Orientador: Fernando Antonio de Ávila / Banca: Hélio José Montassier / Banca:Antonio José Piantino Ferreira / Resumo: Foram isoladas 90 estirpes de E. coli de fígados e de intestinos, de pintainhas de postura comercial, com sete dias de idade. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as estirpes isoladas, a patogenicidade das mesmas foi determinada, em inoculação "in vivo". O teste revelou 44 estirpes de alta ou de intermediária patogenicidade, que foram analisadas por PCR multiplex quanto á presença de oito genes de virulência (astA, iss, iucD, irp2, papC, tsh, vat e cva/cvi) e tiveram os sorotipos O:H identificados. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as estirpes analisadas continham pelo menos um dos oito genes pesquisados e que a maioria (93,20%) possuíam o gene iss. Foram detectados 17 perfis genéticos diferentes, sendo 15 deles com combinações de dois ou mais genes, representando 70,45% do total de estirpes analisadas. Onze sorogrupos e onze antígenos "H" foram identificados, sendo O8 (15,89%) e o H17 (23,8%) os mais frequentes. Com o objetivo de verificar a susceptibilidade das estirpes aos antimicrobianos: ampicilina, enrofloxacina, eritromicina, espectinomicina, estreptomicina, fosfomicina, kanamicina, lincomicina, norfloxacina, sulfa+trimetoprim e tetraciclina, comumente utilizados na avicultura, todas as estirpes de E. coli isoladas foram analisadas. O antimicrobiano que apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana foi a espectinomicina (92,2%) e o de menor atividade foi a lincomicina. Nenhuma das estirpes foi sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Os resultados demonstraram uma diversidade de sorotipos e de genes de virulência envolvidos no quadro clínico de colibacilose estudado, como também sorogrupos que não haviam sido relatados em APEC e a alta incidência de resistência antimicrobiana / Abstract: A total of 90 strains of E. coli were isolated from the livers and intestines of seven-day-old commercial layer chicks. With the objective of characterising the isolated strains, their pathogenicity levels were determined by in vivo inoculation. These tests identified 44 strains with high or intermediate levels of pathogenicity, which were then analysed by multiplex PCR for the presence of eight virulence genes (astA, iss, iucD, irp2, papC, tsh, vat e cvi/cva) and the serotypes O:H were identified. The results demonstrated that these isolated strains contained at least one of the eight genes of interest, and the majority (93.20%) possessed the iss gene. Seventeen different genetic patterns were detected, 15 of which had combinations of two or more genes, representing 70.45% of all analysed strains. Eleven serogroups and eleven antigens "H" were identified, O8 (15.89%) and H17 (23.80%) were most frequent. Aiming to verify the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, fosfomycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim sulfa and tetracycline, commonly used in poultry, all strains of E. coli isolates were analyzed. The antibiotics that showed the highest antibacterial activity was spectinomycin (92.2%) and less activity was the lincomycin (100%) strains were resistant. None of the strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The results showed a diversity of serotypes and virulence genes involved in the clinical study of colibacillosis, as well as serogroups that had not been reported in APEC and the high incidence of antimicrobial resistance / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guastalli_eal_me_jabo.pdf: 288811 bytes, checksum: 03b7643862d7f270422c422ff91b53b9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram isoladas 90 estirpes de E. coli de fígados e de intestinos, de pintainhas de postura comercial, com sete dias de idade. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as estirpes isoladas, a patogenicidade das mesmas foi determinada, em inoculação “in vivo”. O teste revelou 44 estirpes de alta ou de intermediária patogenicidade, que foram analisadas por PCR multiplex quanto á presença de oito genes de virulência (astA, iss, iucD, irp2, papC, tsh, vat e cva/cvi) e tiveram os sorotipos O:H identificados. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as estirpes analisadas continham pelo menos um dos oito genes pesquisados e que a maioria (93,20%) possuíam o gene iss. Foram detectados 17 perfis genéticos diferentes, sendo 15 deles com combinações de dois ou mais genes, representando 70,45% do total de estirpes analisadas. Onze sorogrupos e onze antígenos “H” foram identificados, sendo O8 (15,89%) e o H17 (23,8%) os mais frequentes. Com o objetivo de verificar a susceptibilidade das estirpes aos antimicrobianos: ampicilina, enrofloxacina, eritromicina, espectinomicina, estreptomicina, fosfomicina, kanamicina, lincomicina, norfloxacina, sulfa+trimetoprim e tetraciclina, comumente utilizados na avicultura, todas as estirpes de E. coli isoladas foram analisadas. O antimicrobiano que apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana foi a espectinomicina (92,2%) e o de menor atividade foi a lincomicina. Nenhuma das estirpes foi sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Os resultados demonstraram uma diversidade de sorotipos e de genes de virulência envolvidos no quadro clínico de colibacilose estudado, como também sorogrupos que não haviam sido relatados em APEC e a alta incidência de resistência antimicrobiana / A total of 90 strains of E. coli were isolated from the livers and intestines of seven-day-old commercial layer chicks. With the objective of characterising the isolated strains, their pathogenicity levels were determined by in vivo inoculation. These tests identified 44 strains with high or intermediate levels of pathogenicity, which were then analysed by multiplex PCR for the presence of eight virulence genes (astA, iss, iucD, irp2, papC, tsh, vat e cvi/cva) and the serotypes O:H were identified. The results demonstrated that these isolated strains contained at least one of the eight genes of interest, and the majority (93.20%) possessed the iss gene. Seventeen different genetic patterns were detected, 15 of which had combinations of two or more genes, representing 70.45% of all analysed strains. Eleven serogroups and eleven antigens “H” were identified, O8 (15.89%) and H17 (23.80%) were most frequent. Aiming to verify the susceptibility of strains to antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, fosfomycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim sulfa and tetracycline, commonly used in poultry, all strains of E. coli isolates were analyzed. The antibiotics that showed the highest antibacterial activity was spectinomycin (92.2%) and less activity was the lincomycin (100%) strains were resistant. None of the strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The results showed a diversity of serotypes and virulence genes involved in the clinical study of colibacillosis, as well as serogroups that had not been reported in APEC and the high incidence of antimicrobial resistance

The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs produced in Khartoum State, Sudan was estimated and determined. All available producing layer farms in the state were sampled in April, June and August 2008. For each layer house three egg samples were randomly collected to increase the sensitivity of antimicrobial residue screening test detectability. In total, 933 egg samples were analyzed, collected from 175 layer farms (335 layer houses) in three periods of collection. An in-house residue detection test using Geobacillus stearothermophillus var calidolactis was the analytical procedure used for the analysis. Data were analysed using Survey Toolbox to calculate the true prevalence and confidence intervals. The proportion of layer farms with antimicrobial residues in April, June and August was 61.1%, 60.2% and 68.7% respectively. The proportion of layer houses affected in April, June and August were 56.0%, 54.1% and 57.1% respectively. The results showed insignificant variation among the three periods of the surveillance (p = 0.57). A census covering all three localities of the state (Khartoum, Bahry and Omdurman) was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008. Data were recorded on areas where farms occur, number of houses per farm, total capacity of birds and farming systems. The census showed that there were 252 layer farms in the state distributed in 31 different areas with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out in April 2008 in the state, to assess and collect data on risk factors associated with the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs. The questionnaire investigated antibiotic usage patterns for each layer farm as well as the basic knowledge and understanding of farmers about public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in food producing animals. Questions were closed ended and data was obtained through direct interviews with farm owners and managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the information captured; calculating frequencies, graphs and measures of association, using the EpiInfo™ statistical package. Ninety two farms were surveyed 98% of which comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 48.9% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, while 58.7% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last three months. There was a significant association between having disease on the farm and using antibiotics (P<0.001). The study showed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the dangers of using antibiotics in animals and their potential impact on human health. In addition, Sudan lacks any type of formal control of veterinary drugs in terms of legislated residue limits or monitoring and surveillance programmes. This leads the authors to the conclusion that all Sudanese consumers are at risk for ARs in eggs. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted