Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02952.pdf: 7403188 bytes, checksum: e42815826fbb34c3f9e816b7ad625ab8 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O aumento da produÃÃo de resÃduos gera a necessidade de tratÃ-los e/ou armazenÃ-los de forma adequada, minimizando ou eliminando os prejuÃzos ambientais. Nesta pesquisa, foram estudados os Produtos da CombustÃo do CarvÃo Mineral (PCCs) e borra branca de alumÃnio. Os PCCs foram obtidos durante a queima do carvÃo mineral em uma usina termoelÃtrica e a borra branca foi obtida durante o processo de recuperaÃÃo de alumÃnio. Com o objetivo principal de produzir um cimento a partir da moagem de alta energia, os resÃduos foram caracterizados quimicamente por DifraÃÃo de Raios X (DRX), FluorescÃncia de Raios X (FRX), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (INFRA) e fisicamente por Tempo de Pega e ResistÃncia à CompressÃo. As anÃlises quÃmicas mostraram a presenÃa de uma das fases que constitui o cimento Portland, e outras duas fases semelhantes. No entanto, ao realizar as caracterizaÃÃes fÃsicas, os resultados mostraram a nÃo formaÃÃo de cimento. Por outro, foi observado que à possÃvel formar mulita a temperaturas mais baixas que a apresentada na literatura, utilizando moagem de alta energia e sinterizaÃÃo a 1200ÂC. A formaÃÃo de mulita a temperaturas mais baixas a partir de resÃduos apresenta grande potencial de utilizaÃÃo dos materiais estudados, na indÃstria cerÃmica. / The increased production of waste generates the need to treat them and / or store them appropriately, minimizing or eliminating environmental damage. In this research, we studied the Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) and white aluminum dross. The CCPs were obtained during the burning of coal in a power plant and the white dross was obtained during the recovery process of aluminum. With the main objective of producing cement using high-energy milling, the residues were chemically characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Infrared Spectroscopy (INFRA) and physically by determination of Setting Time and Compressive Strength. Chemical analysis showed the presence of a phase which is observed in Portland cement, and two other similar phases. However, when performing physical characterizations, the results showed no formation of cement. On the other hand, it was observed that it is possible to form mullite at lower temperatures than the one presented in the literature using high energy milling and sintering at 1200ÂC. The formation of mullite from waste at lower temperatures presents great potential for use of CCPs and white aluminum dross in the ceramic industry.

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This thesis describes improvements on newly-discovered high-strength pozzolan-based materials fabricated via a low-cost chemical reaction that takes place between 90 and 115 ℃ for 3 to 24 hours. The reported results focus on pozzolan constituents acquired from Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) such as cenospheres, fly ash C and F, as well as bottom ash. The thesis reports on various types of these materials with specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 1.6; compressive strength ranging from 300 to 3600 psi, and compressive modulus ranging from 50 to 240 ksi. In addition to their good mechanical properties under compression that are attractive for the building and construction industries, the materials further exhibit great potential for applications as energy absorption cores in sandwich construction that could extend their value in other industries including the automotive and aerospace industries. For example, the load-displacement curve exhibits a short elastic zone followed by a long load-plateau; while the materials crush through a controlled vertical cracking process. Additionally, an attempt was made to further decrease the manufacturing cost of the material by investigating incorporation of chemicals that accelerates dehydration of the mixture. One such successful chemical reported in this thesis is aluminum phosphate; while it is not conclusive how the chemical improves any major property.

M. Tech. Mechanical Engineering. / Evaluates the effects of blends (vegetable oil-Butanol (BU) alcohol-diesel) on fuel properties, engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. Fuel blends investigated were croton oil (CRO), Diesel (D2), 20% CRO-80% D2, 15% CRO-5% BU-80% D2 and 10% CRO-10% BU-80% D2.

This thesis presents a summary of published data on forest fires and which during these fires are likely to arise and endanger human lives, especially professional firefighters. It also contains general information on fires and forests, but there are also listed the most common causes of this type of fire. It also deals with the knowledge of the public, both professional and lay, of substances generated during forest fires.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07173.pdf: 11277724 bytes, checksum: 5b5dfb2b888fca36e76b5cf99fdb18ab (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo

For 2010 the European Union has a goal to increase the share of renewable energyware to 12%. For 2020 the goal is 20%. One of visions to reach this is to raise the share of solid biofuels. Politicans all over ideologycal spectrum collectively propagate, that farming and waste management sector industry has developed ways to produce solid recovered fuels with reliable qualities, which are used successfully regarding economic and environmental aspects. One of prerequisites to reach this will be to achieve the standardization of solid biofuels. This leads to a need for flexible market, which is attainable only by common understanding concerning terminology, sampling and test methods. European energetically non-intensive industries and settlements are looking for ecologically friendly alternative fuels in order to save fossil fuels. And by doing so, enforce the development of fitting technical norms to facilitate the meeting of offer and demand for the product. Pressed biofuels like pellets are today playing the key role for the small house market as well as for large scale coal substitution in local power plants. The thesis is a part of scientific contemplation MSM 06/2/4a solved by professors S.Kužel and L.Kolář and is trying to answer the question: ``Is combustion of solid biofuels ecologically friendly?{\crqq}

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This thesis is focused on the possibilities of the utilization of the fludized fly ash in ceramic technology, especially in the field of brick manufacturing and ceramic tiles. There were used fly ashes from thermal power plants in Hodonín, Ledvice and Tisová. Fluidized fly ash can be used for manufacturing of building materials. There hasn’t been done extensive research in this area. One of the problem is sulphur dioxide leakage during burning. The work describes the behaviour of fluidized ash during firing. The attention is focused on air pollution of sulphur dioxide. The production of SO2 is controlled so that the aim of the work is to find a way how to avoid leaking. It was proved that addition of sodium ions causes the formation of minerals hauyne and nosean during firing. Also is described the behaviour of the fly ash-soil mixtures. The anhydrite decomposition temperature is lower than in pure fly ash. In the end is fluidized ash applied for the production of dry pressed ceramic tiles. This ash can be used in ceramic technology. However, despite the interesting results there are number of problems that need to be solved.