To alleviate global warming, European-Union member states must reduce primary energy use, emit less carbon dioxide (CO2), and increase renewable energy use. Buildings constitute a great potential for energy savings, but saving energy in district-heated buildings influences combined heat and power (CHP) production, other electricity generation, and global CO2 emissions.   This thesis investigates the system effects from Swedish district heating production caused by district heating demand changes due to energy conservation in buildings. The cost-optimising linear programming modelling tools MODEST and FMS, the latter developed in the context of this thesis, are used to describe present district heating production and to investigate the impact of heat-demand reductions in twelve Swedish district heating systems, four of them representing all Swedish district heating.   Energy savings in district-heated, multi-family residential buildings yield a lower, more seasonally levelled district heating demand. These demand changes mainly reduce use of fossil-fuel and biomass for heat production. CHP production is significantly reduced if it supplies intermediate or peak district heating load. The αsystem value (ratio between generated CHP electricity and produced district heating) increases by demand reductions if CHP mainly supplies base district heating load. CO2 emissions due to district heat production depend on the approach used for CO2 assessment of electricity, and are generally reduced with heat demand reductions, unless the share of CHP production is large and the reduced fuel use yields smaller emission reductions than the emission increase from power production that replaces reduced CHP generation.   In total, heat demand reductions reduce CO2 emissions due to Swedish district heating, and the district heating systems even constitute a carbon sink at certain energy conservation levels. If saved biomass replaces fossil fuels elsewhere, a lower heat demand reduces CO2 emissions for every studied district heating system.

Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) consists of 13 flightless dung beetle species endemic to the arid west coast of southern Africa. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) are unique in their feeding and foraging habits, in that they randomly search for dry dung/detritus which, when found, is dragged forwards, and buried in a pre-constructed holding chamber, as opposed to the convention of rolling it backwards. This action is repeated to provision the chamber after which the nest is expanded to below the moisture line to allow the stored food to re-hydrate. Poor vagility, taxonomic contention - seen in Scarabaeus taxonomy - and conservation concern, made Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) an ideal group of beetles to study both the phylogenetics and potential influences that anthropogenic and environmental changes have had on structuring the species and populations thereof. Both molecular and morphological data were used as individual datasets and combined in a total evidence approach. Biogeographic inferences were made based on recent detailed Namib biogeography and the ages of the species were estimated using the molecular clock method. A phylogeographic study was done on three of the species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) – S. (P.) hippocrates, S. (P.) gariepinus and S. (P.) denticollis - that had previously shown south-north morphological clinal variation. Lastly, an attempt was made to isolate microsatellite loci for Scarabaeus, in the hope of characterising genetic diversity within and between populations of the same species. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was found to be monophyletic within Scarabaeus and was therefore classified as a derived subgenus thereof. Morphologically Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was shown to have 13 species while at a molecular level strong resolution for 11 of the 13 was obtained. S. (P.) hippocrates and S. (P.) glentoni formed a species complex the hippocrates/glentoni complex. The combined phylogenetic tree showed good overall support for all 13 species. Both the morphological and molecular data partition phylogenies show congruence with the combined phylogeny, lending support for combining datasets. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) appears to have arisen 2.9 million years ago. The formation of advective fog is a consistent water source for Desert dwelling organisms and appears to be associated with Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) radiation into inhospitable areas. Analysis of gene flow revealed large amounts of south-north movement, lending support for movement of psammophilous taxa with their substratum, the barchan dune. Population demographics of the three species, S. (P.) hippocrates, S. (P.) gariepinus and S. (P.) denticollis, chosen for this study differed greatly except in areas of geographic similarity. Major rivers appear to have acted as gene barriers, allowing for distinct genetic entities to be identified within the three species. Phylogeographic partitioning was supported by an AMOVA analysis. All three species were shown to have undergone historical population expansion dating back to the Pleistocene era. Nested Clade Analysis indicated that allopatric speciation; isolation by distance and continuous range expansion could be the factors having affected overall population structure. Recent events show that human induced factors, environmental barriers and reduced vagility have influenced the species population structure. Four potentially polymorphic loci were isolated for Scarabaeus using the FIASCO protocol. Identification of at least one additional locus is needed in order to obtain statistical significance for future studies directed at uncovering recent population dynamics. / Thesis (PhD (Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Combinar o treinamento de força (TF) com o de potência (TP) tem mostrado ser mais efetivo do que os treinamentos aplicados de modo isolado. Porém, não existe consenso sobre a melhor forma de combinar o TF com o TP na mesma sessão de treino. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar e comparar o efeito da ordem de combinação do TF e do TP no desempenho da força dinâmica máxima de membros inferiores, do salto vertical, da velocidade, da agilidade, do salto em profundidade e da potência muscular de membros inferiores. Participaram 27 jogadores de futebol, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: FP (realizou todas as séries do TF e em seguida as do TP), PF (realizou todas as séries do TP e em seguida as do TF) e AA (realizou séries alternadas do TF com o TP), sendo submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento. O TF utilizou o exercício agachamento (60-80% de 1RM) e o TP utilizou exercícios de salto em profundidade. Os resultados foram: aumentos significantes na força dinâmica máxima de 48,6%, 46,3% e 53% nos grupos FP, PF e AA respectivamente; na altura do salto vertical de 13%, 14,2% e 14,7% nos grupos FP, PF e AA, respectivamente e na potência média do grupo AA (8,6%) para a carga de 40% do PC. Não foram observadas alterações no desempenho da agilidade. Com relação a velocidade, os grupos FP e PF diminuíram o desempenho nos testes de 10 e 20 metros, enquanto que o grupo AA não alterou o seu desempenho. Em conclusão, as três diferentes combinações do TF e do TP foram semelhantes em promover adaptações no desempenho de jogadores de futebol e com base nestes resultados sugere-se que a ordem de combinação do TF e do TP na mesma sessão de treino parece não influenciar o desempenho de maneira crônica / The combination of strength (ST) with power training (PT) has been shown to be more effective than the isolated methods. However, there is no consensus on the best way to combine these methods in the same training session. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the combination of TF and TP on performance of lower limbs maximum dynamic strength and power, vertical jump, speed, agility, and drop jump. Twenty seven soccer players participated in eight weeks of training. They were divided into three groups: FP (all TF series before TP series), PF (all TP series before TF series), and AA (alternated TF and TP series). The TF was composed of squat exercise (60-80% 1RM) and the TP used drop jumps. The results were: significant increases in maximal dynamic strength of 48.6%, 46.3%, and 53% in groups FP, PF, and AA; respectively; in vertical jump height of 13%, 14,2% e 14,7% in groups FP, PF, and AA; respectively, and in average power in the AA group (8,6%) for the load of 40% PC. No changes were observed in agility performance. The FP and PF groups presented a decrease in speed of 10 and 20 meters, while the AA group did not change. In conclusion, the three different TF and TP combinations resulted in similar adaptations in soccer players performance. Thus, it can be suggested that TF and TP training order does not seem to interfere with long term performance changes

Características sensoriais diferenciadas e qualidade química podem garantir a competitividade de uma bebida destilada. O uísque é uma bebida alcoólica produzida a partir da destilação do mosto fermentado de cereais e que passa por um período de maturação em barris de carvalho. A cachaça, por sua vez, é produzida a partir da destilação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar fermentado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade química e sensorial da bebida destilada oriunda das matérias-primas cana-de-açúcar e cevada e produzida mediante técnicas já existentes em processos produtivos de cachaça e uísque. O mosto combinado teve como fonte de açúcares o mosto de caldo de cana e o mosto de malte de cevada, que foram preparados separadamente e depois misturados nas seguintes proporções em porcentagem: 100 (A), 75 (B), 50 (C), 25 (D) e 0 (E) de caldo de cana, complementado com o mosto de malte de cevada. O processo fermentativo foi conduzido a 30ºC, mediante adição de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cepas CA-11 e S-33, inoculando-se 1,5 g/L de cada levedura. As destilações foram realizadas em alambique de cobre, seguindo a metodologia de dupla-destilação utilizada para a produção de Scotch malt whisky. As bebidas duplamente destiladas foram acondicionadas em barris de carvalho por 60 dias. Os mostos foram submetidos às análises de pH, Brix, Pol, Açúcares Redutores (AR), Açúcares Redutores Totais (ART) e Acidez Total; e os vinhos foram analisados quanto a Teor Alcoólico, pH, Açúcares Redutores Residuais (ARR) e Acidez Total. Os flegmas, bidestilados e as bebidas envelhecidas foram submetidos a análises de teor alcoólico (densitometria), cobre (colorimetria), congêneres voláteis (CG-FID) e carbamato de etila (CG-EM). As bebidas envelhecidas também foram submetidas a análises de intensidade de cor e compostos fenólicos totais (espectrofotometria) e congêneres de maturação (CLAE). Testes sensoriais foram realizados para verificar a preferência entre as amostras pelos consumidores. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo programa SAS (ANOVA e Testes de Tukey). Foi comprovada a eficiência da técnica de bidestilação na redução de alguns compostos limitados pela legislação. Mostos combinados com maior porcentagem de malte de cevada apresentaram menor formação de carbamato de etila. O envelhecimento aumentou a concentração de carbamato de etila nos destilados A, B e C sendo ao final o único contaminante presente acima dos limites permitidos pela legislação de aguardente de cana. Siringaldeído e ácido gálico foram os congêneres de maturação com as maiores concentrações nos destilados. O destilado do tratamento A apresentou a maior concentração total de compostos de envelhecimento. Na análise sensorial o destilado do tratamento C apresentou a maior preferência pelos provadores. Este estudo comprova que a produção de uma nova bebida a partir da combinação de matérias-primas diferentes pode apresentar resultados satisfatórios. Entretanto, ressalta-se a importância da continuidade desse estudo para afinar a definição da combinação de mostos mais adequada, para assim confirmar a viabilidade e eficiência do processo. / Differentiated sensory characteristics and chemical quality can ensure the competitiveness of a distilled beverage. Whisky is an alcoholic beverage produced from the distillation of fermented worts of cereals and aged in oak barrels. Cachaça, in turn, is produced from the distillation of fermented sugarcane juice. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical and sensory quality of distilled spirit derived sugarcane and barley and produced by existing techniques in production processes of cachaça and whisky. The combined wort had as a source of sugars the sugarcane juice and barley malt wort, that were prepared separately and then mixed in the following proportions by percentage: 100 (A) 75 (B), 50 (C), 25 (D) and 0 (E) of sugarcane juice, supplemented with barley malt wort. The fermentation was conducted at 30° C by addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CA-11 and S-33 strains, inoculating 1,5 g/L of each yeast. The distillations were performed in copper still, according to double-distillation method used for production of Scotch malt whisky. Double-distilled spirits were stored in oak barrels for 60 days. Worts were submitted to analysis of pH, Brix, Pol, Reducing Sugars (AR), Total Reducing Sugars (ART) and Total Acidity; and the wines were analyzed for Alcohol, pH, Residual Reducing Sugars (ARR) and Total Acidity. Low wines, double-distilled spirits and aged spirits were analyzed for alcohol content (densitometry), copper (colorimetry), volatile congeners (GC-FID) and ethyl carbamate (GC-MS). Aged spirits were also analyzed for color intensity and total phenolic compounds (spectrophotometry) and aged congeners (HPLC). Sensory tests were conducted to verify preference between samples by consumers. Statistical analyzes were performed using SAS (ANOVA and Tukey tests). The efficiency of double-distillation technique in reduce some compounds limited by legislation was confirmed. Worts combined with a higher percentage of barley malt showed lower formation of ethyl carbamate. Aging increased the concentration of ethyl carbamate in spirits A, B and C being at the end the only contaminant found above the limits allowed by the cachaça legislation. Syringaldehyde and gallic acid were the aged congeners with the highest concentrations in the spirits. Spirit A had the highest total concentration of aged congeners. Sensory analysis showed that spirit C was the most preferred by tasters. This study demonstrates that the production of a new beverage from the combination of different raw materials can provide satisfactory results. However, it emphasizes the importance of continuing this study to refine the definition of the most appropriate combination of worts, thus to confirm the feasibility and process efficiency.

The thesis sets out the design of new feeding strategies in the current context of rabbit production, marked by the high prevalence of Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy and the need of the systematical use of antibiotics as the only way to maintain the digestive health of growing rabbits, and, consequently, the economical viability of the farms. In this context, the study is focused in the use of weaning diets in combined feeding of rabbit does and litters. In the first experiment, eight weaning diet were tested; they were formulated in a factorial design 2Œ2Œ2 with the following factors: i) partial replacement of starch with acid detergent fibre, ii) partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fibre and iii) reduction in the crude protein content. The three strategies impaired milk yield and body condition of rabbit does and decreased litter weight at weaning; however, they decreased the post-weaning mortality of young rabbits, and those effects seem to be additive. In the second experiment, the effect of those strategies on caecal environment of growing rabbits was tested. The dietary changes modified the production of volatile fatty acids (which increased) and/or ammonial nitrogen (which decreased), creating a more favorable environment to maintain the stability of caecal microbial ecosystem and, consequently, the digestive health, which would explain the reduction of mortality observed in the previous experiment. In the third experiment, a factorial design 2Œ2 was carried out to compare two feeding systems (conventional or the one based in the use of a weaning diet in combined feeding formulating the most favorable feed to digestive health of young rabbits, according to the results obtained in the two previous studies) and two weaning ages (28 or 42 days) in the long term (5 cycles). The results showed once again the conflict of interests between rabbit does production and young rabbits health. In this context, the work has been focused in the use of weaning diets in combined feeding of rabbit does and litters. / Martínez Vallespín, B. (2011). Use of weaning diets in combined feeding of females and growing rabbits [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14122 / Palancia

<div> <div> <p>Purpose: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that cancer cells may produce innate immune signals such as type-I interferons following radiation damage, which derives from activation of the cGAS-STING pathway following detection of cytosolic dsDNA. Limited studies have explored how these mechanisms vary from the conditions of the radiation exposure. High- linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induces more DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) per dose than low-LET radiation, thus is expected to be more immunogenic. However, DNA damage in hypoxic cells is more probable to undergo chemical repair due to limitations in oxygen fixation, thus is expected to be more immunosuppressive. Our goal is to study and model the dose response characteristics of IFNβ and Trex1 in vitro following exposure of radiations with varying LET and to develop techniques for further study in vivo.<br></p><p><br></p> <p>Methods: Reference data from Vanpouille-Box (2017) on STING dose response was applied to develop empirical models of cytosolic dsDNA and Trex1 regulation as a function of dose and quantity of DNA DSB, the latter of which is dependent on particle LET and oxygenation and is calculated using Monte Carlo Damage Simulation (MCDS) software. These models were used as preliminary data to guide in vitro experiments using Merkel cell carcinoma cells. The dose response of pro-inflammatory IFNβ and exonuclease Trex1, an anti-inflammatory suppressor of cGAS-STING, was measured post-irradiation. MCDS was again used to model fast neutron relative biological effectiveness for DSB induction (RBEDSB) and compared to laboratory measurements of the RBE for IFNβ production (RBEIFNβ). RBEIFNβ models were applied to radiation transport simulations to quantify the potential secretion of IFNβ in representative clinical beams. To enable intra-tumor radiation targeting of tumor hypoxia, mice were seeded with syngeneic tumors and imaged longitudinally with PCT- spectroscopy to determine local variations hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) over time. Hypoxia classification was based on SaO2 levels in voxels containing hemoglobin relative to a “hypoxia threshold” of SaO2 < 0.2.</p><p><br></p> <p>Results: Based on analysis of published data, our preliminary models of cytosolic DNA and Trex1 dose responses demonstrate dose enhancements from high-LET radiation, such as that at the distal edge of a Bragg peak, and suppression from cellular hypoxia. This manifests as an RBE-dependent ‘shift’ in STING response. Laboratory measurements in MCC13 cells show peak IFNβ production at 6.1 Gy following fast neutron irradiation and 14.5 Gy following x-rays (RBEIFNβ = 2.4). However, IFNβ signal amplitudes were not significantly different between these radiation types. Trex1 signal increased linearly with dose, with fourfold higher upregulation per dose for fast neutrons. Modeling of RBE in clinical beams suggests that ion sources may induce spatially localized IFNβ near their end of range, which is potentially advantageous for initiation of tumor-specific immune activity. Uncharged sources stimulate IFNβ more uniformly with depth. Longitudinal PCT-S scanning is able to localize and distinguish chronic and acute hypoxia in vivo. Changes in the hypoxic classification from tumor growth and following anti-angiogenic therapy are distinguishable.<br> </p><p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p>Conclusion: Radiation-induced immunogenicity can be induced differentially based on radiation quality and is expected to be affected by cellular oxygenation. High-LET radiation, such as fast neutrons, drives greater IFNβ innate immune response per dose than low-LET radiation, such as x-rays, which may enhance abscopal effects when used in combination with immune-stimulating agents. However, anti-inflammatory signaling is greater per dose for fast neutrons, and it remains unclear if high-LET radiations are therapeutically advantageous over low-LET radiation for pro-inflammatory tumor signaling. High resolution in vivo imaging of tumor hypoxia is feasible with photoacoustic techniques, which can potentially be leveraged to study selective immunogenicity enhancement of the hypoxic niche following radiation therapy. <br></p> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div></div>

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis evaluaes production of the body latch, which is used for window, window shutter and door locking. It is made from 11 375 steel sheet which is 1 mm thick. Annual production is 50000 pcs. Progresive cutting and drawing in one combined tool and finishing product in single opperation drawing tool was choosen as most effective. Single operation drawing will be operated manually. Tools was designed by series of technological callculations to which was projected presses Šmeral LDC 160 with additional devices. Acording to economic valuation, cost of production of one piece is 16,50 Kč and production becames profitable after production of 27185 pieces.

This thesis describes the design of a cogeneration unit, its design and operational optimization. The theoretical part explains the principles of cogeneration and the associated advantages and disadvantages, also describes the different types of units and their main components and their suitability for use in various types of buildings. The second part of this thesis deals with a design of cogeneration unit in selected building. Design of cogeneration unit consists of evaluation of the object itself, through the selection of suitable units, optimalization of a selected range of cogeneration units, to the final financial analysis. The part of the thesis are also project drawings, which shows the current status of the heating system and subsequently scheme with the possible involvement of cogeneration units in the existing system.