour vérifier si les premières suffisent à corriger les défauts méiotiques induits par les secondes. J'ai montré que, conformément à ce qui avait été observé chez Arabidopsis thaliana, la mutation fancm augmente le nombre de crossovers à un point tel qu’elle restaure la formation de bivalents dans un mutant msh4. La fonction de FANCM est donc conservée chez B. rapa.Mes résultats ont fait progresser la compréhension des voies de formation des crossovers lors d’une méiose allopolyploïde. Ils indiquent que la transmission des chromosomes chez ces espèces implique principalement des crossovers de voie I, et qu’elle pourrait être assurée en limitant l’efficacité de cette voie (e.g. en diminuant le nombre de copies de gènes). / Meiotic recombination ensures, through the formation of crossovers (COs), both faithful chromosome transmission and allelic shuffling over generations; it is at the heart of Mendelian heredity, evolution and plant breeding. Two crossover pathways co-exist in plants. The main pathway (class I) is dependent on MSH4 (and additional proteins). The secondary pathway produces only a few MSH4-independent (class II) crossovers during wild-type meiosis that are limited in number by anti-crossover proteins such as FANCM. These pathways have been extensively described in diploid species, disregarding one of the most pervasive features of crop genomes: polyploidy. This is a major gap in our understanding because the presence of more than two related sets of chromosomes leads both to extra partners for crossover formation and additional copies for all meiotic genes, which make meiotic recombination more intricate. This thesis aims at exploring the interplay between meiotic recombination pathways and polyploidy using mutants for two recombination genes in allotetraploid Brassica napus (AACC; 2n=38) and its diploid progenitor, B. rapa (AA; 2n=20). I have first tested the extent to which class I and class II pathways contribute to inter-homolog and inter-homoeolog (between A and C chromosomes) crossover formation by analyzing how crossovers are affected as the number of functional MSH4 copies decreases. I showed that inter-homolog crossover formation is impaired only when the two MSH4 copies are lost, any other combination of msh4 mutations resulting in wild-type crossover numbers. I also observed that, when class I crossovers are completely abolished in B. napus, the highest frequency of class II crossover ever reported among plant msh4 mutants is observed. I reproduced this result using B. rapa msh4 mutants, thereby demonstrating that increased class II crossover frequencies is not specific to B.napus, but could instead be a general feature of the Brassicaceae. In B. napus allohaploids (AC), where crossovers are forced to occur between homeologs, MSH4 copies no longer complement each other perfectly; counter to the situation in euploids, the number of MSH4-dependent crossovers formed between homoeologs fluctuates with MSH4 dosage in these plants, and approximate zero when all MSH4 copies are depleted. Altogether, my results illustrate two novel specific properties of inter-homeolog crossovers: a greater sensitivity to MSH4 dosage for class I pathway and a lower efficiency for class II.Next, I characterized cytologically B. napus fancm mutants to confirm that boosting class II crossovers would not be detrimental to B. napus meiosis. However, a prudential interpretation of these results is demanded since the B. napus fancm alleles retained residual anti-crossover activity. This has prompted me to set up a TILLING-by-sequencing procedure in order to produce new recombination mutants in B. napus. I also combined the B. rapa fancm and msh4 mutations to test whether the former is sufficient to fix the meiotic defects resulting from the latter. I showed that, similarly to what had been observed in Arabidopsis thaliana, fancm mutation boost COs to such a point that it restores bivalent formation in B. rapa msh4 background. My results therefore confirmed that the function of FANCM is conserved in B. rapa. Overall, the findings and achievements of this thesis make a step forward dissection of CO pathways during allopolyploid meiosis. They indicate that meiotic adaptation to allopolyploidy mainly involve the class I crossover pathway and could be achieved by limiting its efficiency (e.g. by decreasing gene copy number).

Entre todas las especies de brasicáceas, la de mayor importancia es Brassica napus L. (colza), que se destaca por su elevada participación en la producción mundial de aceites comestibles. Muchas especies de brasicáceas, cultivadas y silvestres, no sólo tienen importancia en la alimentación humana, sino que han sido mencionadas como fuentes de polen y néctar. Es decir, que el solo hecho de formar parte de la comunidad vegetal aumenta las posibilidades de alimento para un gran número de polinizadores y visitantes florales. La presencia de visitantes florales de brasicáceas en el centro-sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (República Argentina) fue evaluada en parcelas de colza y en parches de brasicáceas espontáneas ubicados en la localidad de Tres Arroyos, en la Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow (-38.319305, - 60.239380). Para realizar los muestreos se utilizaron redes entomológicas, trampas de agua de colores y el método de observación directa. Además, con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de los polinizadores sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, en las parcelas de colza se colocaron jaulas excluidoras de polinizadores. Otra parte del trabajo se realizó en dependencias del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional del Sur con el fin de evaluar la germinabilidad in vitro del polen expuesto a condiciones ambientales de la colmena. Para esto, se seleccionaron colmenas de Apis mellifera L. y se colocaron en su interior muestras de polen de colza que se obtuvieron de plantas cultivadas en macetas de 10 litros. En la zona de estudio se comprobó que numerosas especies de insectos, de diversas familias y órdenes, visitaron el cultivo de colza al igual que los parches de especies espontáneas. Todas las especies capturadas se encontraron tanto en el cultivo como en las malezas aledañas. Esto indica que los polinizadores utilizan ambos recursos. Las zonas con vegetación espontánea aledañas a las parcelas de colza presentaron una floración más extensa, brindando recursos a los visitantes florales antes, durante y después de la floración del cultivo. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que la visita de insectos polinizadores en el cultivo de colza mejora la producción de semilla y esto se traduce en un mayor rendimiento, que es, en definitiva, el objetivo de todo productor. También se demostró que el aumento de rendimiento de semilla tuvo implicancia directa sobre la producción de aceite por hectárea, dado que la visita de los polinizadores mejoró la cantidad de semilla y no generó variaciones significativas en el tenor de materia grasa. Por otro lado, se demostró que las condiciones ambientales dentro de la colmena de Apis mellifera son adversas para la germinabilidad de los granos de polen de colza, independientemente de las condiciones ambientales externas. Las zonas de cría son las de mayor temperatura y en 24 h no se registraron granos de polen con capacidad de germinar. A partir de las 48 h la capacidad de germinabilidad del polen disminuyó significativamente y el bajo porcentaje que germinó presentó tubos completamente atrofiados. Aunque el polen que se ubicó alejado de las zonas de cría mantuvo más tiempo su capacidad de germinar, sólo lo hizo por menos de 72 h. Los resultados de este trabajo respaldan una reducción sustancial del tiempo de carencia que exigen las empresas semilleras y abren la posibilidad de que se utilice una misma colmena en dos servicios de polinización consecutivos sin riesgo de contaminación por polen no deseado. / Among all the species of brassicas, the most important one is Brassica napus L. (rapeseed), which stands out for its significant contribution to the global production of edible oils. Many species of brassicas, both cultivated and wild, are not only important for human consumption but have also been mentioned as sources of pollen and nectar. In other words, simply being part of the plant community increases the food possibilities for a large number of pollinators and floral visitors. The presence of brassica floral visitors in the central-southern region of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) was evaluated in rapeseed plots and patches of spontaneous brassica plants located in Tres Arroyos, at the Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow (- 38.319305, -60.239380). Entomological nets, colored water traps, and direct observation methods were used for sampling. Additionally, exclusion cages were placed in the rapeseed plots to determine the effect of pollinators on yield and its components. Another part of the study was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, to assess the in vitro germinability of pollen exposed to hive environmental conditions. Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies were selected, and samples of rapeseed pollen obtained from plants cultivated in 10-liter pots were placed inside the hives. The study in the area confirmed that numerous insect species from different families and orders visited both the rapeseed crop and the patches of spontaneous species. All captured species were found in both the crop and the surrounding weeds, indicating that pollinators utilize both resources. The areas with spontaneous vegetation adjacent to the rapeseed plots exhibited more extensive flowering, providing resources for floral visitors before, during, and after the crop's flowering period. The results of this study demonstrate that the visitation of pollinating insects in the rapeseed crop improves seed production, ultimately resulting in higher yields, which is the goal of every farmer. It was also shown that the increased seed yield directly impacted oil production per hectare, as pollinator visitation improved seed quantity without generating significant variations in fat content. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the environmental conditions within the Apis mellifera hive are unfavorable for the germinability of rapeseed pollen grains, regardless of external environmental conditions. The brood areas have the highest temperatures, and within 24 hours, no pollen grains capable of germinating were recorded. From 48 hours onward, the germination capacity of the pollen significantly decreased, and the low percentage that did germinate exhibited completely atrophied tubes. Although pollen placed away from the brood areas maintained its germination capacity for a longer period, it did so for less than 72 hours. The results of this study support a substantial reduction in the required waiting time demanded by seed companies and open up the possibility of using the same hive for two consecutive pollination services without the risk of contamination by undesired pollen.

Des extraits naturels de certaines plantes, dont le Laurus Nobilis L, le Rosmarinus Officinalis, YOriganum Majorana, et les feuilles d'olivier Olea Europeae L, ont été étudiés afin d'améliorer la qualité des huiles végétales utilisées pour la cuisson. Il s'agit d'une manière servant à éviter l'addition d'antioxydants de synthèse en enrichissant l'huile à chauffer par des substances naturelles. Pour ce qui est des plantes aromatiques, l'activité antioxydante de leurs extraits ainsi que de leurs huiles essentielles ont été comparées avec le butylhydroxytoluène (BHT). L'extrait de feuilles d'olivier a été testé et comparé, à son tour, aux différentes substances. L'extraction des huiles essentielles des plantes aromatiques a été effectuée par hydrodistillation de la matière végétale lyophilisée. Leur composition a été déterminée par Chromatographie Gazeuse (GC) et par Chromatographie Gazeuse-Spectrophotométrie de Masse (GC)-(MS). Les extraits végétaux ont été obtenus par macération dans l'éthanol (95%). Leur contenu phénolique total a été estimé par la méthode de Folin-Ciocalteau. Différentes expériences de chauffage ont été réalisées pour tester l'effet antioxydant des extraits éthanoliques et aromatiques de plantes. En effet, des échantillons d'huile de Canola enrichis à 1% (p/p) d'extrait ont été chauffés dans un four, dans des flacons ouverts, à une température de 120 ° C durant cinq jours puis à une température plus élevée de 180 ° C. Leur composition en acides gras insaturés a été suivie respectivement chaque jour et chaque heure par analyse GC. Les extraits éthanoliques et les huiles essentielles ont présenté respectivement deux intervalles de rendement distants en pourcentage (p/p) : 6,6-13,8% et 0.6-1,1%. Les huiles essentielles des trois plantes aromatiques (Laurus Nobilis L., Rosmarinus Officinalis, d'Origanum Majorana) sont respectivement et particulièrement riches en 1,8-cinéole (23,2% et 45,2%) et en terpinén-4-ol (38,3%). Le taux des phénols totaux des extraits éthanoliques, en milligramme équivalent d'acide gallique (EAG) par gramme de matière sèche, était respectivement de 276 mg EAG g⁻¹, 228 mg EAG g⁻¹, 215 mg EAG g⁻¹ et finalement 203 mg EAG g⁻¹ de phénols totaux pour l'extrait éthanolique des feuilles d'olivier. L'analyse des résultats de l'oxydation de l'huile de Canola ainsi que l'interprétation de l'évolution du taux de l'acide linolénique (Cl8:3) et de l'acide linoléique (Cl8 :2) ont montré un effet antioxydant plus ou moins significatif des extraits de plantes éthanoliques par rapport au BHT. L'efficacité la plus élevée a été associée principalement à YOlea europea L. puis d'Origanum Majorana, suivi du Rosmarinus, officinalis et du Laurus Nobilis L. L'activité antioxydante la plus basse était associée au BHT dans la plupart des conditions utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent l'introduction de différents extraits de plantes dans la préparation d'aliments pour une meilleure préservation, aussi bien lors de l'entreposage ou lors du chauffage des aliments.

La croissance de la population mondiale et l'évolution des habitudes alimentaires dans tous les pays vers une plus grande consommation d'aliments à base de protéines augmentent les préoccupations à l'échelle planétaire en ce qui concerne le risque de pénurie de protéines. Ceci est à son tour un facteur qui encourage la nécessité de mener des recherches approfondies et structurées pour trouver de nouvelles sources de protéines durables et de mieux valoriser les protéines existantes. Cependant, certaines protéines, notamment de source végétale, sont caractérisées par de médiocres propriétés fonctionnelles et ne permettent pas d'obtenir les aspects techno-fonctionnels souhaités dans les systèmes alimentaires. Afin de remédier à cet inconvénient, l'application de traitements alcalins pour modifier ces protéines et les transformer en ingrédients fonctionnels suscite un grand intérêt depuis quelques années. Ainsi, le présent projet a été réalisé dans un objectif d'utiliser la technologie d'électro-activation en solution comme traitement innovant, original et efficace pour une valorisation intégrale des ingrédients du lactosérum. En effet, le lactosérum en tant que co-produit de la production fromagère contient des composants de haute valeur nutritionnelle et technologique, notamment les protéines, mais aussi le lactose qui peut être utilisé pour produire des sucres à haute valeur ajoutée comme le lactulose qui est un prébiotique reconnu. La première étape de ce travail visait à déterminer l'impact du traitement d'électro-activation alcaline (EA) sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles du lactosérum doux. L'impact de l'EA alcaline sur la solubilité des protéines, le moussage et les caractéristiques émulsifiantes du lactosérum a été également étudié. Le procédé de l'EA a amélioré la solubilité des protéines dans la plage de pH de 4,0 à 7,0. Contrairement aux échantillons de lactosérum non traités, qui formaient des émulsions micrométriques et instables à pH 3, les échantillons de lactosérum EA produisaient des émulsions nanométriques et stables à ce pH. De plus, bien que le lactosérum non traité et le lactosérum EA produisaient des émulsions stables à pH 7, les émulsions préparées avec le lactosérum EA avaient des tailles de particules plus petites et étaient plus stables contre la floculation des gouttelettes. Le lactosérum traité à l'EA avait tendance à générer des mousses avec un foisonnement et une stabilité significativement plus élevée. La présente étude a démontré que l'EA pouvait améliorer la fonctionnalité du lactosérum doux. Les protéines végétales sont de plus en plus populaires en raison de leurs bienfaits pour la santé et de leur durabilité. Cependant, comparativement aux protéines animales, les protéines végétales comme celles de canola ont une faible solubilité et des propriétés techno-fonctionnelles qui doivent être améliorées, ce qui les rend inefficaces en tant qu'ingrédients dans la formulation de différents aliments. Ainsi, dans le cadre du présent projet, le deuxième volet consistait à mener des études pour produire des protéines de canola solubles et fonctionnelles par complexation avec des protéines de lactosérum en utilisant la technologie d'électro-activation (AE) en solution. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de démontrer que la présence de lactosérum lors du traitement alcalin par EA de la solution de protéines de canola provoquait des interactions structurelles entre les protéines du lactosérum et les protéines de canola, conduisant au développement de nouveaux complexes de protéines qui sont caractérisés par un haut degré de solubilité et des propriétés émulsifiantes et gélifiantes nettement plus élevées que l'échantillon de canola non traité ou celui ayant subi un traitement par EA. En plus, par rapport aux protéines de canola non traitées qui présentaient une solubilité des protéines inférieure à 25 %, une faible capacité moussante, ainsi qu'une faible capacité d'émulsification et de gélification, les mélanges de canola/lactosérum traités par l'EA ont montré une solubilité des protéines d'environ 100 %, une capacité moussante de 300 %, une capacité de former des émulsions stables pendant 30 jours. Le troisième volet de ce projet a permis de démontrer que le traitement par électro-activation cathodique du lactosérum et des protéines de canola a permis de former un complexe qui est caractérisé par un fort pouvoir de gélification, ce qui constitue une contribution significative à l'amélioration du potentiel d'une co-utilisation des protéines de canola et du lactosérum pour la formulation d'aliments de type gel. Finalement, ce projet a apporté une contribution significative à l'avancement des connaissances sur le potentiel d'utilisation de la technologie d'électro-activation en solution pour la modification alcaline des protéines de lactosérum et du canola en vue d'améliorer leurs propriétés techno-fonctionnelles et de les utiliser comme ingrédients dans la formulation des aliments. En plus, il a été démontré que les traitements alcalins par électro-activation en solution peuvent être utilisés comme méthodes d'alcalinisation sans produits chimiques pour améliorer la solubilité et les propriétés fonctionnelles des protéines de canola et de leur mélange avec le lactosérum. / The growth of the world population (over 30% of the existing 7.5 billion people estimated by 2050) and shifts in global eating patterns towards higher consumption of protein-based foods increase worldwide concerns on protein shortage and encourage extensive research to find new sustainable protein sources, which encourages research to recover protein from sustainable sources and valorization of existing protein sources. However, some proteins show poor functionalities in food systems and fail to provide expected functionality in food systems. The application of alkaline treatments to modify these proteins to convert them into functional ingredients has aroused great interest in recent years. The purpose of this study was to explore the electro-activation technology as an innovative alkalinity method to characteristically valorize whey components. Whey as a by-product of cheese and casein manufacturing contains several valuable components, which have demonstrated promising biological and functional properties. The first step of this work aimed to determine the impact of alkaline electro-activation (EA) treatment on physicochemical and functional properties of sweet whey. The impact of alkaline EA on the protein solubility, foaming, and emulsifying characteristics of whey was investigated. The EA process improved the protein solubility at the pH range of 4.0-7.0. In contrast to untreated whey samples, which formed micron-sized and unstable emulsions at pH 3, EA-whey produced nano-sized and stable emulsions at this pH. EA-treated whey tended to generate foams with significantly higher over run and stability. This study demonstrated that EA could enhance the protein solubility of functionality of sweet whey. Further studies were carried out to produce highly soluble and functional canola proteins through pH shifting-driven complexation with whey proteins by chemical-free alkaline electro-activation. Plant proteins are becoming more popular due to their health benefits and sustainability. Compared to animal proteins, canola proteins have poor solubility and functionality, which make them in effective in food formulation. In the second part of the study, whey protein and canola protein were grafted together to create soluble protein composite with superior functionality. Sweet whey was used as a low-price source of animal protein to modify the canola proteins. It was found that the alkaline EA treatment was very effective in functionality improvement of both canola protein alone solution and their mixtures. Further more, the results suggested the presence of whey during the alkaline EA treatment of canola protein solution caused the structural alteration of canola proteins, and formation of protein particles with smaller size and higher surface charge. It resulted in the creation of novel composites proteins with superior solubility and emulsifying properties compared to the EA-treated canola alone sample. This enhanced solubility and emulsifying properties was concluded to be a result of lactose grating on the protein backbone of canola proteins. The overrun of canola protein alone solution increase from 100% to more than 500% after EA-treatment. However, the presence of whey in the EA-treated whey/canola protein solution slightly decreased the foam over run of the sample compared to EA-treated canola alone sample, possibly due to grafting lactose onto the surface of the proteins, resulting in a lower protein surface hydrophobicity. This study showed that the alkaline EA treatment was an effective process to enhance the solubility and functionality of canola proteins and their mixture with whey. In third part of the study, the consequences of alkaline electro-activation (EA) treatment on the flow behavior and gelling properties of canola protein and the mixture of sweet whey/canola protein. Canola protein alone (C) and whey/canola protein mixed suspensions (CW) were treated in an alkalizing electro-activation reactor and then naturalized to neutral pH. The alkaline EA treatment resulted in the production of small aggregates crosslinked by disulfide and covalent bonds. The gelation experiments showed that the EA-treated canola protein and whey/canola protein samples had a superior capacity to develop an integrated gel structure with higher mechanical and rheological properties and improved water holding capacity compared to the untreated samples. Characterization of interactions involved in the gel network structure suggested that the strong covalent interactions played a prominent role in the network of these EA-treated samples. The SDS-PAGE pattern of the gels made from EA-treated canola protein and whey/canola protein samples confirmed the presence of intensive protein polymerization through covalent crosslinking in these gels. The results of this part of the study suggest that the alkaline EA treatment is an effective tool for improving the gelation properties of canola proteins and producing whey/canola protein composite gels with improved functionality. Taken together, the current study showed that alkaline EA treatments can be used as chemical-free alkalinization methods to enhance the solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties, and gelation capacity, sweat whey, canola protein, and the mixture whey and canola protein.

O aumento da utilização de embalagens do tipo PET nos últimos anos tem feito com que produtores de óleo se preocupem com a oxidação. Neste trabalho, óleos de milho e canola isentos de antioxidante e ácido cítrico foram adicionados de diferentes concentrações de TBHQ e submetidos a testes acelerados de oxidação acelerada em estufa a 63 0 C por 120 horas e em câmara de fotoxidação por 168 horas. Foram analisados o índice de peróxido e as absortividades em 232 nm e 270 nm nestes óleos. A partir dos resultados de índice de peróxido obtidos nos óleos com as diferentes concentrações de TBHQ no teste em estufa, foram calculadas as melhores doses e doses econômicas de 119 mg/kg e 115 mg/kg TBHQ para o óleo de milho e de 116 mg/kg e 108 mg/kg TBHQ, respectivamente, para o óleo de canola em estudo. Um ensaio ao ambiente foi conduzido usando 115 mg/kg de TBHQ, para o óleo de milho e 108 mg/kg de TBHQ, para o óleo de canola, valores menores que o máximo permitido pela legislação. Ambos os óleos foram armazenados em frascos de PET por 6 meses em condições tão satisfatórias quanto quando adicionados do máximo permitido pela legislação. / The increasing utilization of PET packaging in the last years in Brazil has concerned oil producers regarding oxidation. In this work, corn and canola oils, free from antioxidants and citric acid, were added of different TBHQ concentrations, and submited to accelerated (thermo and light induced) oxidation in a Schaal oven test at 63 0 C for 120 hours and in a photooxidation chamber for 168 hours. Peroxide and absorbance values at 232 nm and 270 nm were analysed in these oils. From the Schaal oven test, oil peroxide values were plotted against TBHQ concentrations and the best and the economical doses were determinated to be 119 mg/kg and 115 mg/kg TBHQ, respectively, for corn oil and 116 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg TBHQ, respectively, for canola oil. A shelf life test in PET flasks was conducted using 115 mg/kg TBHQ, for corn oil, and 108 mg/kg TBHQ, for canola oil, values that are lower than the maximum allowed by legislation and both oils were kept for 6 months.