Concrete is an integral material in modern infrastructural requirements worldwide. The production of Portland cement is however expensive, energy intensive, and results in globally significant greenhouse gas emissions. Natural pozzolans such as pumice can be used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete, which can reduce production costs and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve concrete performance. A fluvial pumice deposit which may be suited for use as a natural pozzolan has been identified on the floodplains of the Waikato River. A sample was milled in Germany, and returned to New Zealand in two subsamples. These were tested in concrete, with tests divided into four rounds. The first two rounds established baseline concrete strengths at water/binder (w/b) ratios of 0.6 and 0.5, with pumice replacing cement at 5, 10, 15 and 30%. Round Three assessed the use of high pH mix water (pH=12.9), and Round Four assessed the use of a polycarboxylate superplasticiser, both with 10% pumice. Pumice is known to retard early concrete strength, however through optimisation of mix design, improvements in concrete strength and durability can be made. Indeed, all 28 day concrete strengths in this research were below Ultracem, however half of these achieved or exceeded Ultracem strengths at 91 days. The use of superplasticiser achieved the best 28 day concrete strengths, and dosage optimisation is expected to yield further improvements. Concrete durability was tested at w/b=0.5, with 10% and 30% pumice. After prolonged curing (231 days), composite concrete showed substantial improvements in electrical resistivity and resistance to chloride attack, most notably with 30% pumice. Concrete porosity was essentially unaffected. This pumice has shown significant promise as a partial cement replacement. Further mix optimisation is likely to yield greater improvements in concrete strength and durability, and will provide a more economically and environmentally sustainable product for the New Zealand concrete market.

This research uses a novel construction material (lime-pozzolan concrete) and real-world project (a school) as a vehicle for investigating the implementation or applied-innovation process in construction. The implementation of new technologies at a product-level is recognised to be an antecedent of technological change in the construction industry. A ‘real world’ construction project aiming to implement a novel lime-pozzolan concrete in the field, has been used as a process-tracing case study. Rigorous analysis of this case study project, expressly focusing on project-level communication, has shown the implementation of innovative and sustainable materials to be a complex, socio-technical process. With the aim of identifying opportunities to improve project-level design processes in order to support the uptake of innovation and sustainable solutions, twelve high-level theories have been built on twenty-five emergent themes. Collectively these insights demonstrate that implementation processes, once initiated, are experiential, social, contextual, active, interactive, temporal, intentional and mutually constituted phenomena. On the strength of empirical findings this thesis argues for a radical shift in managerial attention from the outcome of the process to the process itself; specifically focused on the experience of the design team as process participants. Laboratory testing and initial field trials have demonstrated the technical feasibility of producing structural grade lime-pozzolan concretes with 28-day compressive strengths of up to 50MPa. The lime-pozzolan concretes were ternary combinations of hydraulic lime (NHL5), ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF). The use of NHL5 in conjunction with pozzolanic materials has been shown to be a viable ‘low-carbon’ alternative to CEMI or CEMIII/A in certain circumstances, although this work has demonstrated that the potential savings in the embodied CO2 and energy of lime-pozzolan concretes are highly dependent on the boundaries of the analysis. Moreover the potential for lime-pozzolan concrete with a lower still CO2 and energy intensity than any concretes tested to date has been identified.

Recycling composite glass with different colours in order to be manufactured into new glass products is at present not economically viable. Therefore, the search for new issues other than stockpile areas or dumping sites could be a serious opportunity. To a certain extent, one of the possible solutions is to use the recycled glass in manufacturing cements and in the preparation of concrete mixtures. However, it is essential to manage the two main behaviours that the glass can have when used in cement-based materials: (1) the use of glass as coarse aggregates reveals harmful behaviour related to alkali-silica reaction; (2) on the other hand, it can result in useful behaviour related to pozzolanic reaction if used as fine particles. Furthermore, the significant alkali content should not be overlooked as their mass corresponds to about 13% of the total mass of the glass and as they may activate the alkali-silica reaction. An experimental programme was conducted to provide answers to the various questions raised about the use of glass in cement-based materials. The first part of this work was primarily devoted to the evaluation of the reactive potential of glass in mortars (alkali and pozzolanic reactions). At this stage, nine classes of glass particles ranging from 3[mu]m to 2.5 mm were considered. Then, fine glass particles were used in order to counteract the negative effect of some classes of coarse aggregates having revealed alkali-reactive behaviour. The second part of this work was performed to study the mechanisms that could explain the behaviours of fine and coarse particles in aqueous and concentrated environments. Different answers have been proposed to explain the observed behaviour in terms of grain sizes of glass.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi contribuir para a viabilização do uso da cinza de capim elefante em escala laboratorial como uma pozolana ativa em substituição parcial do cimento Portland, através da obtenção e tratamento da cinza e seu estudo em pastas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas. Na etapa 1, denominada \"Obtenção da cinza\", foi realizado o estudo das estruturas do capim elefante, que foi separado em folhas, (colmo + bainha) e planta inteira e para análise da cinza de cada parte. Observa-se na cinza que há um teor elevado principalmente, de sílica e potássio, sendo que o teor de sílica é maior na folha, enquanto o de potássio é maior no (colmo + bainha). Na etapa 2, denominada \"Tratamento da cinza\", foram realizados diferentes tratamentos químicos e térmicos no material, com o intuito de diminuir os teores dos íons alcalinos, e, com isso, aumentar a proporção de SiO2 na cinza final. Foram realizados três tratamentos, sendo T1 tratamento no capim elefante antes da queima, com solução ácida, T2 tratamento na cinza de capim elefante com água quente e T3 tratamento também na cinza com solução ácida. Pode-se observar que houve um aumento no teor de sílica nas cinzas após os tratamentos. E por fim, na etapa 3, denominada \"Estudo das pastas\", procurou-se aplicar a cinza com tratamento T3, através da caracterização das pastas. Foram produzidas cinco pastas diferentes, C (somente cimento), CC (cimento - cinza), CS (cimento - sílica ativa), CHC (hidróxido de cálcio - cinza) e CHS (hidróxido de cálcio - sílica ativa). Foram feitos estudos de caracterização dos materiais, como também ensaios para a avaliação das pastas, dentre eles, resistência à compressão e ensaios para análise da hidratação do cimento. A cinza apresentou ser um material reativo. E, para sua aplicação em pasta, pode-se notar que a resistência à compressão da pasta com 20% de cinza não diferiu significativamente da pasta produzida somente com cimento. Pela avaliação de difração de raios X (DRX), observou-se a diminuição dos picos das fases ferrita, aluminato tricálcico, belita e alita, o que é indicativo do processo da reação. Adicionalmente, pela análise de termogravimetria, constatou-se o consumo de portlandita, com o passar do tempo e a formação dos géis de CSH. Com base nos resultados obtidos nas três etapas descritas neste trabalho, pode-se concluir que a substituição parcial do cimento Portland pela cinza de capim elefante como material pozolânico é tecnicamente possível e viável. / The aim of this study was to contribute to the use of elephant grass ashes, obtained from laboratory scale, as an active pozzolan in partial replacement of Portland cement, by the production and treatment of these ashes and their evaluation study into pastes. The work was developed in three steps. The step 1, entitled: \"Getting Ash\", was carried out to study the structures of elephant grass, which was separated into leaves, (stem + sheath) and the whole plant, and the ashes of each part were analyzed. It is observed that the ash has high content of silica and potassium, whereas the silica content is higher in the leaf part, while potassium is highest in the (stem + sheath) region. In step 2, entitled \"Treatment of the ash\" there were carried out different thermal and chemical treatments on the material, to reduce the concentration of alkali ions and thereby increase the proportion of SiO2 in the ash. Three treatments were carried out: T1, treatment in the elephant grass before burning, with acid solution; T2, treatment in the elephant grass ash with hot water and; T3, treatment also in the ash with acid solution. It can be observed an increase in the silica content in the ashes after of the treatments. Finally, the step 3 activities, entitled \"Study of pastes\", attempted to apply the ash with T3 treatment, by the characterization of the pastes. Five different pastes were produced, C (cement only), CC (cement - ash), CS (cement - silica fume), CHC (calcium hydroxide - ash) and CHS (calcium hydroxide - silica fume). There were made studies for the characterization of the materials, as well as, the tests for the evaluation of the pastes, such as compressive strength tests and the analyses to measure the hydration of the cement. The ash under consideration showed to be a reactive material. For its application in the paste, it can be noted that the compressive strength of the paste with 20% of the ash did not differ significantly the paste produced with only cement. For the evaluation of X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was observed a decrease of the peaks of the ferrite phases, tricalcium aluminate, alite and belite, which is indicative of the reaction process. In the thermogravimetric analysis, it was observed the consumption of portlandite, in the course of time, and the formation of the CSH. Based on the results obtained in the three steps described in this work, it can be concluded that the partial replacement of Portland cement by elephant grass ash as pozzolanic material is technically possible and viable.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-08T16:43:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Júlia Maciel Marinho Fernandes_.pdf: 24903248 bytes, checksum: e58f36fcc0799fa5830bd2beede0f0ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T16:43:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Júlia Maciel Marinho Fernandes_.pdf: 24903248 bytes, checksum: e58f36fcc0799fa5830bd2beede0f0ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / Nenhuma / A utilização de materiais cimentícios suplementares (MCS) na produção de cimento é uma estratégia bastante difundida para diminuição de custos de produção, e pode contribuir para a minimização da emissão de CO2. Estes materiais, ao reagirem com o hidróxido de cálcio (CH), gerado na hidratação do cimento, formam silicatos de cálcio e aluminatos de cálcio hidratados adicionais, contribuindo para o ganho de resistência. Segundo a normativa brasileira, para ser considerado um material pozolânico, o somatório de óxidos de Si, Al e Fe deve ser maior do que 70%. No entanto este requisito deve ser tomado com restrições, pois evidências indicam que somente a fração amorfa dos óxidos pozolânicos é que consomem CH. Diante disto, este trabalho teve por objetivo geral avaliar de forma comparativa a influência da composição química e da fração amorfa dos óxidos pozolânicos na reatividade de materiais cimentícios suplementares. Foram estudados uma cinza volante da combustão do carvão (CV); de um resíduo de cerâmica vermelha (RCV); e de um metacaulim (MK). Os materiais tiveram a granulometria ajustada a fim de se obter um D50 de 4 ± 2 µm, buscando uma menor diferença entre a distribuição granulométrica dos MCS e o pó de quartzo (PQ), empregado para compor um padrão secundário de referência, o que permite isolar o fator consumo de cimento nas análises. Os MCS foram caracterizados por FRX, por granulometria à laser, por adsorção de nitrogênio, por picnometria de gás hélio, e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Empregou-se também DRX em conjunto com o refinamento de Rietveld, utilizando-se o método do padrão interno para a quantificação de fases. A reatividade dos MCS foi medida pelo método de Fratini, por TG/DTG e por resistência à compressão, em pastas e argamassas. Constatou-se que todos os MCS são reativos. O teor de amorfos totais em geral não explica o consumo de CaO, nem as resistências de argamassas. O teor de alumina amorfa apresenta considerável influência sobre consumo de CH, medido em análise térmica, em relação à pasta com PQ. O emprego de pastas para ensaios de resistência, e o padrão com PQ, permitiu avaliar a contribuição da reação dos MCS para as resistências, e, neste caso o teor de amorfos totais e de Al2O3 amorfa apresentam a mesma tendência de comportamento, quanto maior o teor, maior a resistência. No entanto, esta tendência não foi observada quando o teor de SiO2 é isolado, pois o RCV não segue o mesmo comportamento. Foi observado também que o teor elevado de Fe2O3 do RCV pode ser o responsável pela baixa redução de CaO observada no ensaio de Fratini deste MCS. / The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in the cement production is an usually strategy to reduce costs, and it can promote the reduce of the CO2 emissions. These materials react with the calcium hydroxide (CH), generated in the cement hydration, forming hydrated calcium silicates and aluminates, contributing for the compressive strength. A pozzolanic material has to have, according the Brazilian Standards, a sum of Si, Al and Fe oxides above 70%. However, this requirement have to be taken in account with caution, as evidences indicate that only the amorphous fraction of the pozzolanic oxides consume CH. The aim of this work is to evaluate in a comparative way the influence of the chemical composition and of the amorphous fase of pozzolanic oxides in the reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials. It was studied a fly ash from coal burning (FA), a fired-clay brick powder (FCP) and a comercial metacaulim (MK). The size distribution of the material was adjusted in order to obtain a D50 of 4 ± 2 µm, in order to adjust the granulometry of the materials with the quartz powder (QP), that was employed in a secondary reference composition. The use of this secondary reference allows to compare the pozzolanic materials mixtures with a reference with the same cement consumption. The SCM were characterized by XRF, by laser granulometry, by nitrogen adsorption method, helium gas pycnometry, and by scanning electronic microscopy. It was also employed XRD associated with Rietveld refinement, using the internal pattern method for phase quantifying. The SCM reactivity was measured by Fratini Method, by TG/DTG and by compressive strength, in cement pastes and mortars. It was found that all SCM are reactions. The total amorphous content in general does not explain the CaO consumption, neither the mortars strength. The amorphous alumina content shows a considerable influence on the CH consume measured by TG, taking as reference the pastes with QP. The use of cement paste for compressive strength tests, as well the reference with QP, allowed to evaluate the contribution of the reactivity of SCM for the strength, and, in this case, the total amorphous content and the amorphous Al2O3 content presented the same tendency of behaviour: as big is the content, as big is the strength. However, this tendency it was not observed when the amorphous SiO2 is isolated, because the FCP does not have the same behaviour. It also was observed that the high content of Fe2O3 in the FCP can be responsable for the low tax of CaO consumption observed in the Fratini method of this SCM.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_OTAVIO AUGUSTO PAIVA.pdf: 8701931 bytes, checksum: fa7ddfc8f71e05d7fe06a55c98faefc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The experimental program of the present project was developed in order to evaluate the residue performance of ground plain glasses in cement based paste and mortar. Different conditions of grounding were used to generate a material with particles of the same order of magnitude of the cement particles. The ground glass residue (GGR) displayed physicalchemistry characteristics compatible to the ones of pozzolan, with relevance to the pozzolanic activity index (PAI). PAI equal to 104% was obtained, which is higher than that 75% -minimum value required by the Brazilian standard. The GGR was used in paste and mortar as a partial replacement of cement of 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% in mass, considering a waterbinder ratio of 0,4. The GGR behavior was evaluated through the X-Ray diffraction, thermal analysis, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, porosity, water absorption, and alkaliaggregate reaction. The results did not indicate difference between the mechanical strength of the pastes with GGR and reference mixture after 28 days of curing. In mortars, the results of mechanical strength of the GGR mixtures were adequate from 7 days due to the filler and pozzolanic effects, mainly the 20% GGR mortar. In particular, the GGR provided increasing of compressive strength of 14% and 22% after 28 and 56 days of curing, respectively. / O programa experimental realizado no presente projeto foi desenvolvido de forma a avaliar o desempenho do resíduo de vidros planos moídos em pastas e argamassas a base de cimento Portland. Foram estudadas diferentes condições de moagem que possibilitassem a obtenção de um material com partículas da mesma ordem de gRandeza das partículas do cimento. O resíduo de vidro moído (RVM) apresentou características físico-químicas compatíveis às da pozolana, com destaque para o índice de atividade pozolânica. Obteve-se valor de 104%, empregando o cimento, que é superior a 75%, prescrito na norma brasileira. O RVM foi aplicado em pastas e argamassas como substituto parcial do cimento, para teores de 0%, 10%, 15%, e 20% em massa, para uma relação água-aglomerante de 0,4. O comportamento do RVM foi avaliado através de ensaios de difração de raios X, análise térmica, resistência à compressão, porosimetria, absorção, permeabilidade, módulo de elasticidade e reação álcaliagregado. Os resultados indicaram que as resistências mecânicas das pastas com RVM alcançaram o valor da resistência de referência a partir dos 28 dias. Nas argamassas foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios de resistência mecânica a partir dos 7 dias, iniciado pelo efeito de preenchimento e, posteriormente, pelo efeito pozolânico que superou os resultados de referência após os 28 dias, principalmente para o teor de 20%. Particularmente, o RVM aumentou a resistência à compressão em 14 e 22% após os 28 e 56 dias de cura, respectivamente.

Two metakaolins were evaluated for use as supplementary cementitious materials in cement-based systems. The metakaolins varied in their surface area (11.1 v. 25.4 m2/g), but were quite similar in mineralogical composition. Performance of metakaolin mixtures was compared to control mixtures and to mixtures incorporating silica fume as partial replacement for cement at water-to-cementitious materials ratios of 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60. In this study, the early age properties of fresh concrete and the mechanical and durability properties of hardened concrete were examined. Early age evaluations aimed to determine the reactivity of metakaolin (heat of hydration) and its effect on mixture workability (slump, setting time, unit weight). In addition, three types of shrinkage were monitored in metakaolin-cement systems: chemical, autogenous, and free. Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured at various concrete ages. The influence of metakaolin addition on durability was assessed through accelerated testing for sulfate resistance, expansion due to alkali-silica reaction, and through rapid chloride permeability measurements. To further quantify the underlying mechanisms of metakaolin's action, the microstructure of pastes was examined. Calcium hydroxide (CH) content was determined using thermogravimetric analysis and verified using differential thermal analysis. Surface area and pore size distribution were evaluated via nitrogen adsorption. These analyses yielded information about the pozzolanic reactivity of metakaolin, associated CH consumption and pore structure refinement, and resulting improvements in mechanical performance and durability of metakaolin-concretes.

Numerous agents and mechanisms are known to affect the durability of a concrete structure during its service life. Examples include freezing and thawing, corrosion of reinforcing steel, alkali-aggregate reactions, sulfate attack, carbonation, and leaching by neutral or acidic ground waters. Among these, external sulfate attack was first identified in 1908, and led to the discovery of sulfate resistant Portland cement (SRPC). Besides SRPC, another way of coping with the problem of sulfate attack is the use of pozzolans either as an admixture to concrete or in the form of blended cements This study presents an investigation on the sulfate resistance of blended cements containing different amounts of natural pozzolan and/or low-lime fly ash compared to ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resistant Portland cement. Within the scope of this study, an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and five different blended cements were produced with different proportions of clinker, natural pozzolan, low-lime fly ash and limestone. For comparison, a sulfate resistant Portland cement (SRPC) with a different clinker was also obtained. For each cement, two different mixtures with the water/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.485 and 0.560 were prepared in order to observe the effect of permeability controlled by water/cement ratio. The performance of cements was observed by exposing the prepared 25x25x285 mm prismatic mortar specimens to 5% Na2SO4 solution for 78 weeks and 50mm cubic specimens for 52 weeks. Relative deterioration of the specimens was determined by length, density and ultrasonic pulse velocity change, and strength examination at different ages. It was concluded that depending on the amount and effectiveness of the mineral additives, blended cements were considered to be effective for moderate or high sulfate environments. Moreover, the cement chemistry and w/c ratio of mortars were the two parameters affecting the performance of mortars against an attack. As a result of this experimental study it was found out that time to failure is decreasing with the increasing w/c ratio and the effect of w/c ratio was more important for low sulfate resistant cements with higher C3A amounts when compared to high sulfate resistant cements with lower C3A amounts.

The extent of the benefits provided by use of SCMs in cementitious systems increases as their percentage amounts in total binder increases. However, the proportion of SCMs in cementitious systems is limited, especially for natural pozzolans, by some factors such as increase in water requirement and decrease in rate of strength development. Therefore investigations are needed to increase the amount of natural pozzolans in blended cements or in concrete as much as possible without decreasing their performance. This aim requires studies on cementitious systems with more reactive natural pozzolans than widely-used ones. The objective of the study was to investigate the pozzolanic activity of natural zeolites (clinoptilolite) from two localities in Turkey, and properties of cementitious systems containing low (15%), moderate (35%) and high (55%) amount of them. The study covers characterization of the natural zeolites used, evaluation of their pozzolanic activity in comparison with some popular mineral admixtures, and properties of pastes, mortars, and concrete mixtures containing low, moderate, and high amounts of natural zeolites. Reactivity of the natural zeolites with Ca(OH)2 was found to be higher than those of the fly ash and the non-zeolitic pozzolan, but lower than that of the silica fume. Natural zeolite blended cements were characterized with the following highlighted properties / faster setting than portland cement, low amounts of Ca(OH)2 and capillary pores larger than 50 nm in hardened pastes, relatively dense microstructure of hardened paste than portland cement, more compatibility with melamine-based superplasticizer than being with naphthalene-based one, and excellent compressive strength performance. Concrete mixtures containing natural zeolites as partial replacement for portland cement were characterized with the following properties / 7-day compressive strength of ~25 MPa and 28-day strength of 45-50 MPa with only 180 kg/m3 portland cement and 220 kg/m3 zeolite dosages (55% replacement), comparable modulus of elasticity with plain portland cement concrete, &ldquo / low&rdquo / and &ldquo / very low&rdquo / chloride-ion penetrability for low and large levels of replacement, respectively.

ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF POZZOLAN INCORPORATION AND CURING CONDITIONS ON STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE OF NATURAL GYPSUM PASTES Cengiz, Okan Ph.D., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Turhan Y. Erdogan September 2009, 189 pages There are large reserves of gypsum rock (CaSO4&middot / 2H2O) in Turkey and in various regions of the world. Heating gypsum rock to 140 - 190 0C causes it to lose three-fourths of its water molecules and turn into gypsum, called plaster of Paris / heat application over 190 0C results in loss of all the water molecules and this form of the material is called gypsum anhydrite. When gypsum is mixed with water, it gains cementitious property and hardens in a short time. Therefore, natural gypsum anhydrite and especially plaster of Paris are widely used in the construction industry. On the other hand, its not being water resistant and having low strength restrict the use of gypsum products for outdoor applications. In this study, the effects of pozzolan incorporation to natural gypsum pastes and application of various curing regimes for improving their water resistance and strength were investigated. Compressive strength and absorption tests on one thousand one hundred twenty two 5-cm cube specimens produced from v 13 different mixture types were conducted. Also the microstructures of these products were investigated using the analytical technique X-Ray Diffraction. The test results showed that water resistance and strength properties of pozzolan-incorporated gypsum products were improved. Curing of the product at elevated temperature regimes was an additional factor that contributed to this improvement. It was concluded that the natural gypsum mixtures prepared and cured at the above-mentioned conditions could also be used for outdoor applications. Keywords: Pozzolan, Natural Gypsum, Elevated Temperature Curing