In developed nations, 20-40% of greenhouse gas emissions and more than one-third of energy consumption are attributable to buildings. Among various available strategies, the building sector has the greatest potential for carbon emission reduction. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) took early action to promote sustainable designs in buildings and has become the most well-known rating system in the field of building sustainability. However, little research has evaluated the effects of LEED on occupant pro-environmental behavior. To examine this, a Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) was conducted in a traditional, green featured, and LEED certified building case to compare the similarities and differences in environmental awareness, perceptions, and perceived ease or difficulty of pro-environmental behaviors, as well as to assess the degree to which pro-environmental behaviors were exhibited by occupants. This was used to determine if the aforementioned factors influence occupant behavior in different building cases. Ease or difficulty of pro-environmental behaviors and environmental awareness were found to be significant factors in influencing pro-environmental behavior in the LEED certified and green featured building cases. In addition, being in a LEED building appears to influence occupant pro-environmental behavior in a positive way. Also, there is evidence to suggest that being in a green featured building appears to influence occupants to exhibit pro-environmental behavior as well. These findings are valuable for owners and designers that want occupants in their buildings to exhibit pro-environmental behavior. / Master of Science / Climate change is an issue that has risen to national and global importance with the increase of rising sea levels, temperature and precipitation, and extreme weather events. To combat the issue of climate change, changes in building design through the avenue of green rating systems have been used to encourage the building sector to reduce energy consumption and thus, a building’s environmental impact. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), is one of the most well-known green rating systems used to rate energy efficient buildings. However, the effect of LEED on occupant pro-environmental behavior has been less studied in understanding how occupant behavior impacts energy consumption in a traditional, green featured, and LEED certified building case. This thesis aims to explore if occupying different buildings influence occupants to exhibit proenvironmental behaviors. For this study, I investigated whether occupant’s environmental awareness, perceptions, perceived ease or difficulty of set behaviors and pro-environmental behavior differed between different building cases. This thesis concludes that being in a LEED certified and green featured building appear to influence occupants to exhibit pro-environmental behavior, more so than being in a traditional building.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Managing a sustainable built environment with a large number of buildings rests on the ability to assess and improve the performance of the building stock over time. Building stock models are cornerstones to the assessment of the combined impact of energy-related building interventions across different spatial and temporal scales. However, such models, particularly those accounting for both physical formulation and social behaviors of the underlying buildings, are still in their infancy. This research strives to more thoroughly examine how buildings perform aggregately in energy usage by focusing on how to tackled three major technical challenges: (1) quantifying building energy performance in an objective and scalable manner, (2) mapping building stock model space to real-world data space, and (3) quantifying and evaluating energy intervention behaviors of a building stock. This thesis hypothesizes that a new paradigm of aggregation of large-scale building stocks can lead to (1) an accurate and efficient intervention analysis model and (2) a functionally comprehensive decision support tool for building stock energy intervention analysis. Specifically, this thesis presents three methodologies. To address the first challenge, this thesis develops a normative building physical energy model that can rapidly estimate single building energy performance with respect to its design and operational characteristics. To address the second challenge, the thesis proposes a statistical procedure using regression and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling techniques that inverse-estimate building parameters based on building stock energy consumption survey data. The outcomes of this statistical procedure validate the approach of using prototypical buildings for two types of intervention analysis: energy retrofit and demand response. These two cases are implemented in an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) framework to tackle the third challenge. This thesis research contributes to the body of knowledge pertaining to building energy modeling beyond the single building scale. The proposed framework can be used by energy policy makers and utilities for the evaluation of energy retrofit incentives and demand-response program economics.

The purpose of this thesis is to define the historical commercial center. To write this history, it was necessary to identify the developmental factors affecting the form and/or placement of the building sign. Historic photographs of the Indianapolis commercial center and other primary sources were used to document the popular sign forms of that era.Sign history is not a subject that is well represented in preservation or urban planning literature. Thus, the preservation and/or adaptive use of historic commercial districts often lacks strong references to the district's building sign heritage. This history is a guide for those professionals whose job it is to develop design guidelines and sign ordinances for early 20th-century historic commercial districts. / Department of Architecture

by Kong Wing Yee, Iris. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [92]). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Pricate Sector Real Estate Market in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Trend of the Real Estate Market --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Background of the New Product: Industrial-Commercial Building --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Legal Status of I-C Buildings --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Objectives & Methodology --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General market environment --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Business definition & development pattern --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Marketing strategy of major players --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Survey --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Customer profile --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Rating of brands --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Rating of I-C buildings --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Attributes in purchase --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Advantages of I-C buildings --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Future market --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- FINDINGS FROM LITERATURE SURVEY & INTERVIEW / Chapter 3.1 --- General Market Environment of the Real Estate Industry --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Business Definition of I-C Buildings --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Market Environment of I-C Buildings --- p.22 / Chapter 3.4 --- Development of I-C Buildings --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Location --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Product Features --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Pricing --- p.28 / Chapter 3.5 --- Competitors Analysis & Marketing Strategies --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Sino Land & TST Properties Ltd --- p.31 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cheung Kong (Holdings) Ltd --- p.34 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- New World Development Co Ltd --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Tai Cheung Properties Ltd --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- FINDINGS FROM QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY / Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- Customer Profile --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Trade of customers --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Unit area required --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Use of the unit --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- First-time or repeat customers --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Pre-purchase Information Source --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4 --- Trend of Customer Trades --- p.46 / Chapter 4.5 --- Rating of Developers/ Brands --- p.47 / Chapter 4.6 --- Rating of Five I-C Buildings --- p.49 / Chapter 4.7 --- Rating of Attributes in Purchasing --- p.53 / Chapter 4.8 --- I-C Building Compared to Two Competitive / Chapter 4.8 --- I-C Building Compared to Two Competitive Products:Industrial & Office Building --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- ANALYSIS OF THE I-C BUILDING NICHE MARKET / Chapter 5.1 --- Business Problems --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- General Economy --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Competition from substitute products --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Lack of Sites --- p.62 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Legal Status --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- Target Customers --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3 --- "Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats of the I-C Building Niche Market" --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Strengths --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Weaknesses --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Opportunities --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Threats --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- FUTURE STRATEGY & CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Future Strategy for the I-C Building Niche market --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Legal status --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Location --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Product --- p.70 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Price --- p.71 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- Promotion --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2 --- Uncertainties --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Legislative --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Political --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Economic --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Environmental --- p.74 / APPENDICES / Chapter 1. --- Questionnaire --- p.A1 / Chapter 2. --- Record of Interview - Tai Cheung Properties Ltd --- p.A4 / Chapter 3. --- Record of Interview - Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd --- p.A6 / Chapter 4. --- Photographs and plates --- p.A9

Fung Chi Hang Victor. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1999-2000, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. [89]). / Introduction & Summary / Chapter 0.1 --- Project Statement / Chapter 0.2 --- Definition / Chapter 0.3 --- Client Profile / Chapter 0.4 --- The Site: Kwun Tong / Chapter 0.5 --- Working VS Living / Chapter 0.6 --- Project Summary / Chapter 0.7 --- Conclusion / Background / Chapter 1.0 --- Outline of Process / Chapter 1.1 --- Methodlogy / Chapter 1.2 --- Mission / Chapter 2.0 --- Summary of Research / Chapter 2.1 --- Background of Kwun Tong / Chapter 2.2 --- Focus of Study: The Industrial Area / Chapter 2.3 --- Working as modern lifestyle / Chapter 2.4 --- Industry of Hong Kong / Chapter 2.5 --- Economic Restructuring of Hong Kong / Chapter 2.6 --- Jobs in the Age of IT / Chapter 2.7 --- Future Workplace in Kwun Tong / Chapter 3.0 --- Summary of Precedent Studies / Chapter 4.0 --- Site Selection: / Chapter 4.1 --- Site Selection Citeria / Chapter 4.2 --- Site 1 - Street Approach / Chapter 4.3 --- Site 2 - Island Site / Chapter 4.4 --- Site 3 - Sea Front / Chapter 4.5 --- Final Site Selection / Chapter 4.0 --- Project Brief / Chapter 4.1 --- Design Brief / Chapter 4.2 --- Client Profile / Chapter 4.3 --- Statutory Control / Chapter 4.4 --- User's Spatial Requirements / Chapter 4.5 --- Schedule of Accomodation / Chapter 4.6 --- Issues - Concepts / The Design / Chapter 5.1 --- Concepts / Chapter 5.1.1 --- New & Old / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Concept Diagrams / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Spatial Relationship / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Conceptual Model / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Small Office & Common Area / Chapter 5.2 --- Design Development / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Stage 1: Review on 10/12/1999 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Stage 2: Review on 14/01/2000 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Stage 3: Review on 11/02/2000 / Chapter 5.3 --- Final Design / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Site Level / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Zoning / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Building Level / Chapter 5.3.4 --- New & Old / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Working Place / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Public Space / Appendix / Chapter 6 --- Precedents / Chapter 6.1 --- Precedent 1 - TaiKoo Place / Chapter 6.2 --- Precedent 2 - Hong Kong Industrial Technology Centre / Chapter 6.3 --- Precedent 3 - Edding / Chapter 6.4 --- Precedent 4 - Imagination / Chapter 6.5 --- "Precedent 5 - Boardgate, London City" / Chapter 6.6 --- Precedent 6 - Cebtraal Beheer Offices / Chapter 7 --- "Interviews, Background Research & Records" / Chapter 7.1 --- Record of Review on 24 Sep 1999 / Chapter 7.2 --- Record of meeting and interview / Chapter 7.3 --- ROBINA / Chapter 7.4 --- Changes of Project Title / Chapter 7.5 --- Project Objectives upto 10/12/1999 / Chapter 7.6 --- Design Development upto 10/12/1999 / Chapter 7.7 --- Key Research Findings upto 10/12/1999 / Chapter 8 --- Bibliography

To Sin Yeung. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report." / Prefactory matters also in Chinese. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50).

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

M.Sc. / This study compares the electricity consumption of two buildings, of similar architectural design, in Simba Office Park, Sandton, in Johannesburg. One of the buildings (Block AB) has not been retrofitted for energy efficiency, whilst the other building (Block C) is a retrofitted building. The hypothesis postulates that the retrofitted building would use less energy than the non-retrofitted one. The research methodology employed has been used internationally, as in the case reported by Levine et al. (1996), who did a study in the United States of America on retrofitting for achieving energy efficiency. Dong et al. (2005) investigated the energy savings due to the retrofitting of old Singaporean commercial office buildings. In this case, six buildings were compared before and after retrofitting, using utility bill and weather data. There have also been similar studies in China (Xu et al, 2006) and Budapest (Urge-Vorsatz & Novikova, 2008). The Budapest study also unpacked the cost of retrofitting. Using methods advocated by Probst (2004), Yalcintas (2008) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) for collecting data on floor space, building parameters and design, this study also collected electricity consumption data based on meter readings for the same blocks over the period March 2009 to April 2010. The retrofitting measures were documented and the associated costs noted. Interviews were conducted with key personnel such as the Central Energy Fund (CEF) House executives, the site electrical engineer, the developer, and Simba Office Park managers. Block AB had the least number of energy-efficient installations. Block C was found to be fully retrofitted, at a cost of more than R4 million. However, the energy management system, required to manage and monitor energy use, was only fully installed by November 2009. The results of this study are significant. It was found that energy consumption for Block C far exceeded that for Block AB. Thus, in this case, retrofitting did not reduce electricity consumption. The results demonstrate that in order to fully understand energy use, data collection and analysis must be ongoing. This verifies the findings of Ali (2008), Armstrong (2009) and Yalcintas & Kaya (2009) who found that we need to shift from managing buildings to managing energy use and assess and verify any recorded savings to ensure energy conservation. Computer-based building management systems play a major role in such management. Such a system was only partially in use in Block C for the duration of the study period. Thus, another finding was that the energy management system needs to be fully operational in real time, or else energy efficiencies cannot be achieved and data sets will be incomplete. This conclusion reflects the findings of Hirst (1980).

Simulation is one of the oldest and also among the most important tools available to engineers. In the building Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) community the availability and/or functionality of simulation tools is limited and it is difficult to determine whether the simulation models accurately represent reality. The purpose of this study was to accurately verify one such a simulation model and then to extend the study to two unique applications. Comprehensive structural, comfort and energy audits were performed to construct a suitable simulation model with the aid of the control simulation package: QUICK Control. The model was then verified against measured building data to ensure an accurate representation of the actual dynamic building response. For the first application various control retrofits were evaluated and the highest potential for energy saving was found. Thereafter the model was implemented to investigate the change in indoor air conditions due to failure of HVAC equipment. Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning in buildings consume a significant portion of the available electrical energy in South Africa. Of this energy up to 30% can be saved by improving the HVAC systems currently installed in the buildings. This could result in savings of up to R400 million. For the building used in this study it was found that up to 66% of the HVAC system’s electrical energy consumption could be saved with a payback period of only 9 months. These savings could be achieved by implementing a setback control strategy with an improved time management procedure. Predicting the impact of failing equipment is a difficult task because of the integrated dynamic effect every HVAC component has on the next. With the aid of a comprehensive integrated simulation model the implications of failing can be determined and necessary assessments and precautions can be taken. The results of this study showed that the air-conditioning system under investigation was approximately 100% over designed. Failure of up to 50% was allowable in the cooling equipment before any noticeable impact could be observed in the indoor climate. With further failure the required comfort conditions could not be sustained. <p The substantial savings calculation and possibility of predicting climate deterioration would not have been possible without the aid of a comprehensive simulation package and model. This study clearly highlights the worth of integrated simulation. / Dissertation (MSc (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted